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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ILLINOIS,
A. H. WORTHEN, Director. a cack \seo Vos) SUrVvew
VOLUME VIL
CROLOGY ¢ PALAONTOLOGY
ANG
By A. H. WORTHEN.
PALAONTOLOGY, | By A. H. WORTHEN, ORESTES St. JOHN and S, A. MILLER.
WITH ADDENDA
BY CHARLES WACHSMUTH AND W.H., BARRIS.
ILLUSTRATED BY JULIUS MAYER & CO., BOSTON, MASS.
PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE LEGISLATURE OF ILLINOIS. MAY, 1883.
H. W. ROKKER PRINTER AND BINI
SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS
EE ee a
i
This volume has been prepared and will be published under the
provisions of an act of the Thirty-second General Assembly, author- izing the publication of Volume 7 of the Geological Survey of Illinois, approved May 26, 1881.
The first section of the volume is devoted to economical geology, and mainly to a record of the development of the coal resources of the State since the publication of the last preceding volume in 1875.
_ The mining interests of the State are now second only in import-
ance to those of agriculture, and although the information obtainable
in regard to many of the experiments made with the drill, as well
as that to be derived from the shafts but recently sunk within the
_ borders of our coal-producing area, has in many cases been incom-
plete and unsatisfactory, through the non-preservation of the records
kept by those haying the work in charge, yet the data obtained,
although by no means as complete as could be desired, will, I
trust, prove of considerable value, and tend to the further develop- “ment of this important industry.
Sections two and three are devoted to the description and illus- tration of the fossil forms belonging to the Carboniferous formation of the Mississippi valley, and, as these are mostly new to science, their publication will constitute an additional, and, I trust, an
acceptable contribution to our present knowledge of the specific character of the Carboniferous fauna of the North American conti- nent.
In our work on the vertebrates, I have had the assistance of Mr. Orestes St. John, of Topeka, Kansas, whose familiar acquaintance with the fossil fishes of the palzozoic rocks render his work of
special value to those interested in this department of palzontology..
In the investigation of fossil _echinoids, I was so fortunate as to ee rec?
; , secure the assistance of S. A. Miller, Esq., of Cincinnati, whose ~ —- ity familiarity with that class of organism renders his determinations: Pei. % of more than ordinary value, and his work has resulted in the “ satisfactory elucidation of some very difficult and rather unsatisfac- ae ) PF tory material. ae,
feet’ &, *
an we wot id te The illustrations for this yolume were mostly drawn by Mr. — cS re
Bs Charles K, Worthen, and are faithful reproductions of the original Baie =" rhs § specimens; and the plates have been engraved and printed by a : ao Messrs. Julius Mayer & Co. ., Of Boston, in their usual exellent
me style. oS. Be
i One hundred and sixty-five plates of fossils have been published a
in the preceding volumes of the Geological Survey of Ilinois, which, with those contained in the present volume, brings the aggregate number now published up to one hundred and ninety-six, nearly all ae of which have been devoted to the illustration of species new to- a science, and mainly obtained in prosecuting the field work of the
geological survey, from formations existing within the borders of the = State.
The work, however, is by no means complete, and at least two re
oY we ie ” \ ne
volumes more, illustrated by forty to fifty plates each, would be re- _ %, ;
quired to complete the paleontology of the State in the manner — zg a : originally contemplated. These volumes should also include such ae
economical results as may be obtained in the meantime by future investigations.
ia. ae rh Nothing further can be done in this direction, however, until i a ey
vision is made for it by a special act of the General Assembly, and be rt a vs it remains for the legislative authorities to determine whether the ms
ad Se an ye
work shall be continued and eventually completed, in accordance | r with the original plan, or cease with the publication of the present — cae
te volume. a
A. H. WORTHEN.
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CHAPTHER IT. : | ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY. om
* -~ Coal.—The extensive area of the Illinois Coal Field, covering more
s ; than thirty-six thousand square miles of territory within the bound-
= aries of this State, is now under a process of rapid development,
: and the liberal expenditure of capital and labor in this special field
| of human industry during the last decade, has resulted in placing Illinois as the second on the list of coal producing States of the Union. No other mineral resource within our borders is at all com- parable in intrinsic value with our coal deposits, and their complete development is a subject of vital interest to the commonwealth, and deserves to be encouraged by all legitimate means.
The abundance of coal, the wide area over which it extends, and the facility with which it can be mined, and the low price at which it has been placed upon the market, has been a leading cause of the great increase in our railroad facilities and manufacturing in- dustries, thus adding vastly more than the intrinsic value of the ae coal product alone, to the material wealth of our people. It has ' enabled us to compete successfully with the water powers of New a
England in the manufacture of our raw products, and thus saves the a cost of a double transportation to which our people were heretofore * a F subjected, in the transfer of our raw products to the eastern manu- facturers, and the manufactured product back to the great food pro- ducing centers of the Mississippi valley. In Rock Island county, where only the lower seam, or No. 1 of Re the general section of the Illinois Coal Measures, is found thick enough for profitable mining, and where it has been relied on for the supply of the entire region north of the Rock Island rapids for the last thirty years or more, the supply is now well nigh exhausted, and the counties lying further east and south must now be resorted to for the future supply of that region. Rock Island county les on the extreme northwestern borders of the coal field, and the Coal
Measures there rest upon Devonian limestone, the whole of the Bie 2 oe
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—
2 ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY.
lower Carboniferous series of limestones, sandstones, shales, ete., having thinned out in a northerly direction before reaching the southern borders of that county. : The Devonian limestone in this county presented an uneven sur- face for the reception of the overlying coal deposits, and conse- quently the coal itself was not found of uniform thickness, being often much thicker in the depressions of the limestone than else- where, and sometimes giving out altogether on the higher portions of the underlying beds. This has made the business of prospecting _ for coal in this county rather precarious for some years, and led to the expenditure of a considerable amount of capital that has yielded no adequate return. But it is clear, as these experiments show, that the main deposit — of coal in this county is now well nigh exhausted, and prospectors — _ will do well to turn their attention to the counties lying to the east- ward, where the higher seams may be found. For the benefit of those who may not have access to the preceed-— ing volumes of these reports, the following condensed section of the Coal Measures of this State is here inserted.
WwW
180 to 200 feet. Sandstone and shale with a six inch seam of coal. See Coa! No. 16—1% to 3 feet. 75 to 100 feet. Sandstone and shale. Eee ees 0a! No. 15—1 to 3% feet. 50 to 60 feet. Sandstone and shale. | Coal No. 1iH—1% to 2 feet. A 80 to 90 feet. TS
Sandstone and shale. Coal No. 18—0 to 3 feet.
75 to 80 feet. oS aaa 20 to 25 feet. FY 30 to 40 feet.
a eS 80 to 90 feet. TSS aes 60 to 70 feet. Se a
80 to 100 feet.
20 to 30 feet.
EEE 660180. 6-9 10 6 L004
Sandstone and shale. Coal No. 12—0 to 1 foot
Shales and limestone. Coal No. 11—0 to 1 foot.
Shales. Coal No. 10—0 to 1 foot.
Sandstone, shales and limestone. Coal No. 9—0 to 2 feet.
Sandstone, shale and limestone. Coal No, 8—1 to 2 feet.
Sandstone, shale and limestone.
Sandstone, shale and limestone)
ae den. ne Pat aD
COAL MEASURES. 3
20 to 30 feet. Shale and limestone.
6081 No. 5-1 to tect.
60 to 80 feet. Sandstone and shale.
| 60.01 No. 4-0 to 5 foot
60 to 70 feet. Shales and sandstone. Seer eee Coal No. 3—0 to 4 feet.
40 to 60 feet- Shales. Eee ee Coal No. 2—1% to 5 feet.
30 to 80 feet. Sandstone, shale and limestone. Eee es Coal No. 1—1 to 5 feet.
20 to 150 feet. Sandstone and conglomerate.
| | | ] Lower carb. limestone.
Of the six lower seams represented in the foregoing condensed section, where they outcrop in the valley of the Illinois river, five are found of sufficient thickness to be profitably mined at some points and will afford an aggregate thickness of about twenty feet of marketable coal. They are not everywhere of uniform thickness, however, as for example, No. 1, at Seville, in Fulton county, is three feet or more in thickness, while at the outcrop, south of Lewistown, on the north bank of Spoon river, it is too thin to be profitably mined. At Prairie City it is reported at 38} feet in the shaft re- cently sunk at that point, while in the vicinity of Colchester it is nowhere thick enough to work, and is often absent altogether, or represented by a bed of bituminous shale.
At Roodhouse, in Greene county, this seam was reached at the depth of about ninety feet, passing through the following beds:
Ft. In. SDS TTi eel VRS OL eb C mre eo semen ee EY Oe i he ae Ne ae ee ea oka oee ae ie 7 Bineramdrash-ColonediclayaSnale-ncacesccacccacacel Senvacaesceecurnwease cacecetosceseecase 15 PBleickars ttl aes ae tote a ensue MMS o TN Oe Clee sasneemcceee Beats cee Tt TOM ees CORE ec te Ie a SP Ia Ae A MN TO i ai SU pee ts AG a PA ae | IBIS DEG O ON ERSE OE RMS BaP Re ot oe ee ny Soe ae Bi eee, ose ee a ee ae 18
This is probably the equivalent of the Battery Rock coal, which out- crops in the bluffs of the Ohio river a few miles below tbe mouth of the Saline, and is there associated with the heavy bed of con- glomerate that forms the base of the Coal Measuress in Southern Illinois. The coal is there only about 18 inches thick, and the mines formerly opened there have generally been abandoned.
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4 ~ ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY.
Coal No. 2, however, is very uniform in its development, though it seldom attains a thickness of more than three or three anda half feet. ‘The superior quality of the coal which it affords has led to its being mined wherever it can be reached at a moderate depth. Along the western and northern borders of the coal field it has gen- erally a very uniform thickness of about two feet, but in the vicinity of Murphysboro, in Jackson county, it is a double seam, the upper — division being three feet and the lower two feet in thickness. In the vicinity of LaSalle it is the lowest coal found, and there has an average thickness of about 23 to 3} feet.
Coal No. 3 is a very uncertain seam, and is more frequently a represented by a bed of bituminous shale than by a true coal. It has been mined at Atkinson, in Henry county, where it ranges in | thickness from three to three and a balf feet of good coal. It also on outcrops in Fulton county, three miles northwest of Fairview, show- ing about eighteen inches of good coal. The lower seam in the Bloomington shaft I am also inclined to refer to this coal, and it = is there three feet eight inches in thickness. In Gallatin and Saline counties there is a three-foot coal which occupies about the same position in those counties that No. 8 occupies in the valley of the — Illinois river, but as the thicker seams lying above it are easily ac- cessible, but little attention has been given to the lower seams. =
No. 4 is also an uncertain seam and has only -been identified at two or three points in the State. In Gallatin county it was found in two and a half feet in thickness, and it has been identified at one or two points in Fulton county. Away from the borders of the coal field, nothing is at present known as to the development of these lower seams, all experiments being usually ended when the first workable coal is reached. A boring at Riverton, seven miles eastof __ Springfield, is the only one near the center of the State that has been carried entirely through the Coal Measures. )
The following is the report of that boring, furnished by Mr. C. B. Swan, the contractor, commencing below coal No. 5 and extending to the base of the Coal Measures: Bottom of coal.......-2...ascsess << Wire. GIAY .0c.sbeeatbownaes LAMOBtONG! vcpocncncne cae ncccnadeccndaccuwsagahedsqnunnsiiul ads sen hbatgu ly eeahsee ben susan esaeeeee Black SHAG. ios conde cccvecwnkpabsves ue cunnusieen obnsthnen Oley SHALC. co. .csc sc ceesencc-wwecewsecnneccucneusnacessssveuss=auesaueuimesnaetnamnne Coal Mo. 4?) ccc .vecusccccnccupssercnccamasanstiuesant waduadewae Guuves > tsstnss en pOa sek sue SeeeEeeeeee Fire clay..
Olay shale laaapatante.: op cb cuoew nat decnecuamkies meen ences oupadele iia Faken Wake Nn hte Santee Limestone..
COAL MEASURES.
Limestone(?)
Black shale
“OCR IN Oe BUA oe oe scl RS Re =e ed a ae i i an Mle ee eens BU ee er Fire clay
Gray shale
Limestone(?)
Black shale :
OPEN TOR Seema eee rn One Waa RT Cea Wk Sete come Fa rl kitas tee aoe Sig. bet 5 Fire clay
Sandy shale
Black shale
IMTS SbOME GA) sseeeacee caioe te scljacs fae ems oy cee PTR eS tats Ee My ey SEAN RON 20 Sandstone
Blue shale
COIN Sle eae oie reese cere Rt ore SeaG eee em eateiae Oeta aici ina Suet ee ket bee docucetn mee cee aee Fire clay
Shale and sandstone
Having no other section through the lower portion of the Coal Measures in this part of the State for comparison, I am not pre- pared to say how far the above report can be depended on as cor- rect. The beds reported as limestones 40, 15 and 20 feet in thick-_ ness, were probably in part at least hard sandstones, as no such heavy beds of calcareous rocks are anywhere known in the State below the horizon of the Riverton coal. At Olney, in the south part of the State, a boring for artesian water was made to the depth of two thousand feet, passing through only one coal seam, which was found at a depth of eleven hundred and sixty feet from the surface. A section of this shaft will be given further on in this report. From this boring it would seem that all the coal seams save one have
thinned out in that portion of the State.
At Canton, in Fulton county, a boring for artesian water was recently made by Messrs. Atwater & Co., commencing above the horizon of coal No. 5 and extending through the lower Carbonifer- ous limestones and into the Silurian rocks below. The following section will exhibit the lower Coal Measure strata passed through in this boring:
Ft. In.
SUMACHASDOSILS ASO 1Ol AY) OTC soc neat leeals a acamase te siejahyieiels tama stabame Sen ceeteensaciaetins 4)
(Grorall: Ii@\56,, Sey eines Se eR sat ae PR Ee rea fe die me ea Ce a 4
COAIUNO a2 eee once wee ee Se tae tat act Sad bie tas SEO R MAREIS ceo mete ace senate Fire clay
Only two thin seams of coal were found here below No. 5, neither of which were thick enough to be of any practical value. No.1, which — at Seville, about sixteen miles west of Canton, is three feet thick, was only one foot at Canton, and it is also about the same at its out- crop in the bluffs of Spoon river, south of Lewistown.
Coal No. 5, or the Springfield coal, as it is sometimes called, is perhaps the most reliable and persistent seam in its development of any in the State. Its average thickness is about six feet, and its range from four to eight. From Bloomington to Carlinyille, along the line of the St. Louis, Alton and Chicago railroad, it has been found at every point where a boring or shaft has been carried down to the proper depth; and recently a shaft has been sunk to it at Decatur, where it was found at a depth of about six hundred feet. At Sandoval and Centralia, a seam averaging about the same in thickness is found at about the same depth, which may be the ~ equivalent of the Springfield coal. At all these points the seam is about six feet in thickness, and it probably affords at this time more — ; than one-half of the entire coal product of the State. There are i now seven coal shafts in operation on this seam within two miles of the State capital, and nearly as many more within the limits of Sangamon county. The roof is usually composed of a hard black slate overlaid by a few feet of argillaceous limestone, the former containing numerous fossil shells, by which it may usually be readily identified.
Coal No. 6 is mined at several localities in Fulton and Peoria counties, where it ranges from four to five feet in thickness. It af- fords a coal somewhat softer than that from No. 5, but freer from sulphur, and therefore better adapted for forging iron. The seam is more irregular in its development than No. 5, and consequently is neglected except when a superior quality of coal is required for the smith’s forge, or some other special use. In the shafts in Sanga- mon county, it ranges from a few inches to three feet in thickness, but no attempt has been made to work it in any of those in opera- tion at the present time,
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COAL MEASURES. 7
Coal No. 7 is well developed on the northern, eastern and southern borders of the Illinois coal field, ranging in thickness from four to seven feet. On the western borders of the field it is usually only from one to three feet thick, and is generally neglected for the thicker seams below. It is the main seam at Danville, the upper seam of workable coal in the shafts in LaSalle county, and the main seam in Gallatin, Saline and Williamson counties, where it sometimes attains a maximum thickness of eight or nine feet. In the last named county an excellent coke is made from it, which finds a ready market in St. Louis for the use of the iron foundries at that point.
This is a brief réswmé of the coal seams in the lower Coal Meas- ures, as they appear around the borders of the coal field, and it is from this part of our coal area that our present supply of coal is mainly obtained. The shaft at Decatur has demonstrated that at least one of our main coals has retained its average thickness to the center of the field, and future experiments with the drill must determine whether any of the coals below No. 5 can be made available, when the supply from that has been exhausted. All experiments with the drill in the central and southeastern portions of the State, whether undertaken in search of coal or for any other purpose, should be carefully conducted, with the end in view of determining, as far as possible, the extent of our coal resources in that portion of the State, where the main coals, if present at all, are from six hundred to a thousand feet or more below the surface.
The increase in the coal products of the State from 1867 to 1880 was about 400 per cent., the product of 1867 being about 1,500,000 tons, while according to the U. S. census report for 1880 the pro- duct of that year is placed at 6,089,514 tons, equal to an annual increase of about 80 per cent. The census report, moreover, includes only such mines as are worked in the regular way, while there is a large amount mined annually for local use by the process of “strip- ping” on the outcrops of the thinner seams, of which that report would have no record. This would no doubt swell the amount for 1880 to at least 6,250,000 tons. ‘This increase of our coal products has been mainly on the northern and western borders of the field, where the coal deposits are the most accessible, and the facilities for market are better than in other portions of our coal area.
At Olney a boring was made about two years since in search of artesian water, and the following record of the work was furnished
8 ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY.
by Mr. Victor E. Phillips, of Olney. The boring was carried to the depth of 2,000 feet, and failed to find flowing water. About 1,270 feet appears to have been through the Coal Measures, and one seam of coal five feet in thickness was passed at the depth of 1,160 feet. The following is a copy of the log kept by Mr. Phillips:
Feet. Total. 1. Soil and clay........-.--.2.n22. 22. ceeeeee nee cermeee cece ancnmaneancesascncnneeers 12 2 Bandstone.... i. .ccacousssvevebecsucntee scale pkrenceatnl wales epee p kw is oh Mele inten mre 18 30 3. Arenaceous shale... 222<4-sacsdeko pnts eee ween een ee oe ee eee ee 110 140 4. Bandstone....2----socccweantetecany Saeapes en se Rene essa Sie ee neo en eee eee 25 165 Be) Shale se ee aa ee Serre ane neta diate eee ee 131 296 6 ‘Goimestone: nd: 2-222. dos Lozecenos eee eee Ree ee ane Eee ke aes eee 8 304 7. Bandstone ses. 2- hese sass ce nate ben poe bee ee ile ere oe ae oe 30 a“ 8. Argillaceous limestone............ 2-22-22 nen e ne cen nen teen ee eee nent tener emnene 15 349 9: “Shales et 22 cence ei SI Ben eee ne Soe ee a epee en eee ee 382 731 10; Black: slate. -osc62 2. clue ea. ee teenataeteee nich <b aemene ease en ees d 735 ll. Shale with limestone bands...... 2.2202. 2.02 0e esc e nce ecceesnencen-cemnenemasons 108 843 12; Aimestone: 2. < sch os Ss sceae een ce een men anos wale hp ese Seer aewie ke ea 6 849 18; . Hhiale ss ccc ce re hale Seek hot et one nd een 1 850 14.) “Tamestone. 22 cess eee se Se vn ae 2 Tos ee oe een ee ee 6 856 15: Ferruginous shale: . 2c. ese. seen nine sh apenees seeep be neh- =n paaae eee 4 860 16: ‘Oaleiferous shale. ci. i25c2 ceca ce lace’ (Shien Sethe nn deans eh teb acer neue teeenae 20 880 17.. ‘Brown shale. oc. fewk Sec ket cee w aes Oa cae oa ee ee ee ee 70 956 18. Light blue whale... 2.2... 2.2 cnc. cos cone wee noe camnwennsnnans-sensensucuentses ss 85 1,035 19. Sandy Hmestone:.- 2... ces cenee sana on wwe en moe t= wenn enon canausemnasmonsne® 42 1,077 20.) Blue‘shale ss <. nc foecin ce eb Ck oboe eek chee nate eee ene soe aes Sea eae ee ee 3 1, 080 91:. Black shale.it. 5 28 See ened r kia s ee eee bee sea ee 9 1, 089 29. Sandy limestone. .........2..nceenneccccsnecccwecneenn cone cess cnnsnsesensenreme 50 1, 189 28. Blavle slate ea. eons wid Sree env ce esd vee Pah eee ane ale Ses ee 16 1,155 Bh: COB. e a oe eee ree Neen iar els ein ng onan is ee at a 5 1,160 9. Limestone—bottom arenaceOus.......- 2. .cnnne ceenn ee nn we eneeenenee caneeeeee 40 1,200 26. ~ Shale. acy. cel A pecc See ee ee ee ces hia een sae ee ot ele eae te en 10 1,210 97. Black slate. «2... 2c. 00. nace nec ene eee~ an epnntner ensued veunseesannetsesaussssuoens 6 1,216 BS. PHANG .cicksec scent cv decs swclallweaneatdben Kaw oes MM Gupte hUbn sein h UN a ¥en henner 1b 1,231 29. Bandy shale. .... 22.2... .ccccccance ccnwene cactus ss0ncemetmosnsscucsehaseass sees 40 1,271 80. Sandy limestone... 0... cccon .- occ e coc ne cadedectSaccnenasttpeecncensnseccsseuaus 60 1,381 St, Shale siiacs chess eesw bac ee cecbnas be oc cen we uae ie exes deen Seen een ee eee 5b 1,346 83, Limestone. 0.1.2.2. cect asecnccnc ence een cnnssinss seenusacwaeeshenwesneaseasunerus® 69 1,415 33. OnlcareousS SANAStONG. «. nu .te cece cece ccence sons anncestucsnenacesesscussasseenes 55 1, 467 B84. BandBtON@s cc ccicoc ccc cdunede occ once cacedgbe ds ook dun we eeyshns Sennass semen eee 3 1,500 BB; Olay BRAG poc acc -evcesscuctes akuepaarepasnatund > <n5o6s Ctuaaeenn sees een Se eee eee 40 1,540 36. Sandy shale with bands of black slate...........-..--- eee ee neee ee eee weeenn ees 160 1,700 $7. Bandy shale... ...cc.ccnsecsencncccncdenccnccnnccccecscssewesensenasessesessassss 70 1,770 88. Calcareous sandstone. ..............-cennencenenerees semeectcnccenscenencceanes 40 1,810 BO, Red samdstone...........c.cccceccsesecscenstncccnncnnccccseesnsseccvessenapseses 7 1,880 40. White sandstone. ........cccccccccccccecce ducscccsccnceetvecenccusnsenseunessess 5 1,930 Al. Brown Sandstone... 2... cece sccnece coceeennce cece nrenecnecncesercsesesessunns SO 1,960 42. Sandy limestone with thin seams of slate..........-.2.. 06. ee eseee eee eeeees - 40 2,000 —
'’he bottom of the Coal Measures was probably reached about No. 80 or 81, and all below those numbers may be referred to the lower Carboniferous, or to subordinate strata. It is quite remarkable that a boring should be carried through so great a thickness of Coal
~ _
COAL MEASURES. 9
Measure strata without meeting more than one well defined seam of coal, and it seems quite probable that some of the beds reported as black slate may also represent the horizon of thin beds of coal, the material being so mixed with the slate as to prevent identifica- tion.
Since the publication of volume 6, of these Reports, a shaft has been sunk at Sandoval, reaching a thick bed of coal at the depth of C02 feet. The following is a copy of the record of this shaft:
Ft. In NOp ia surace deposits: Clay. eravelu Ctch. 1: saccdcassccesseas daceotace Santecaeseccenes 127. 8 Nowa S orange sand stomens stain sek csnecstae ds. cues tesaneneas ache case eetonumoee secur 78 IMO) Ge, BAS) SUC) AS Scie Ae Ra ha Re See ya cae Sete eS aL ae 16 Non 4 himestone(Shoal creek: bed)es25 02 22-t2 secede eecce «cece ces coeuss cettlaeameed 10 NOD reise Gkashianl Ome seme sarees eae Sace oan os icieh cnsioce case cae es cium wee ce asnickoecten cee des BE ING, Gs? COM Roar E ES aa Ee ao GEG CE SCHEELE ean eerste ie ate neta ats he Onnen2 INCOM MMENT ORG chy ier one amer len ious. hier aman 6 Jal Qe Seis Ly Wigner 4G NOmsgeESamTastomeramd shales sue re) iy a oe ee ie ue ee ees socio 67 «6 Woe Ws TWlavcle GinP Sk. Se ABE a sateac tebe Gat Cee ee aeSe Sco CESS see nee cae ee sea ee aay mr eemear 2 NiO ae TIMe STON a etetar rset fk Ee Scenes Aintnaitaisic sass fae de sicieneaakennatenee Se ¢ 0 6 INOW ene Claiy< ie. eceeisc- ces Be ee ee aft eae ee Osteo cima Se Seietdic oe ayers Saeed a cee aes 5 NGC SNA SLOMeIaN GMS MaleMeees coo cok sacle sata ceo ara nareelec eine cleciaae Seana abalone 109 IW@o 133, -- COB ect Seeeoee Sh aasenee eter he eae een er Sate ee ee tens er ieee ieee ete Sern e i & HYG TE, . THES CIENT Se Gee ee oe rg i oe Pe PE 2 NGM Dan CVs CODPLOMEeETate: se--e5en) == s-seececer~ ren seuns SR Ra Sih AIST ER Bes pret 5 Nombumcandstonevand Shale: ete sec ee Ace ee ene meee ceuacac cece cee eeaL eee soles 88 «8 INOS Ii, LVI) GIB cence CR ate DOES SOB Dotan eee Stee Une a eeee tesa a an eee ai oe ee 2 INOMpL HEPES COO eC layin secin nea ey ec eee Si ee Bes os Ae Se ee oo scans cbabeeoosan 4 IN Gap OME CO ley ES a LO eevee ee ee ice eee oe teers bGe et OOo ES ho dead seen Sons eeateacescuces ll WY: AL, TESS SU ea Re a i eA Re soe Se eg ete ee ae ae Se amet yes WO Fle » COMES =o SRE 6 Gace SORE BORE CCE TE Se CE eee Oreo ie as ane is eS 0 10 INOMee ePIC Clay peter eer cae tenet SS aor yn oan aia dunce cc be Reeinse ee upto ctv seemless sane LW : Non2s- NodularapluerShale soot se: cast acntdcencccdecs acne ceecce=ace Tete Succ steeeeee icoeee 10 6 No, 24. Gray limestone................. BI iad set ek Ae TE, a RE ta ae 2s WO. Bis LEIS RING 5 atk eR eS ee Se ce A ae eo Ree epee ar eee 2 3 INOS 20s Gh atye INTESTONO ssc. c.5 cesceccineanin ne ee: SEs eae Sciea wee swt Gene COS ER Gina Te 2 6 NOM Paar EM OR SIN Obert mr neta = ewe es 68 OS eee Pecos enone apa Dos aewe Soe eceeeeeeeres 3 NOs eee ets eens barenll ravage ters ese ces cai she atcvcccia cise Slarehe alana ree ecaie opm slate Sew slcle biave arate amis ak elaredktartiere 12 INO OFC Onlbereneaies ca ceca tee tects Rte See ae nce S cen cbee meus wi er oa eae ie 6 66 MROua ede Ophir e weve wrt eis ANE Soon Palagisicls) mel ae oer ee'seme nee woo -eeea remo ee 609
At Breese, twenty-two miles west of Sandoval, the coal was found at the depth of 3974 feet, but no detailed record of the beds passed through was kept. The coal ranges from seven to eight feet in thickness, and has a clay parting an inch or two thick, about two feet from the bottom. A bed of light gray limestone, ten feet in thickness, was passed through some twenty-five to thirty feet above the coal. The roof consists of bituminous shale, containing Discina nitida and the spines and dermal plates of fishes. The coal is con- siderably impregnated with the bi-sulphuret of iron, and is gener-
epitaph.
a <t iz _ 2 ‘“ ial Z « “ Mae a a ‘ Sd ‘ Te Ne ed ee ‘wey - a a os * Pea .. = Are . re a = s ©. ae 7 ’ Wwe Ls oy 10 ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY. y ally inferior in quality to that obtained from the Troy shaft, in Madison county. A bed of gray limestone, probably the Shoal creek rock, was found in this shaft immediately below the surface deposits, which were here only about 25 feet in thickness. At Trenton the shaft is 320 feet in depth to the top of the coal. No detailed record of this shaft was kept. The coal is five feet in thickness, and of excellent quality, and is said to bring from one to one and a half cents per bushel more in the St. Louis market than the Collinsville and Caseyville coals. The roof shales contain Leaia tricarinata, which I regard as a characteristic fossil of coal — Nos. - At Troy, in Madison county, the shaft is 315 feet in depth to the top of the coal. The seam here is 5$ feet thick, and in quality it is equal to that obtained from the Trenton shaft. The shale over the coal is similar to that at Trenton, and contains the same fossils. = The Nashville shaft, in Washington county, is about 414 feet in depth to the top of the coal, and the following detailed record was made: ons Wt... In eee No. 1. Surface clay and gravel..........-----.-------0e2--0-n2-snenees ROS tarts: MS 38 ¥ No. 2. Blue shale. .-.. 2.2.2... cee de ene e ween cee cee n nce sat s caennnssncnsnnnennsnenssasmenss 4 °6 ‘ No. 3. Limestone..-2-.. 20.06 cenemes ere conan sornes-cnenauee geass ce semensuahsuneasuss sess » Oe No. 4. Black slate... ...--.2---eeee enn nceceneceecee ecteennnecenencnsnn ta senesscnennscaranss 4 a No. 5. Coal (uniddle slaty). .....2.....20. 2s ssn ewe enne ne cree nse ceecenswennnnesnncnancesss it oa No. 6, Olay shale. .... 2.22... e eee ee eee cone rene een ne eens ete ee eneceeesssenennsnenenes eer No. 7. Sandstone and sandy shale.........---.--200---0-+--eeee-- eee e ee eeee PS et -- 55 No. 8. Limestone... 2.2.00. --0e en cnen ee cee ecneennce ews cree ne esennnncnrensnonesnecnmsasas a No. 9. Blue shale... ....---.e. een eee ee ence ee ee meee ee nentsccnsccaecencnmannssnesanensass 14 No. 10. Pebbly limestone... ...-...----ccee ee enn eee e ee cn teen en cenennrnesenenes v GU alent ante No. ll. Black slate...........--.ceeencscencccccses cennnccenscnasonensencnntsecanetnssas nts) SEE WoO. 12. FAre-Clay 2... oe eee eee ccc n we cnen ence ecnccnnsccnsnccsncessacese= Fa aiecacteatnn 4 No. 18, Olay shale... 2... een n-cencnnccasetoncns ce ccemsevaccnsactsesnsacassssmnasasnss ee No. 14. Sandy shale and sandstone........-....--..--- » acne ne deste as ais ncioee mae 47 No. 15. Blue shale (bottom slaty). ........-cecse scene een e we cece eee ee ee eect eee een nennnnec ens 26 G No, 16 Coal. iccovub ico sah oda ceatencadtul davis Geb Obs Sacets Opece A Regen th se ean 2 ” NO. 17, Fire-Glay..... -. ncccsccnceveccccesconannnncccsns oonecescnnssecusoncnesnauseuassoshsns Lire . No. 18. Lime conglomerate. ............---ceenen seen eeeeeeereeeeeteeeeee kn caine tna 4 6 No. 19. Sandy sShale.........-.cccccccccceensceesccncnnecenasneacees per ar Stbasuncbedeall 6 No. 20. Blue clay shale ...... 2.2... .ccn ces nnceneeneneceescensscenenssenans eamsenses cpatwe ae ee 4 No. 21. Black shale. .c......c..cccncccencncsscsercnsncaccncnscsens Sohbehaael on eu nenae enews Ae me ' No, 22. Fire-Clay .....0cnccccvcuscncnseccnstansen tens cesesees sagnscusnue tieeke pitaunarten a ee “y No. 28. Blue shale. i... 22.1.0. cccccccccnncesccsscsccnnas sassenecessmass anduacteukpwnede tanen) ~ No. Bi: Wire-Clay sss. occ rvecenvunnscavedes dousetssev een nahiungetwarkanerenSaeieataeeN as enmete re 6 7 No. 25. Lime conglomerate ....... 2.220. cees eee cee cewenwnnee duystfuksenee's sauchssbn turns ae a 5. No. 26. FUre-Glay......ccascncstegssnccnsavecases¥sensns sovkpuctGaqaddanudhstseelne wccepeueie, a uae a No. 27. Hard limestone. ..........cccescseccecs © wc musnede saben nde ebpaqahae phceynerindigane 1 10 No. 28. Binok Shale. .:....cccalecosccnscevesnsecanusvesnescavunnsannseusas seuph oghneehn i SAS 4 No. 29. Blue pebbly shalo........cccceeecee cece seeeaseeceecs ceeepaennemenasanstseaesesvas® 3 "4 No, 30. Sandy shale and sandstone. .. o saaye nea Scakvuehuants wanende co kwadhbennqurrecsaa oye 8 No. Sl. FPire-Glay..cccccccnccscnesscsccsnvaseus hen nines dav anactwnceosveeaee deanswipiatlinn ss (Aaaae . 4 2 a « “re P <i ae , * + pire . i mac ad eee wane. ee li i .
COAL MEASURES. 11 Ft. In WIGS GY SSNS) Oe NS a Gia ee eps es te ep, Si gE oS OE a Oe eae ee py 8 NOR ooeme IMCS LON Cretan onsen rece en ti gaa sSne hace socue dee eas aan tapeeee sees Syea rss Se eee 4 2 IN@: Ge. TUN Set SER eee see SCS Sce SoS OCE GAS ame Ene ae Coren, 5 atte haere aay, eee oie Se a 2 6 No mun mela OShON Omer sr neat oe ee ee ae Soe Re seek eee oe ae ees eee ec ls 0 10 NOM sOmMUN Eka DULTe Sila Onety sears te as Se cts. sa cts, sear same eae Sac Ee eee eee ewan” ama Omen SHON CMa se see meme abelretiny Se Joh ORT le ie ka ee aoe Smale, ee ee Fe 8 IOS BBs ¢ TEUBVCLE LETICIA Ss SE ee eS eee a a ee ae ee ee te ee ae 2 8 NU m 5 em © Oo) eee eee ern cieae ak en tein a card, cE uate acne aaa eae ok Ge ao oe easels io MotaleteproetOsDOLLOMMOMC OA See eons coea aces Sto ose eee ae eee aoe A216
No. 3 of this shaft is undoubtedly the Shoal creek limestone, and the coal is here about 370 feet below it, which corresponds very
‘nearly with its position in the Sandoval shaft, if the coal at these
two poimts is identical, as is probably the case.
A shaft has been stink at Okawville by Shulze & Brother, and an irregular seam of very good coal wasreached ata depth of about 276 feet. This shaft commences below the horizon of the Shoal ereek limestone, but as no detailed record of the beds passed through was made, no satisfactory conclusion could be formed as to the po- sition of this seam in relation to that found at Nashville and San- doval. It undoubtedly holds a higher position, and that seam may probably be found here by carrying the shaft down to the proper depth. If an accurate record of the strata passed through had been kept, some estimate of the additional depth required to reach a bet- ter seam might be given, but without it the question can only be settled by actual experiment.
The following record of a boring near Winchester in Scott county, made by the Manchester Mining Co., under the direction of Mr. G. R. Darling, was furnished by Mr. John C. Andrus. Manchester is located near the western borders of the Illinois coal field, and hence
only about 120 feet of Coal Measure strata were found, including the
horizon of coals No. 1 and 2, neither of which were thick enough to be of any practical value for deep mining:
Feet INOUE OLPRG lava na enaNOlo sce calagaae saan ace esi e tls sa tale cee sa cauetion ac opeeds Sater cece eek 59 INGO MCAMINORG layinperie-pe eee Os. Seve cc seu scaisic caGewns. soeeceet rene aee asta cnoue teach acces 7 NOME NEES tiv COnie (LOCH) pa beeen oee anya bane tno a waists apledincidbiee saaacden obo awe cannieceteeucaus 1 ISO. 2h. CUENTA TANGA Sa se Sy hee SER See eee ele eS ee See ee ap ee mers 10 MOM ATO STON Opener ite oor pclae lcs aise a hice erecta ic eaters oto WS nIaae HEE nis a cleans Semicie melons 1 Qs: (CHO ps aR SO a ie eT ee eee aK iss SAP te tes re ea 2 MG pe MeELaT GUS aMOSTONe =e fra. tanh st ko chs ak snctc asap ter sstamtebtel.sotindcocisak cnet sone anetaas 7 Ig (3. LCUE I TIEN Gate ies Geta 5 aes eee ee cient AAG ay in pS eee cet eee 10 IN OMG SPIN OS TONG Meer «Me MENS ogre mets cies et Ionic ea oe oe a ate Mae anne eD ioe ca sees o ses 2 Wie IG LS OETDEICHND) ASS ieee Cee ie aS RS ee See oe eta PIR ee ee aS ae a 10 NOSIS aN GSTONG resem cre ace tee Snip saat sacioka sce Gacce ocean cotta. Noknancceteberoadeccebenn 1 AVOmi eee O lan Salor nese oti, ob een «een detain aa Sida at ace neta asaccsees & slate ddeleeis scene 12
San oa ai > te ees . a « ‘> 4 i, a9 - > =o e- > dt +4 « + Se 4 ‘ On Ce, TT, Peta ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY.
Feet.
No. 13. Shale and slate.......- 22.605 cece cceeer enn een e nec cenenennn en snen cnn cnneneremen nant snes 18> No. 14. Hard sandstone, (base of Coal Measures).....-.--- ..--++++-------02 2 een n ne eneeees 45 No.1. Shale.2ciccleo. 22 see ee wowace se cee seep een ann enipmene => =P ane nner Sennn eee wale eote ll No. 16. Hard siliciowus ston@.......... ..20-22-- nen ee eee e cence ete e es cone enone See ae 4 No. 17. Sandy shal. ....2.. 20) 22-22 --ceeetae es eee ene ne aoe Secicpets te Sao 7 No. 18. “Slate<..-.5...- 2.5. ede te Pee ae ele See Rae he ke ne ba te ai ees, No. 19. Hard limestone.....--.--- 2-2. ---eeee eee eee re eee nee cenn nnn eeene wee nee AER 8 No. 20. Shale ..-2.. 000. a. canele de bese 1 -t oeat ante on ninenewee oe +e seam tm pnen n= See =e ee eee 20 No. 21. Limestone and shale..........-22222eeee- ence eee een nen nne tenner eee tenn nner ceneneenes 10 No.2. Shale, very hard. 2... soso ede cee eee nea ee ae en ce | No. 23. Sulphuret of iron.....-....--.-------2e eee seen cece eee nnene ene rennet eee te ceren as eanens 1 No. 24. Limestone and shale.......--. ----- ------2-eeeee cece serene ereee wae reeneee 2 No. 25. Limestone.....--..-.----sccne-- ese ee ew en anew ec nnencn macs ses cccensnnnsrenancosonsaees 6 No. 26. Shal@scesc--ccccecs cee cen cadecncuenscemovieesnnseeneronncass=-=nna>asenenns «pss —Amnccuae 1 No. 27. Hard limestone. .......2-.--- 2 .ee ee ene n cence renee ewes nae ane ene enn scccennnenccnnr esses 21 Total depth..... ..2--- 22.20. een ee cone en cee ene enee ence ee nace etneee ses nnnnnnsanasee 312
All the beds below No. 14 of the foregoing section probably belong to the St. Louis and Keokuk divisions of the Lower Carboniferous series, and hence are below the horizon of any known coal.
At Roodhouse, about four miles southwest of Manchester, a shaft was sunk for coal, and the lower seam was found to be 2 feet 4 inches in thickness, with a good roof of black slate. The beds passed through, in sinking the shaft, were the following:
Ft. In. Soil, clay and gravel, (rift). .......-----...0+--enees ence ener en rece etenet eset eten neces sees 75 Blue and ash-colored clay shale. ........------.------ 22 cee ence eee een erent eenet ees 15 Black Slate... 2.22. 2- sccm enna cee nnecacemestenceunesacvennenunsannendneseammosnewsnsan lfoottol 3 GOALS crea cco cae ee cea tnetet oa phe Bes oe ha dior Se Gaels ede ee eel cael ee 2 4 Fire-clay and clay shale...........2-2..eee eee e eres eee ence ener ste cmns caneceeteees nn senens 18
A boring made here, struck the St. Louis limestone at a depth of about fifty feet below the coal. The roof of the Roodhouse coal is a hard black shale or slate filled with nodules of sulphuret of iron, which makes a permanent and substantial roof. ‘The under clay seems to
be of a good quality, and similar to that so extensively used at.
Whitehall for fire-brick and pottery. In Scott county, and in the cent- ral and western portions of Greene and Jersey, the two lower coals, Nos. 1 and 2 of the general section, are the only ones likely to oc- cur; but on the extreme eastern borders of the last named counties, coals 5 and 6 are to be found on Hodge’s creek, near the Greene county line, and a mile and a half west of Brighton, near the eastern border of Jersey county.
At Gillespie, in Macoupin county, a shaft has been sunk during the past year by B. L. Dorsey & Son, for the details of which I am indebted to Mr. Alexander Butters. Coal No. 5 was found here at the depth of about 365 feet, passing the following beds:
i> el - «asa°
5 a rege els BOS ory
COAL MEASURES.
Ht > vin. INO Seleas S Olean ga Mth Clarke ae ials cases on clone. cneee ae Sansone eee ce bicbwacmeeeceh-sne ed Nir te OALSOMlImMeStONe eta.re ses sece eds <n civiot oti seae dares ores ce ote aaloas ea ogaastons 4 INO won bla Gksch al Oba sees se Noce snetea shes ce feo aas sen «soa Gam aetiebnes wets caee 2 * 3 NOE an © OFM (NOMI) Meee ne ete cre weet eek eee dy te i Pia Ee oes edu gine, 0 1 IOs VES DRT SG ee ou eee ee Se ee ERIS ace RETA re RIS te peo ee 1 8 NOM Osmo KO ITO. SIAL Omeryerer ee oe nc emer ccc e Se ess ti isrera’sl Selsicicia eae eis ne amar ieraibes 3 Osta eee OS On sais Caen en umes Oi belie Dodges done Beta ecmeise elects baba Sue 0 6 ao Nommsemiichtapluer shal ssn ce aan acpeicts sen tess en aewecein ec edems secs omseeeee oes aosek ee 30 -, Wer MEW OHIE NO UU) emacs rs iseeet So JEN O D2 okn vas dude oe bas <r sacinen orem ary Ope 4 > OURO MELUTTOS Cl cys Onin er enteeentem ete Yor eek aak iss le sic chic Sete h Be 2 Noemi ch ijandidark shalossseycuecy sce wh hee ee ee A ee 40 eNO 2. Hine-Clay. 5.sas sec ccacacs csaseseeanse se BE eres Es LN Unc Nie ce er are a 20 Ce MOM sate PG UMMIM OMS! S MALO. scones cise aoe secure ance cdecens secclsme nce oSack see Bamebets 6 Nommeinimestone,.(Carlinvillerbed) fan. «ries «fcsas-coe-cocnceanc sae baeeoaes wan tewes 6 8 f Se NG ap IhUMiNOUSESNalOresies seed cao Sachatccd sec athce eee ed hacen. aneteacue £e 1 10 : si i No, 1G, - Celli, COS Oesoseu esate aa bat So eee ee eee eon eee erp eee een 0 3 ol Now lmer Hine Clive staat tees teen Ie Sec amog cts ae aoaes aos aes ssucveeceaeeetae doe 1 6 ie Fe Meroe be colored selalass seen 2h 288. | alas octet actaceetna sauce iecesatesoup-B-5- 58 a. NOM ONE SOLE ILM OS LON OsE ae react oc eseen ace eatiscce sconce Sete cme a cas steak amecs rcaeshs 2 4 NGEO hee B himmin Ol siahial oseteee sees phe etme et de ie en fol hee 3 pened come OO CNIS ON Os 8) Mercere Ae en alate erent crn aes mane amid ealus 4. close wisieidis Side eley eine 3x0, 7 INOn 22h Sandy Shale -eofeescses fesse oosencee% FE Seem atl Fee eRe E SR oe rea 40 No. 23. Variegated shales with streaks of coal......:.......-. ..22002--2- ee ee eee eee 17 NGos2te sandstone in-heaviy beds, and shales s-.2.2.. 5.28222 co. 2 beecas Se eceeee 5a SN OM MENA CUMLIMMGSTOM Cota aeces etacames shone oe bao ceee ciban'sewinccniesscdienecentecascs 5 _ No. 26. Coai, (No. 6).-....- Cee Saab OG SBE cea ce Ocean ee ee eee CAE CEE ee ees oe 7 ii 0) 6 INO mA vere nO Clayman cect stateeceawk cab ah ys Mee istsjet cuit cseccsacictSencescscmense see 1 8 ie Io. R,., Gay Sint h a ee ats SR et ee eee eee 8 a EN CBD EPRI SL ORO RAS eats danere'n cereals aes als Sine Poe Semicer= ates ice omedesaca dias cmspente ar 27 ¢ ay Ones ONES Oks SI eUOn seme meee te Supe ce keds Las ears Mee ESE cece ob Eaace shoe 2to 4 ee mee 8x ING: SEs CORDELE (NIGER aca eocthscied ee ASE eerste es ae cee ee ae eee ea ee am 7 10 og “ae ; TBE) AON CTULO) gy G07 CRs ee ok ee ate Sisters =e f Several shafts have been sunk in Sangamon county since the pub- aa ete | lication of the former volumes of the geological reports, but in most “ae i cases no detailed record was kept. At Girard it was about 340 feet ee.
to coal No. 5. No details could be obtained of the first 190 feet, except that a six-inch seam of coal was found at the depth of 104
a feet. The following is a record of the lower part of this shaft: me. | See ‘ ; Btn: a ite Dri eclay, shalesyete., Gouails NOWEIVeNh o...1..s.sseteee oe wens oes eeeqe ete see yece 190 be
es. ; COPIES OS BS a eaee enna ee ee ene SEE a See ee Pe hE Rar cc eee ge sae aaa 1 4 ee. ee ; Shale mithronipandstat the pase. 2: 2s0n.cn cos meee noses seed Oe ieee des ee: be tea al nga
Beers HOS SUMTeNKOMSMTMESHONOA sees awe, Sec os tines (ssuee deee ee eae es dm nulsune oawthe acaed se ogee 4a (ei ae ae SoG kaste OBE Remy ane ees ceca ghee wneud sau bene ndanee Toe sues doucas goeganseeccoewnc sda: 8 2 Pes
= ot MUN OMA eee eee se onan d tet. LOSERS. Sk VTE, Man at aatee tema Mer 1 2 ee : are : LNURS=(C) Ae eae ee ep oe aoe Bea oe ere SOdeIgE SRSA BRON EEU Seid Bea aeRO OG Re anee seo 2 9 ag Taher Gimtny SEMIS, Yoh 5g en ae, seca am Ss Bete ete a ree a as i ee er 19 Fe
Meee eh Hine black SHale. <2. ....2.2¢sccese-sennins Mia yer a Se Tea tate ier 34 1 8
Pee Wo Al MONOtLO rite eo mee coer ccna ce a es oa Moet on news Seemee Amano s gawa eee s ceases eaecs 6 i
= TRIOS CLOG 6 soc aS ge SS GEECE Eo ato ete ERE BPE See ona OSE eth Bye eae Senet ah gE | 3 toe
Be; : ELUENT C STONE settee eee Sepa ie. 2 te Dp aN ow Bearer VN a eed be ee 1 3 a a lar GUE reves AOS COMO pes oee wee cen Meena eee ow Nein, Seeee eowele Soe eeame nee tad. cae eae 10 2 “a
Det eae? GUE Ose ree a8 sober Bacdobcr See sn oc alMece be ssndadse -eeh Pon goduebodeee oe Lo obane 2 4 Blue shale. ......-.-.... pddnuetste nis ssee soewnoacoge Lids DowonabeoSowsanaL os boueEoeEebesedS 1 1 ; i. MPITMOSTOM OMe Sear seas: | ah eae Sce see ceed ee oh bes scueene sue teuccbes Sach ae cnscesoce ees 4 :
See eee eee ee eee ee. ee er rr acs
14
Gray shale Dark blue shale........---.++++++----+00+2"
Total depth
At Auburn ‘coal No. 5 was reached at a depth of 268 feet. The coal ranges from six to seven feet in thickness, with a good roof of black slate and limestone. No details of the shaft could be obtained.
In Menard county several shafts have been sunk since the publi- cation of the report on that county, among which are those at Sweetwater, Athens, Greenview and Tallula. ‘Lhe following record of the Sweetwater shaft was kindly furnished me by Mr. W. Parkin:
No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 10. No. ll. No. 12.
Bleck mucky soil (forest bed)
Clay with streak of smut six {HOh@k. ..ocwk eae. haus cee aes Limestone
Clay shale
“yo ce SO hw eS eae ar Ue
ed
Total depth
In this shaft they evidently struck the bed rock about the horizon of another coal seam, probably Nos. 6 or 7, as the lowest clay bed in the above section was reported to have a streak of black clay about three feet from the bottom six inches thick, which no doubt came from the decomposition of a black shale, or a thin seam of coal,
The Greenview shaft is 97 feet to the top of the coal. The seam is about six feet thick with a roof of black shale. Bed rock was struck at the depth of forty feet.
The Tallula shaft is 175 feet in depth. Coal five to six feet in thickness, with the usual black shale roof. The fire clay below the coal is reported to be 14 feet thick.
COAL MEASURES. 15
At Athens two shafts have been sunk. The first one was located in the creek bottom about three-quarters of a mile west of town, and is 155 feet in depth to the top of the coal. This shaft was sunk in 1869, and was worked mainly to supply the local demand for fuel. The new shaft is located near the railroad, and is 227 feet in depth. The coal averages about six feet in thickness, and has a good roof of black slate and limestone. Both are on the same seam, the dif- ference in the depth of the shafts resulting from the higher surface level, where the new shaft is located. I visited Athens for the pur- pose of obtaining the necessary detailed information to enable me to report in full upon this shaft, but found no record available, and I learned that if such a record had been kept, it was not in the possession of the present owners of the mine.
The following report of a boring for coal at Virginia, in Cass county, was furnished by Mr. Joseph Wilson, who was employed by the parties interested to superintend the work:
Ft. In NOMI TO Olan Giorowns Clay ace ceces ac. ocec nome scan ee releocene soncebeoetene et eae 7 MO. Be TES Cle Ga Sonera oie es Bee SISOS eee ie er ae ee In ope Re eg 2 6 WOs Gs BING CER SoBe e SAH n SEA MEG cL Me ce ener te nce ee eR elie ee eID BE 29 8 WO. Gs EIA ICO Sron ones pasSnS one cobe- Cbee HOA eos AA en OD ARRAS eer ae aes ace San euaS 28 NOD SHonestibeds (ancient Soll) ee aacea ase ce aes ceecain See kbs sacie veneuiogcewoen Pare 3 WO. We IG WRGHORN Ol ects eee ees EES Get neta een Seem ea a 44 10 INOpmies SANOStONG ne occ sree toes ae se ais Se Steet a ee ESSE ee ee ame eee coeeeor aoe TAL WU IN OMEEO eemLLa nC ShON Ose. ascot ene sea ncecrse et sent paves aco oa Menisiaceawcs sveskacwand- ] 1 eNO se ses blackeshale@rcss. oionecastesoence.nte eames wetecs BS SORE coe Peace eee ae 2 6 WO TO, Clay Sie oesGerase Goes see iene SEES See eS Se ea ne 10 3 AN GMpleeen SOREN Ose a em Maneater an Sey aera ae ctsertmeh calsla.cte eeceinte se teckem ememencheat 3 6 ING MBLO MERE LIC On ley eer teenth re ee tN omtnan hte oo Se ube aes 3 PN eel Soames Clea shia) Oar emte es em orciser tale os enc be cee Near Re A ee Poa etd oct eeaccion asa 0) 3 WOs Ths “(CHa tae Ves Bee era en An ee cen ea Se ee ee, ee er ee 7 6 Ons Meme ON LOTUS I Cla yeaa cis soe eer ce seer emer. cae oe eeicncinon cent. cine soe eeb ee ben 13 WO) 185 (OEY aay aaa sa bog eS Ree SAe BEEP MOB ae OO Doce tae Seas See ae eee Pa eee ees 0 2 NOM em Can StOMeNanGishales-—- sda semen ci. cewchosem Se aw enna Ssceelnb oe oee Genesee cuees 6 1 Ome ame O dle mercer sr mene me eam a2 Sctsetciacinn Sunk ote t Clee eecaciemap ceo L ee emetateeees 0 3 NOzlOMm Sandstone and: Shales. osc. cet as cece ewcacien nolan lanicaee censmncmmeccaman Bouviecece 6 9 WOs Wo. COM: Se atsese te seo Ge es sae eee Soe Se Ucn CRee ae Sate peent mn aetna ere es a rene 0 8 NOniaet Sand ShOmeranGrs alow ee 8 seen rae onic steele ce eens Wiens ae ace wicislomaleakle hen ee 16 4 IN®, Boo QOH. conn s se ecede sac cbee Geese Ae ee OEE eee Se See eR Cenc eater ire a eae 0 3 NO sZS sea aM OShOMG skeen a. cee sku acai Seem alecicale caja od oc Ga un scn meine been shns men ecleme aus 2 9 INO: Dike (OME oe 5 poo Seer ee EEE eee ere Se A a ee ee a ee Re a ee 0 2 INO. 25¢ ~ Seraclkivone Fy ese GA een ee oe eee ee ae eee eee 3 9 IN Oma Omer levis Wale een eee cetes eis cir Se Sciods)a/al3 caida inis’e sislovnoeee SE cnks +n geiRer anacSe Useeenice 4 PEE NOMC a MS ANOStOM OP sete were tem. cc chet anccnc ccna tecesaaseveeesnees Sees Aas s iain dee to The les INOM2SaRElanr( SULCTOUSHIO OKs. os sen cineca iceniaae cote heceeaant ube sas-Eremesuce cece 2 WOM 0 re Clave shia Grecamuae meuce scent cach tentc ap shoe eememe ay Uoe coe ate neti diet cae wcmew 2 NOH G0 mem tlardaclliGlOUS OC Kos cc vans iex ones cea t ates ces emesemertiacar ce aes eee ces 3 6 NomoleesLinnorereere sialon. a. a tardeas cae ces Cast Sane ce ene meal eee aioe eee ci cnide n& 2 eo NO G2 Se CSTONG) sate cae a= ste senses see eee eet woe oe shoes Seiiset ae ste ewe eeweceecisen nace 9 1 NiO. C31,~ FSEVGIEIOINE RS SAS Reo aececeas Soeteo I eeOnC Re ror edd. Dhnt acgn eo Uen CUCEEOLO TS SFOe REPS Eebr 1 8
16
No.
No. 35.
No.
No.
No. 38. Limestone
No. 39. Sandstone....
No. 40. Drab clay shale
No.
No.
No.
No.
No. 45.
No. 45. Shaly limestone
No. 47. Yellow flint band No. 48. Clay shale
No. 49. Hard gray limestone No. 50. Shaly limestone No.51. Shale with bryozoans No.52. Shaly limestone
Ce ee ee a
o.
The coal from No. 8 of this boring appeared to be of excellent quality, and if the roof proves to be sufficiently firm, the seam can be worked to good advantage. Nos. 16 to 24 represent the horizon of coal No. 1, divided here into five thin seams of only a few inches
in thickness, and too thin in the aggregate to be of any practical value.
The base of the Coal Measures is probably the hard silicious rock No. 30, while Nos. 81 to 39 represent the St. Louis and Warsaw beds, and all below and including No. 40 belong to the Keokuk limestone.
An unsuccessful attempt to obtain coal was made at Farmer City, by sinking a shaft to the depth of 163 feet without reaching bed- rock, and then boring to the depth of about 313 feet below the bottom of the shaft, making a total depth of 476 feet. For the details of this boring I am indebted to Mr. Sowdon, under whose supervision it was made.
Fire clay Gray sandstone Clay shale
= iow
> eto
i
COAL MEASURES. Ly Ft. In. Ar GbrOCka (IME StONOD) saree ieee Na be Loan | Da Ve ee eee see 8 u SEU kag Sha) Grete et ee hea a PER ede a Mt ae Be ei at ed, 2 a (CLERK SINAN ot RO ae hae a ee ee een an ae eae TONE ee DR eae 8 4 ITA STON Ceara ee wees ee Hee nee UG Tee site Sta Fee US ee Ned ere iad Genet SAMASHOME Sepa mteencaee creme Ieee Wane oeee SSR MA Ey Varo ta: alg RINGS 2 i Cc 1 5 Shale.and slate: ....2-. 02. .....- a Ta Pe HE 0 TR 1 ry SUE Gag TU <r 36 AGEs ANSON Oks ss meiae ray aetn ce ees Pa eee he dae ck eae were ah ci rate ete de oie 3 8 ine lay eae enn ee meee teen ors Sole a La ene gate ito ken iineh Neen 210 ue rT et | eee see ere erg RENE me NY crates erecy bak occ ate cies ais Seis PRP Oe ea ee waa locus 45 10 SOE SPTGIEN RONAN, os A ie ee AL i A i Oa eee 5 Oe oes oene Omer ce enh re af eres 2 6 (CIR y EW ren Ska Se rhe ene ae Beal Bye, Soren tetoun atieh ae So ae een eee nee ne aes 03 COD BSc See sb SU rs = Ciera par ae sO ee oN Pes Rea ee et ce 1 5 TNS NGIBI Re Ban Sse acl see Bc Rie ec Sls 5S Oe or a Se ae ON at RC et Se 3 Moa ledlen thvser sek aes sents yee tee. een None ay wre ta, Sie a 475 ~—- 10 I am of the opinion that the coal seam at the bottom of this boring is number six or seven of the general section, and if so,
eran number five would be found from fifty to seventy-five feet below, poe and would probably be from four to six feet in thickness.
A coal shaft has been sunk at Decatur to the depth of about €00 feet, but I have not been able to obtain any reliable information in
tag regard to it, further than a copy of the published record of the Bk a: - boring made previous to sinking the shaft. I visited the locality 4 tere shortly after the shaft was completed, and found, by an examina- Dee tion of the roof shales, that it was probably coal No. 5, and was
a told that it was about four and a half feet in thickness, although = Sat the published record of the boring gives but three feet six inches as the thickness of the coal. For the privilege of copying this
record from a Decatur paper I am indebted to Mr. Stoddard, of Bs _ Mattoon. That this boring is not quite reliable, is shown by the = fact that it records a six foot one inch seam of coal at the depth i ay of 413 feet, while the shaft was sunk to the depth of about 600 feet to a seam but little more than two-thirds the thickness of the one reported above. The coal passed through at the depth of 4:3 feet was probably coal No. 8 of the general section, which seldom exceeds two feet in thickness, and is often replaced entirely by bitu- minous shale. The following is a copy of the published record of
: this boring: Ft. In. "No. 1. Superficial deposits, consisting of clay, sand, hard-pan, and two distinct “g GSES MOONS oa sobensogeodae = odode Seriaaen gdb seq doeseereaso9e seodcdes spac ooe rere 110 6 .,. INCOME EAC Macecucsabinlossss ty uta kM lol Ca eet etre i 52. OG er 2 INO LAER MIM IN OUSESIT A Oe aes ck eee eee eect ated dees saa Settammcaeesecs esac scene 3 = Nic tuatees @alcarcmtis) Shallow cu. ec. cence oiaose- cere ae cease Sioa Anant ae te 14 WOsms ame bam WAG AN USLOIMO! Sees nce eae eases aoe etic <'s Auiwns OBOR won ceecimsice Sars on senceaceseae oll us *, NiO MRGTIN Oa Ca OOUSESIVAl)s 52h yet enae ace Rens ean edt SOCIO a ey cites cr 32 —2
18
No. 7. Argillaceous sandstone No. 8. Red shale.........--+- No. 75.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No,
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No. 38.
No. 39.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No. 44. Argillaceous limestone No. 45. Calcareous shale.........-----.--s---secensannnncesescnenanonncccnss sence
No. 46. Red variegated shale.....-......---- $S canie ce nie iawniee swans bhalS Shawls samen Sh 9 No. 47. Gray argillaceous shale........-----------+ octtuet tdsaae So witeearths Veh eaee . 18 No. Bituminous GHale.......--ssecsassceccenccenntasenaacenssnceeencentomensnecses saa ee No. 49. Gray argillaceous shale......-....+---srs-seeeenenreeree J
No.
No.
No.
No. 53. Coal and limestone.......0.----+eeneenrsresteneensstec see ens i inealdans sawetnman® No. Bituminous shale .....- ss cai Cabuae oduvekncivs VulesisWun gap nabusste vs OhaeuSbaameeN ann No. Soft limestone.........- hav ansccdnau [dcndavdGatancescsdequesdeusesmesnsueeaslsrene No. 56. Argillaceous Shalo...........+---seeeeseenneesnessecerescemereasecs No. 57. Bituminous shale............--seeessnreeesrserreneresste sees No.
No. 89; Gray BhAlO.e icc. cianoves sven snacuadvesedsnwh. iu eu gashs Sten SeseanS basi OS ota aas No. 60. Argillaceous limestone.......-<.4-.eceeeseeeeseeeeee ees
No. 61. Shale......... vucdjames caaceedoc)tpecuh else nondens NN sOtucs®es4uueauncen chine seepeus
No. 62. Limestone....... cps ete etgss comnsbebse
wee neem eee ee
ae ee een eeeee aeeee
we eeceasaeeesseseseeraseee®
COAL MEASURES.
Marly sandstone . Caleareous shale
Total depth
22 is probably the Carlinville limestone, and No. 35 the rep- resentative of No. 8 coal, and beyond this the strata cannot be positively identified with those occurring at other localities in the adjacent portions of the State.
In the Niantic shaft, coal No. 5 was found at the depth of about 850 feet. ‘The seam was there five and a half feet in thickness, overlaid by three feet of black shale. The following record of the
shaft was furnished by Mr. W. W. Conard, under whose superin- tendence the work was done:
No. 1. Soil and brown clay Pe No: Sand and gravel No. Gravelly hard-pan No. Blue hard-pan No. Soft clay No. Gray hard-pan No. Soft brown clay No. Limestone No. Blue flinty rock No. Black slate No. 1. No. 12. No. 138. No. 14. No. 15. Coal No. 9 No. 16. Fire-clay No. 17. Nodular limestone No. 18. Clay shale No. 19. Soft blue sandstone No Gray shale No. Coal No. 8 No. 22. Fire-clay No. Sandstone No. Gray shale Hard flinty rock . . Black shale . Fire-clay . Blue and red shales Black slate Coal No.7 Fire-clay.
TESS) Sane
so oO T5
. Black shale $8. Coal NO. 6... ..-2.. 000 cena ener nccccaneencnmmnnse? soensuenaessaemecumms==be-cseeeee 34. Clay shale 35. Black shale 3. Coal (local) 37. Fire-clay . Gray Shales. ccc- ccc cbcccaceeect soe ub Mabe eae eee a eee: = ame eee eee P 39. Hard black rock (limestone) . Black slate . Coal No.5. cc.<ccecaccacteca,0dee chine s0 ces eweve bhemher Sean oun akan wens ane tae ee oe
Total depth
All the coal seams from 5 to 9 are clearly represented in this shaft, and are readily identified. It is to be regretted that such records are not kept of every shaft sunk in the State, for they would be of permanent value to the proprietors and operators alike, in settling many questions that necessarily arise in coal mining operations, and would prove a source of scientific as well as eco- nomic information to all who desire to become acquainted with the fuel resources of the State. In visiting the various shafts that have been sunk within the past three or four years, 1 have found that not more than one-third of the whole number have preserved any record whatever of the different beds passed through.
Two very important experiments have been made during the past two years, to determine whether the main coal seams could be found available over the central portion of the Illinois coal field, and both have proved successful. ‘The first one undertaken was the shaft at Mattoon, which is probably the deepest one west of Pitts- burg. In this, coal No. 2 of the general section was found at the depth of about 900 feet. No. 5 was passed at a depth of nearly : 700 feet, but was found to be too thin to be of any practical value. For the following details of the Mattoon shaft I am indebted to Theo. Jonte, Esq., and Mr. Stoddard:
MATTOON SHAFT.
Surface soil Yellow clay Blue sand Hard-pan Sand and gravel Blue clay and gravel Green clay shale.......... LiMeBtONG. ...<csevcccctvecceas Clay shale
. Limestone,.......scccs cases Coal No, 15
9, Fire-Glay.....ccscecccccncnosccsercncstesesnpetcncscsasssamasssnanens Bcbuncidoastpe
21
In.
ll
a
11
COAL MEASURES. Ft. INOmHD ey Olayes baler saa e sane Sestuee Pas acnack dee eee eee es ge AE ee Seem 88 NOL blackshaejand: coal (coal NO: 14) coe .5 oo sc ec ssecoscenes riectucccae! Seseagtveces 5 INOMplieere des ttalOm ste mterre ase e ae. ook Lome oe See Nar suai en a pA ee ee te Soe 20 ENO lore SOTO LOMO. AN Gil Or get cert Sect aecafeaise ann oate oe ae ea Sacco a a aee ee cia 108 TCO TS — OKO E TNO ASUS Se Seah eee ae A Na =f Se eg he 1 IN ORME Sear HITe= Cle Vane aoe ne eS ARC RRsat ance lee 9 Re ec eC See rn See 3 NOmbLO aC lavarshaleOuce hye eet ae see ce ee emcee a iets alasu Nac ecules ad Mee eaters 66 INOMeO SeCO a lWNOsL orator bac eccceincmor cedar cucress ee acec me Ua eel ewe esate (0 NOM IER MITO=Clay ether seo ac ae, Sociile ecto Fh Nc Ses ep eee Meet ope ATEN ae 3 NOM eaaS GING SL OMG pest peels ann Py ARioe a to k's sicig ane soe atiaus Bemeid Meee aa = Meee eae 6 FACES ate OO ISN Ox Ie me meme A nai y. pater Grapes Satan SoS eloye Sisio Oe SMC Oe ara sicls mgeeiee Meare 0 Nom deeshire sc layan Gr Sale sccm sctiieln ot cees ane eae os cman anes saacetes semsehebstionat « ll GR eae COC NO sl Ornette a fiat mrt esi ema fom canl scaoe es atin nti acleee cen cmererce en 10 SNe CORIO Clea Ver cere te eee Narita Stiga op sia iwe/e aienlais bec ciecic oa ay ives iote e Sac sip cike ne cisoege 4 No. 27. Limestone, upper part shaly..-..-.---..--..-- Aas GES ie tee ce Ria ey Oe 37 ING RE oS eee OO EN On Oe mene aa aree Cemcinn acmin cmte males Secedeves soe wane sew seneacenEee 0 INOEe2O2 mS AG va Salle see eee cn) \pte cesses teeters morte seine eee ane tang ieeece onan fete 79 NOME eee Oil cove Sev Oh see bee Munn smn Gobet tis cleinin ci rtelse as ae cmvinesceiesm mp ene neteiine aaeihe 28 INiGheolenO ODlaNOR MeL Reet sane sea eee ene kane tae vaca ea acne eedeeatesare Wine Osho key PA No. 32. Dark clay shale....-.----- 220.22) 0.00. .eee nee eee eee nen foe nee eee een ene 2 NICHES SCO Ca eee ee el ne SEEDS Fe AS Soe Tee ciate bare sale aic aainield cidieleielclesi oni cia sais 0 iM MOG A VereR ee see om Ere nce C reenact eaten ear ative mcint aijsiceNeccpa saan ateeaa 3 Wa. BBs CCH SARC Te es eres HOSE Se Ae ie os AP ti eS egret ps a IIE 12 NOME OMMOILUTIAG SLOT Gm eee yer ease er am nis se cteee aoe eee ealoece = scenaetectuembanas 5 Noo eblack slatemtect, coal lanchk(CoaleNio:-6)bee- serena o--~ ees eecem c= -1-=- == 2 RO: 3B): Claw SIG IIG oar SBE SSaeee Seeereeaen sen acsese 1565 Doda eeenEetoSe ees open cease sassme 36 No. 39. Coal No. 5....--.--..2---------------- 2-0 eee e eee eee teeter een eerie ees 1 a, Ab. Semaine eve NAM. oo ance sBone seacs de pooeonaen Seoleee sree“ SeerC-eeeeesrees 72 I@. 20) 2 Chel Wie Bie Sse. Seno edbode'g poe nace see Ge COSC SH po DOS ORCC TE pEC REESE PSAs a ere 0 Liem, EE Tiber ono 2 Ii®.. (Bie ADT ado aSee eee epee URE U Seen OHO SROs see Sn eIe Snape Ree ose Decne Eero 8 WG dks TBI GINGNG) Apter dben ase soaaboseneseee sertous-Sceer odvocCeSaceberenaace mercer 2 OME epElancnprayalimmostOMOes nse sass: shee sea: sean caesar oopmahieamaaeonsecsecncens = 12 No. 46. Sandy shale................ ORAS BOE BECEEE Hope Gera uP Sct Ra See Re Re MA ee 58 No. 47. Sandstone and shale.. ..... pers ee ee eR IE OS Ly noe NOt ets Dramnrenislara yaar 46 No. 48. Gray Shale... -2.. 22h nc. enn cen ne eee cee oe wenn ne een enene te cnn nee n eee 19 INO 40 OO NOS oe oe ne nese ewes emcee inn momen ecreesnsnos PAE ee ee ostnece 4 ional (lion tl Oy pe Age ere neae se cose een SSeenOeba seerescsacosoponUOuOreaocecoe 908
No indications of coal No. 4 were noticed, and its place is about midway between coals 3 and 5, but with that exception the whole series from No. 2 to 15 come in in regular order, and are readily identified. The product from No. 2 in this shaft is a clean bright coal, apparently nearly free from iron pyrites, and, judging from its external appearance, sufficiently free from all deleterious sub-
stances to be used in its raw state for smelting iron.
A block of
the roof shale of No. 5 was sent to my office by Mr. Jonte, and I found it filled with Discina nitida, Lingula mytiloides and Cardinia?
fragilis, which characterize this coal in all the shafts in this and
the adjoining counties, and fix the horizon of that coal in this shaft
beyond question.
22 ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY.
Great credit is due to the stockholders in this mining enterprise, and to the citizens of Mattoon generally, for their persevering efforts in bringing this costly experiment to a successful termination.
The other important experiment alluded to above, was made with the diamond drill at Pana, and was successful in finding a coal seam about seven feet in thickness at the depth of a little over 709 feet. For the following details of this boring I am indebted to J. W. Ketchell, Esq., of Pana, in whose office I was permitted to ex- amine the core of rock taken out with the drill as the work pro- eressed :
PANA BORING.
Soil and brown clay Hardpan
Blue clay
Sand and gravel Hard red clay Forest bed
Blue clay
Forest bed
Shae a as ies ik conan an w ls = a tee Re en Saas
. —_ r—) .
Limestone oon ane cxesncstecenpsnsiavaeseasanae Oise iten, Sejee AER EEN ea Clay shale with lime nodules Clay shale—upper part red Blue and gray limestone Dark clay shale Gray limestone Sandy shallots 2. c ccocebewnpe cee eeea eee ey STP eee Sandstone and shale.............---.+++- . Fine grained sandstone Bluish clay shale Coal NO: Li ox. gost tees bap hse aoeneh svacueanan <lgiaueee Neen eR etter Came itn tie Black and gray shale 2. No core, probably fire-clay Blue and chocolate colored shale Caleareous shale with fossils Coal No. ll Pebbly flre-Clay. ... 2... .s.ccenn nse ceneecccnnenssacnccecacstccses eet sey es f 4 Greenish clay shale Sandy shale and sandstone Olay BHAIO iso ceiapscncdcn cdma ce<nsunvnyi cee Seneand sesh GAs egee vs eu sanenane ans Ie Dark fossiliferous shale—coal No. 10...... 2. 2.....- een eee ee eee sethetiensKont 3 Bandy Shale... 2.2... ..ccnccceccwnsncessnnsenstesanvars § Jaxapdeeeetalbaentdonle 16 Blue clay shale Fossiliferous shale Gray HmestOne......crcessccenccvesesecncncecnns suraesecstacecs hae nuh eters apne Blue clay shale Black shale (No. 9 coal) No core, probably flre-clay ........-.....+ seen adiphsvachinex Mdkentinsebhiabnake 2 HaNdStONGs ccc vcncdpeccccvacccseveuntanpautsh nc cucasusheahsh qeunesaeubeee eT Caleareous sandstone and shale...... .......... Said vbSePyaknd vy NUR ROS 2 Blue clay shale . 2 Fossiliferous Sh ale...cce.ceqerseeeccesereseceses acivesvabee ahechabokiGnakadhnnane’
fod
ery
COAL MEASURES. 23
lige bale Nom 4vereblacksshiallei sec aeee seen strats icloms oe Soe eich cams. cenwe coer ebimingect ebm cust oe 4 7 INO Ve AS ren. BIN (LO Clall) jsateatae rs stearate wis ettiatelniore = eye Se cists cioserrare nis etsln se me Ream wna clneraiees etalon 0 8 Now4Hire-clay,and modulariarg. limestone:--..----csocsesneeecusc oes secs+ se-ccecce: 11 1 NO mee MLO Ltledidankpandstone ni tmci ec seas cee c eclic cores senso menos seeoencn anes eeeses 13 No. 46. Striped sandy shales............... acOUSENGOOO Auaan wondesecccareke Ln souameeo der 66 8 Norse sClayishallepec’ a..2.Scecs sed: nash oeece eens Tee ame Ep Disk te Ye 8 SE Nae Y 2 3 NOMS eeHOSssilifenous shale semcencice o.cmsccie wee cee cee ea a ae bee oe SRE eee Melman ae cteinaine 0 6 Be OAD at OO DMN Ong Sites a ernee Se eiis ciel srttare ny eens Aa pase ea ae ea ee a, fest oe mes sis ] 1 INGMDUsrSbalerandtireaclianys Saher see eas ee cast hine teas ch cine cmcmic eee comin s aeiee 1 6 NOMbla Nandy Shalostand SandstOnGeemece sn. cere saeec aero cesncue nae ns seems eee 87 6 INORb2 a uC OalNOMiia: eae se ese Wate see are aU ce ative BA Ecsite Gite ade een er am 0 6 INORRSS nen) aka Clays Mall Oma recat actcieten Geers Sie ekeisiata afoteiar a\tarewi ate! ate otto ca etincie et ae ae cee 15 INOmo ta Danis are ill aC CO US MMe SbOTe mae mcrae r=i-lelaelelel-le ae =e mctatela = selates = la nem claen 0 6 INOS Dp seebiLUMinoUusrshialomnte scene cate weet ee eo Se ees Se Se ae Toe ee 4 INOMDO Ee NO COrel(SoniealcareousisWaleiees-ascceneosads sect aresce oe ccee saeeemrceeces 7 3 INOMD i ALG Dy LILIFerOMSyTOCK. foes sees anecu ste leesch enue aces cain dee ticac ee Maeemece ss 4 9 INGRE SSC OAIUNONG Meera: Seen Gee eh caee i acnes tke es etn elb al pa atl etait Oe NUE} NOPD ose Elan Ghelavashalocsreteiae = cotieewcr aoe saci Socata sae ce pematin oes sasebecens 3 No modh Areillaceousi limestones, ccc. sclceus ove biceiss veickelo cn os Sa ccine- cm etioweoacticceee etc 3 6 INORO Pee anki hia eines ai cece hee pier erga cs am seem Seth ew slpcatewehlabe odeeitelns ccd beccceacece 5 2 INOPOZees Danke pra valiMOSLON Or sewacitee ce Bak too ae ea wenn cee ara cena cae cteceteebecses 12 NOR GSP ers ack Shae le aea cee UOC k eee eRe micemahed Jee Cam Si a 2 Cede Sie Oe 4 Pee NO Oss OODLE MOGI) Asecn cde cr od sec recs oe oe aecaccise dance ccaccionic soamebenenoue suede’ 0 10 AND. Gh. WHS SDPO a5 5-5 = 55 -eoosb poe aeecepannesbd osc odaneooseosEse soccbuetocmoUsEslO O72 _ No. 66. (GE Seats oS ec de a snaee- Osler ese ee rel a SiN hak ON oe eee 3
Motaliden th) aese ese <sasnen oe SES Mat CoE elo sas otal Speen ese tues 719 6
The surface deposits at Pana Saige to be about 127 feet thick, and consequently they struck the bed-rock considerably below the horizon of coal No. 14, which outcrops on the creek two or three miles south of the city. No. 13 could not be identified in the bor- ing, and its place would be not far below No. 15 of the section. One interesting feature of the superficial deposits here was the
_ presence of two distinct Forest beds, or ancient soils, one three and
a half and the other two and a half feet thick, and separated by 57 feet of blue clay. One or both of these ancient soils have been found over a large portion of the State, and they present a serious obstacle to the land ice or Ea theory of the origin of the Drift deposits.
Another important boring with the diamond drill has been made by the Ellsworth Coal Company, two miles west of Danville. This boring shows the general development of all the coals in the lower Coal Measures from No. 7 to the bottom of the series. It com- mences just below the Danville coal, which is No. 7 of the general section, and ends in the sandstone at the base of the Coal Measures. These lower seams have their outcrop in Indiana, and this is the first attempt that has been made on the eastern border of the coal region in Illinois to ascertain whether any of the lower seams could
£4 ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY.
be found in that portion of the State of sufficient thickness to be of practical value.
DANVILLE BORING.
No. 1. Coal NOs. We .0c 2s ses) we drettee hayes ee ee a
No. : :
No. 3. Coal (lower division of No. 7)
No. 4. Blue and gray shale
No. 5. Blackshale
No. 6. Coal No. 6 (Grape creek)
No. 7. Fire-clay
No. 8. Limestone and shale
No. 9. Sandy shales
No. 10. Gray shale
No. ll. Black shale
No. 12. Dark gray shale
No. 18. Sandstone and shale
No. 14. Coal No. 4
No. 15. :
No. 16 Coal No. S..2: eds f0c0 noe as nde ope oe ea on aie WS aeee seep See ar a ee ee
No. 17. Gray shale
No. 18. Variegated shales, bottom black
No. 19. Coal No. 2
No. 20. Shale and limestone :
Noi 2h: Coal—upper division Of No.0. pesee seek eran eet ee eee ee 0 9% No. 22. Black shale 8 No.'23: | Coal lower division of Not l.--..22 0s-cs. oeeec ewes OS Fe ee Oe le No. 24. Shale and sandstone 7
This boring has demonstrated that coal No. 2 may be found in ~ this portion of the State with a more than average thickness of fon - feet, and the superior quality of the coal which it affords will stim- ulate those largely interested in coal mining operations to carry their — shafts down to this horizon, even where the thicker seams above are well developed. The Ellsworth Coal Company are entitled to the credit of making the first effort to ascertain what could be found on the eastern borders of the Illinois coal field below the horizon of | coal No. 6.
On the western border of the coal field in nearly the same lati- tude, a shaft was recently sunk through the lower portion of the Coal Measures, but developing no coal that was more than thirty inches in thickness. For the following details of the shaft at Prairie City, in McDonough county, I am indebted to Mr. B, F. Worden,
of that place:
Ft. In. No. 1. Soll and Arike OlOy sain dw esis cece deeVie dua dtwb sv daduek eas cereale a etaee nee No. 2. Black flsatle TACK ssicsacstcnssaccout tal ctsethaiucteen sb Mechta witetts acta wail No. No... d; OMY BOAIG deus apesecsusedeuaneat aoa
COAL MEASURES. Ft. eee NOLO at COAIMINOn Sie. nec aemsete are dsculdues + ou qeecee seem aasas ceeeuec Pea ote ek culate 2 BNC) tae G Sap GU Oh Vie ae re Sesto wa ba USN a aide Sea feta We Ue ee ee eda POP D 2 IN Open Sa TS LOMO eee ey ie nee SacI Se tea fe Lae oe cata ta otint ioe Ob ees Masat eee BO. 13 NOMS ae NO lays tcl OL ee pa ae ere waste tcuc con toee enc iabe stata oncied cet oa aa neon ee senatto ce’ 15 Ia. QE. -CORYAIIN ys WRN EAE Rie ca tnt I eae gh oe RO dc ek Galle ES oat a 0 . NO OB Oe VAGINA ORe reste et ciate), cas AE Oe Bra nts eae eee aa basa sera dere wien gore Dye 2g IN Coal eet itear er © C ketene eet ee creatine Jen mitts Abe Higiaa bees mee econ ene Ue eee 2 No. 12: Clay shale........... Be ea ee SER GA SS tar Se eRe pe Se, See need ar a ee 19 INGAal He: OAL CATOOUSISANASHOME asce cee ee cn hee (ossccw ane ce ccnick ne Soon sce ee eee aeons 13 WiO= Ws ~ TNA GING NEe ek eae Sate ol aa ee a ENE ee eae 8 SES ee AEC Ce 4 NOs ae zt la (LO Call) semen ace te ek Ree Nei la Se eRe ne alee ee ence ee ae BU eae oea 0 NG RRLGEE Hr e= Glan ees ceca occa Vane semen seieiiee co acme ced cle ae eaten ems se eee e bocce be 1 NOMA IN USLON Oe srereie vache a mete neteren coc cis alae cher Swuuteiebescceae Meee 4 INO ne Sepa OlAlvas Weal OS ae 2 he seater on oR I ES oe th Scots ebeecee aude ne amet aee 13 INO TOs SSPE W eas ae mn ames Pre aie etch tea ctaiatenciote sae Satetare ele Seroerae See wae ee 8 j LO! 2 COMO AE a5) Sees eee deed oc Sec ee Tee eTete eae eta ert ae Ris er te eA 1 z ISG) 3. PALS CHB MINELL GOP IIE Sas at Ren PRS = iets ae cee aap EHE a een cia Ret iO ale 0 Norse eam Mixhine Ole Oalband Slates swans scree ete cece anes sac sa eet See cneeeee Seek ese 1 Mote pihrOk SW Alb sas a eeee eases no endnote Sact sce Soak fem ekg: aetdems se ostiaee bane. 154
_ aoa ack
From this point a boring was made to the depth of &8 feet, pass- ing through the following strata:
Clay shale Sandstone Clay shale Sandstone
Gray limestone (Lower Carboniferous).
The gray limestone at the bottom of this boring is probably the upper division of the Lower Carboniferous series, and no coal would be found by sinking to a greater depth. Nos. 19, 20 and 21 of the shaft probably represent coal No. 1, while No. 15 represents a local No. 9 is coal No. 2, No. 5 is coal No. 8, and No. 8 of the shaft is either a local development or a representative of coal No. 4 - No. 18 is said to be an excellent quality of tile clay, and the shaft may be utilized-in the production of this useful article for the man- ufacture of pottery and drain tile on a large scale.
A boring made at Milford, in Iroquois county, was carried to the
seam.
a value. The following beds were passed through in this boring: re ”)
as Ft.
Clay, sand and gravel..........-------.---+----+--0+ 2-22 eeeeee eee me SES aE bap eae 110
a a (Toren hienl oes hea ra eel Mer aes ih ete) eS el ade te aie nee Sac 34
Coal No. 2.20... 2 ee nnn eee ete een eee ene ce ern ee eee ered cone sen eee tee ee meee cere cess 1
y: TDi JOY oe eee aS Sonar isee BeBe eso nossa: coc BSS AS Snende onto see ae-aee ere CaceCOosee 2
we - : :
bottom of the Coal Measures, reaching the Lower Carboniferous sf ; limestone at about 200 feet, and though two coal seams were passed a: ee: through neither of them were thick enough to be of any practical
In.
=
26 ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY.
Olay SUBIC 5-255. acuuescvacen on vede eenled anew eee Aes eas Ned Cas Nea ena ee) RSTCBtON Ge oie oan an seen eon aa nner debe ee eee Npwiabcictasa Liclen nnd sane eee ee | | Olay BRAC... 665 2 c2caacsos when ace tana Wes e cee 5 save selene ke tic aes meat clea tereweeaion 2 Cg Ol NOs Laos sence cea ccnccame, ols eegan ene k= bee nee ee nee tee ete west tnd ae, 0 Wire CLAY. ooxad4 ods. ann deanna epee ake yaa es Gonepeene eer anbeee eae as eens eee i Sandstone
HONGSLONG:! 2-25 é00 oh anclsan pene cone ee ae ee ene pinion atnsien aw hiatetasoees ae Lower Oarboniferous Timeston®.... on nscnnses <scuswaecnseatanenosecteetes ae Peet oe
Total depth
The following record of a boring made at Charleston, in Coles ; county, was furnished by Mr. C. B. Swan, under whose direction © the work was done:
No. 1. Soil and surface clay 2... ee oh RG ence ee neha weet cite a Wo. BS Hardy ani. 14k caeeassekee tee tence PPA aa 25, (aS EK Rt ere Bir No,’ 8. Gray thale..2. 4. a<54<..sarh needa eed inn ae ee ecacben ee ae No. 4. Fire-clay....-..... Phen eRe NS BRE Ta ae re. ei EN eee destet oh nae oe
No. 5. *
No. Tam 6storiecc so ceu sen ne bemak heck ob cee toe ct eects eee ee SURE eee
No. PP Pe t
No. 8 Limestone bas cal eee canbace cece
No. Green shale ‘
No. Black ‘shale... os 20. forecast ton beet ud Be eee ee =
No. 11; “Td mestones oo. pense ieee den nae bree banekee ooh reph see anh oee aaa eke .
No. Black shale. :.... coo) ei eee ee hee “he. ian Ne. -18: . Gray plate ts..... 2.22. asi ae ee eee ey No. 2
No. Fire-clay es daanteeek meee - Saas No; 16; ‘Gray shale. 2.25. soe Se ee ee ee No. 17. Black shale....... ...... 5 isin gin b bide ainjaale hidiara,e cae ORE Rent aL |. 2 Se Bese < No.
No. 19.
No! 20;. (Gray SHAG 252. ; sain ccs tacnse sateen Us Gaetan meseieyUEei EN ene Sh bax ents Wit Tislcies henna
No.l. Limestone: 22205. 0e4s esd chan arcu ance koe pe Lee ears. |
No. Black. Ghale..-ccncs<psinseeeeends couieen Set es Se ee eee Bo xtvts be “ Wo, 98. oTilmbatons cc.ticcccs nec uel beer eeaes eee ssc higuaee Ge eae Pa | a ra No; ‘9h; “Tight alisle. siz. > irda sce eae bigest sath eldhes oeraaaane RT ary wca-sc-. 48°, No. 25. Black shale ;
0.00; Red Bhal@ica 8 5), otic eco cates eeneeaneree accee ee nn eee Deena Psi ts cea
No. 27. asian anes unk om aie ae ekseds be Uk nah amie iesiaariae Resp no havens entree suchas and
No. 5 Wes ated knits aca
No. 29. wishes ina duane
No. Pire-Olay<. jean nccues cnancedastanae
No. TAM OBtONG. pomeksvn dante nnntctan valde Speeaben cote nenine PE Sree ny ee ™ setae wai
No. Clay) SHAG. esse aconsenstesd nuns eae censtintreinetye ace awl wih Cate iss oss odeah eabhiestea nee
No. Limestone and shale......... Neaiwastean re ann eee ee ee
No. 34. Sandy shale site winduhdnn «0 twaue maid ew de iv awn epaeatach Mik in ieee
No, Black shale devcupeiach aes ce thee kvtabennes avonséenhs > ehusuct paiiee
No, 96. OOML: woridncenscnouds athapeacest nese itunauednch acs} buledunnnenqesnts nnd han. ages Soe
Total depth gWcnvanacens nade dqabapp saben cuneeanneeiaie atone
5a, hone et
a atl aCe
q
b a a
> ae
SP ee ee ee Nar ree Pgh ae
ye SS 6b ee ee nae 7 Th. pe . a.
sy .
COAL MEASURES. 27
I am not able to correlate this boring, either with the shaft at Mattoon or the diamond drill boring at Pana. I am satisfied that it is not deep enough to reach the horizon of coal No. 5, but it is possible that the lowest coal reported in the boring may be No. 7, and if this conclusion is correct, No. 5 would be found at from 60 to 75 feet below. The limestones reported in this boring have no analogues any where else in the Coal Measures, either in the num- ber of the beds or their aggregate thickness. Nos. 6, 8 and 11 constitute a calcareous mass 31 feet in thickness, with only about 8 feet of intervening shales, and in my examinations of the outcrops on the Embarras river, in this and the adjoining county of Cum- berland, no such heavy beds of limestone were found.
The ‘‘Fusulina” limestone which outcrops in the vicinity of Green- up, and along the Embarras river at intervals nearly to the south line of Coles county, is nowhere more than five feet in thickness, and I found no calcareous shales of any considerable thickness associated with it that could be mistaken in the boring for lime- stone. This may be represented, however, by No. 6 of the boring, and the 20 foot limestone No. 8 may be the equivalent of the Quarry Creek limestone of Clark county, which is underlaid by a green shale there, and possibly agreeing with that reported under the limestone in this boring. Below this there are four other beds of limestone reported, varying in thickness from six to twenty feet, making an aggregate of some 80 or 90 feet. If this is a true record of the Coal Measure strata underlying Coles county, it shows a greater thickness of calcareous beds here than have been found else- where in the State.
BORING AT H:iRVEL.
ig Feet NOM ES UntacersOllian uc layin sesticsoes cles oe cacciemince = Sere ee mieicemn elena neat omens a 17 WO. BS SMC FRING 55 ses Areeehees a egocou Ce ECeeE Re Heer eos Os sUCRtO ce EES -aeee Shoo po MSS eee saog 3 No. 3. Clay shale ...... 2.2... ...2- 2 2---e een eene cece eee ence nent seen ent eee es sees eecenene 56 [NOME mn TING ST OOM Reet kc emus nee pean ee SAC MN? ak Ma ee cece aanane meine kone nes 10 Now GlavGShalepceses -saceas soem cce sau ves we eee ee cp eect eset ee nas cee nan een ene eeneeeeeens 12 INO Ma OMMEIINe SON Oster s. eee siren tc cemen eaters smemels coin ce cette memmuss obec siairaa es ptmleimawinla's 5 WO, Pio (Gineemn SINGH Iie Sees sees seen eoE ase CooSer ae ceaes icacbear oc duc OO ERC ACOnSASE Soc Seeseos 30 Ws GB, BAG NaI oo Be aig eee DOR SISOe SEE SOD Hc n See esac HE ECO OO SU SAE ORE SERS ERC octeSeeng 4 Wee Ob» Ranch SUA Gh ae Skeets cotene ae aees HeeseaseeoScease ere olbtes sosoosccuEE 5 scSstecsercse 20 PNM On @ Leng sich G setae neta eee, ei seem. sae emtc Gila cbtec ate vis = aise cial nblcee oslo errialsiers.« 160 NOME MenTR STON GSI Bem neers Cm NES IN eee Stak Scions hens seeemtoebar aeonebte 3 hay, 1,” Chien ASIAN Osc ae jateoreane SES URS Soe Goe Sao RES oo Heatni see Se ate 6 Dos DEGAS HOSE Ho Seocsaescaae 30 NGM OMmES I a tolcee SH all Oboes erae Stinarce ate eater coat eerie sate os Pane ee aS etetnrisie oleate eran oe eteremeynie ereimrale 3 No. 14. Clay shale.........---...... Rete eis oe CAL, Se peetateteets ata tare wicie shcisinie nimime Sea miUe Sictelelafa 40 MUN Os Lor wusIMOSTONGs= so nescence hue cakes ener S-cenhee sees SCN eee wate ee celts AalgtsnesWaees 2 TNO eail Grn leavasiiia lessee. noes Seen cela tote eta screw emia enna einiefeisieinla= wee eielale <ic's!e/ev sfolel= ctemine 10
Fac sia Ohare ee eoee een tates toes oe oes oe pec mneimecncaeGe cnt wanitar sComeawvdanceiee
. Limestone 20, Clay shale
. Clay shale....-..--------------<9-"085""" Ee A ta . Sandy shale and sandstone ...--- -------ss+e+ssneeseeer=* fe Sacks: pone Fae
Total depth
Harvel is about fifteen miles N.NE. of Litchfield, in Montgomery county, and on comparing the above boring with the shaft and boring at the latter locality, given on a subsequent page, it will be ‘seen that there is no correspondence worthy of note between them. The thinning out and consequent disappearance of a coal seam in certain localities is not an unusual occurrence, but the entire absence of a half dozen seams where they might be expected to occur, is quite an extraordinary occurrence.
For the following record of the escapement shaft at Dawson, in Sangamon county, sunk by the Wabash Coal Company, I am in- debted to Mr. Thomas P. Mowitt: ‘
No. 1. Surface soil, clay and sand No. 2.° Clay shale, with bands of hard rock No. 8 “Blue phale.cn.--s-.n<ases-c- <> miadeesenaatas arn aroha aert oie aes Sige . Hard conglomerate .......-----se-seerersreet’ Latah at Reth aa aan ee . Fire-clay , Red shale. su: nc: sc-nnnctqnecewstneocalcun=a- -Sesepmhshste"acbr ben oe ane a . Bastard slate Coal No.6 occccveececrse tbs apne sQnitese soqsees wasatenn=?=58 Uso a aogs 2 aan 8, Fire<0layoces-cecesscsavenss Aleecun> ¢osAnep RESO SEN Or ee oes adh canner enn lf
. Black slate » COBLINO, Bi cassucis.connaichavesnnesgpansames@ab-nassnsNQnel Eis: a oauaag
Total depth. ....--:..s-neeeseneeeeeneeeee Os he dendage ah gothg cabs
Dawson is 55 feet above the station at Riverton, where the River- ton coal shaft is located, and as tae depth of the Dawson shaft was was not deep enough to allow for the average dip of the coal to the
COAL MEASURES. 29
eastward, 1 was inclined to believe before seeing the record of the Dawson shaft that the seam they were working was No. 6, and that No. 5 was to be found some thirty or forty feet below. But on comparing the record of the shaft at Dawson with that at Riverton, I am convinced they are both on the same seam, though the dip between these points is scarcely more than one foot to the mile, while from the western outcrop of No. 5 to Riverton it averages about seven feet. From Dawson to Niantic it averages nearly the same, while from Niantic to Decatur it increases to at least twelve or fourteen feet to the mile.
‘Section of the Winona shaft at Winona, near the northeast cor- ner of Marshall county, furnished by Mr. EK. L. Monser:
+ : IMis. Ine No. 1. Soil and yellow clay No. 2. Blue clay No. .3: No. 4. Hardpan No. 5. Red clay No. 6. Soft clay shale No. 7. Hard limestone No. 8. Brown shale No. 9. Sandstone No. 10. Blue shale ~ No. 11. Dark clay shale No. 12. Limestone No. 18. Gray slate No. 14. Black slate NOM see COND OOT) MNO UjPzaiassee kriccee ccs Conse eee edn cate a ono testeeeaecapec anes No. 16. Gray slate No. 17. Blue shale ; No. 18. Limestone (top hard) No. 19. Brown shale No. 20. Clay shale No. 21.. Hard sandstone No. 22. Clay shale No. 23. Brown shale No. 24. Blue shale No. 25. No. 26. No. 27. Clay shale (gray) No. 28. Blue shale No. 29. Brown shale No. 30. Blue sandstone No. 31. Gray slate No. 82. Dark shale No. 33. Coal No. 7? No. 34. Fire-clay (top, good) No. 35. Sandy shale No. 36. Olay shale No. 37. Black shale No. 38. No. 39.
ANRDAOM OH
Coal—upper 5 inches cannel, No. 4 Fire-clay
59. . 60. , GE . 62. - 63. . G4. . 65. - 66. . 67. - 68. oe
I .3 + i at ej
Dark olay SnG1G. veo ee sc aceueasee guaas pecans chmopsemomne’s ges eee 18 Hard sulphur rock Black slate
The coal at the bottom of this shaft is without doubt coal No. 2 of the general section, though it is not quite so thick here as it averages jn LaSalle county. Quite possibly its average thickness will prove to be greater than the above figures may indicate. It is one of the
most persistent seams in the State, and furnishes a better quality
of coal usually than any of the others. Its freedom from sulphur is sometimes so complete that it can be used in the raw state for smelting iron.
A boring made at Marissa, in St. Clair county, commenced under the Belleville coal, shows that there is no coal seam of any value below that in that part of St. Clair county.
aS ; Ve 4 ee wee
sa taps “i Pe
_ Ee Kg
a=s*,
COAL MEASURES. 31
Boring at Marissa, commencing at the. bottom of the Belleville coal :
; Ft. In. DN Obes Mer hinecola yeaa. irccs cwnish Mes wcaca ct ccnete deb nctica: SARURe Ae Marta seeds ab men ee ete ce We aul NOMM OMSL TIMOStOMeLON/SEDtanl ae Leces accents aaa eee ee eee eee ean 2 10 IMN@)E Gig: (LAURIER Gag ste peat a ore SOE ee Cee eee SAB Oe ESE Aae Be ey ee i a Se 2 Bin et se IDs. CLC SCTOnen ple) Pe Mae sein Her See anne Ly tae eee eh ar ane ae ne Te ke eRe See er ee ali No. 5. Clay shale, with concretions of iron ore.................--.--------------+0--- 50a NOM One a Gkesiialew sus sact cnn creas telcic ane ta eisauiec weet atten sh mibis mayne omen ea sae aes 5 6 IN OM (en © laysSMal Geeta meren ces catslse cast ek uccp nce teenc okccsmbo, asec noe neers cecceu ceases 33 NoMastanhlue slatelwithenodulesses— <2. t= seco scree were scoeancmeeec asm ccceeeecieman oe 18 3 N OnE Oeil OSbON Oh acer eerey nese eet ae nee Soe ec Ne cee et Seeman noe M ican beeen new 1 3 INOS OSeeBlackuslaten euwmce esi sem te s semes te aera cites alesse ciehl = ae Ler gpeatel Seva Nekba clown 6 ING MULERELO Oct Bema ntitra rejects en enn ae ree a aiden Aaa a aetamcl enisicinectocietaie eee mattte ee pl 3 INOMM2 nine -ClayvsaniGd CO alsa nes sen=ceecece ssa caceo-eaiscceiees Saree HAR ocaceca Sora ean 2 as IG): TER IMIEEO ERs ee SHES ses cin Oeen soe eB EBC re ea ae Ee einGe, Sama Denne Gt Eee Saar 5 4 IOS TELE (COR S Beis eve a AB eee cee ney tS ray Caan Rea BRO a ee RE PE EEN 0 10 AN Ope loam ELON C La Vater e naa are bad anys = meine om eine ore BOOS A IS ae EMRE SD ea ee aa ae eee bie ll 6 NOMMOSENVaATIG@eLe GEshalennch pace: caste eee aban ce witenininehsals cemakeeuicenwacebeueme 1 6 Nemuatnchtisandy-shalor sen se ew ee bee lk ee) Pe ee i a S219 No. 18. Darklimestone...................- Sess eerie. we allaiates tesa uae Salen = era Sac e 0 3 INO= 19s ieht micaceouS: SAMdStome nyse aces amee cece aiicuc sence ce vieisicinwace se seine akianicics 15 6 Nowa ae Wihitenine grained sandy shales peers oe seen ee ece steno os eeecls sa cceenes eees see 50 1 POUNCED Uber soc kacte ose oh Ae eh Saas oman eee nrss Ean akmere nam sce aval se ane woame 225 1
Salt water commenced flowing in No. 17, and increased so as to stop further progress in No. 20. The lower coals are probably
represented by Nos. 11 and 14, neither of which are of any practical
value. The sandstone and sandy shale constituting the last 65 feet probably represent the sandstone usually found at the base of the Coal Measures.
_ The following is a record.of a boring for coal made at Lementon, in §t. Clair county, on the line of the B. & 8. I. R. R., for which I am indebted to Mr. H. C. Leonard:
Ft. In. NGM ole clayrandheraviel estes \ach tas tenet ok eee een cictace 2 oooh cinene vomieinmeuare 38 NomeZa CAT ponaccous:clod: coaliNOnG?. soc se. cae. aareeeeceee es aeeceneciitce «secede 1 WOS ~Bs MUERTE) RES ess tee aie meee a ees eee a aa rere Ce aE See ECS il No. 4. Red and yellow sand?........... BY Behe ecss foie neh ag aah aialar cee aloes cee eiaeid fe amie 1 NOM OReRO@ lays alomee in. . Wan kee celts Nees oe Pace conlecietas eae ce skouegebos aonedacus 12 INOBM 6 ue Hard Tock,hete.acceencse: SR Eee ao cease eietom siateaieo ce eihanie tases mannentes casas 1 NOM AEE Olavas halon ssises muse ad See Shona meee ee at sieia ite ae eee eee ae es, 7 OM OM LACKS lebeys ut ale einccan toca aeae ee cise Ssabm ap eelesienceaee SOLE Bale SOantin oetaien 9 6 INOras oes OO GEN Oo ree ete re fe ce ane ntitels (omosibe ck cunerviep slyjaescmeer Geattcsveaccsageaesteas 1 6 ING wel Dsmebine-clayaan dish alevpre sees a-esi-net eles ee teee cece eh miciesi omen Serre od NiO MpLDa Ein nO Gk sia. kn cckeacntene coos a eclae tice pelea ance wae teens ade Rees eee 1 6 IND, WAS LECCE EN SIs oa ee ee ee a Sea ae aa Dy ae ae ea ee 3 6 BNO Oran O ALING Sota otra rectraeistacteisias os aenen ae cetaceans sober ene ate Sp oem caeeeacns ose ea 0 2 Nop Aseahirdaclay andi clayshalosc.:. seataancsacccaeeretscne inane ab ontlemeces ccna neue 9 INOFM Sram Ss POW Sh qlOuee.t ecce seee sacetecs melts de we cena amano c eeninine cen ou doubons baecews 4 Nom lorsseancdib ies bale sen tso.b -ccebi prissne cok bese belslarek piece cmincenaacecepcece had wcarie 9
NOME amp LUGIS ALO We eet eect noes seersutrne elation ne ann ot Memb e camoncdt mods wcts Seammeccats
. 18... Bandstone occ o.oo cnn eee i ceekn ban ae ae eee aeeenae eae eih eat ier ee ao eee
No. 19. Brown shale: : - 0s cnc cas Seng ba card sew eas an a oe eee aban 1
No: 2). Sardstone.i.s.-.. 6.25. Bo ee ee pe ee ky” 1
No. 21. ‘Coal: No: 22.5222, 3...65.p on oho ane ee eee ee Pe eee 1 Total depth. ....-...2--222% ey re ee 156 2
Although this boring commences above the horizon of No. 5 coal, it was found to be too thin at this point to be of any practical — value, while the two lower seams penetrated in the bore were also
valueless. This barren area is not very extensive, as No. 5 out- ts crops on Silver creek, about four miles a little east of north from -—- Lementon, with its normal thickness of five to six feet. Probably + a boring two or three miles east of this point would result in find- Pes:
ing this seam of coal with its average thickness, and at less than a
hundred feet from the surface. The following is a.record of a boring made at Chapin, on the é county line between Scott and Cass counties: se Ft. In y
. Nov cl. Soilanddritt clays... 20.0 sec cas doce ea run oth aw See een en eeeen Seen Rea 51 No. 2. Clay shalen. 2 222s. . Ae ees oeen Mon Wnennnnaba serge sonccenenersanstanasseas 6 ‘ ‘ No;3.) )Sandstonetes.-.ce-ee- saa kn ceedugsJuaet cp usaptucceenge! en eueeaet ies = aie ace 3 a 1-2 No. 4.. Brown ‘GRBIO.Sic5 sade. cack on penne hon te bg Sa ok Oegae tats ea ie a We ac} G« No..’ 6. “Sandstone. 22.4.5 bowel kee acta cao e cee hemes epee le ae ae ae i 6 No;> 6.. Dark. sales. <2. ooo ce eas ee casas aennnaduigh« Yons ce clNs «ap he poten Gauin ts DEER SnEe 6 No... 7; Sulphur rook 22.5. 20002225 cet naa sae chee ene Oe a See eee 0 9 No. 82 Olay SR al0s .. 5 sacs .cec. nota seek e nantly s mnancemnaks wns Ene se she as eer sal SE NeeeeeN 7 ? No.. 9: ‘Sulphur roek 0... oo. hb. cxkes ouuscnn toupee inne arin Rae eee ees 0 4 . No. 10... Fossiliferous Hmestone. <2 2.2 es: .cn-+~ case ancecbe suncgeknas> eames eee enEeee 1 bs “No. ll. Hard black slate.......... OS. ate file ko hp winking <n lis Subic caren named ee r NOs, Ue TOOBIN, soso nssin o wy win emcateien a aes ae nis Wal ip le sco a cab 2 No.. 18. Wire=clay 2 <i5.0 + cons Secems Senncde suns kbs tsb 5 Gn wakpens aan kanes Sesh eon DeeeEe away Wo. My: TAMOStONG Sap sancancncensas conan acleahab ont selinn Eo Rees ine Sesen chee A eee ee 1 ae No. 15. Clay shale........ ee re ee ee er ee et 3 ‘ ve No. 16... Blue limestone. -iu-0. se. ican anneyeh etme wencehutin chwe BUG enans en SES EOEpS aaeER ae 4: Ras , oa No, 17:- JHre- ley: okie ves cek dees an owt eu ates ne cneohMeutices SUS aaeenit isin tient eah nen 7 “' $ No. 18, Bandstone : es. o flac. canned eklss un denapebadals <n sisRage cee eea6 name sees eeebn ee 4 No. 19;. Gray SD AIG sue se cevcs scene wicneneuh Wess duuageyahhiaenaseemabenas mad gues das ineane 7 6 v No. 20.- Hard sabidstones soc ca, oki coco totes weunadiepes wou cauws sunh bene susan nan ieieeay ee ’ No. ‘21. Sulphur rock Qnd@ GO81. coo. waseis « conpees ae senpuansrshunnanenneuseeeee 4 baa stds won 2 2 No. 93. Gray limestone... i... os A cnl shack conaseceesUevenscnscustoheetadieusth aaaheeenen 8 No. 23.. Coal and bisak ahiale sock ..nscc odie ob asa wasns factcocth db ant eyes aaudene sien een 9 No, 24. . Gray TIMGBCONG vin sess. dcnenseesansusencassghcshesyeawelhe One's perdu heen aie games 2 6 ‘ No. 25. Conglomerates acc ccwecss cnctnesdccnannenesssutcnlectestssnckseienneeubiaha haeee me! | 9 No. 26, Gray limestone (600. coins. cas chp tawoln kaa Danes stnine otuei a. wens Paha sane teen 6 = Total depth.........-.--s002 esa esna ee a ~ vee 86 * SS A shaft was sunk to the first coal, No. 12 of the record, but it :
proved to be an unproductive seam, and the experiment was soon
“<< Cdeh ie e OE a fe ee SP,
COAL MEASURES. 33
abandoned. It is probably the same as the Neeleyville coal, but it is only about half as thick here as it is at Neeleyville, two miles further west.
A shaft was commenced by Mr. Loy, at Edgewood, in Effingham county, and when last reported on was down‘nearly to the base of the upper Coal Measures, and as it was commenced above coal No. 16, the highest seam in the State of any-practical value, the record is very interesting as showing the regular developments of these upper seams in the centre of the basin. For the following record I am indebted to Dr. G. W. Bassett, of Vandalia:
EDGEWOOD SHAFT,
Eine NG a SOlsclay isan drandmeravel: 2:0. cccken. alecsies aus sajiae ces cnn Ne seein eee ae 59 6 NO MMM OLMIS StOMOn mimeo suse: hee ss. ese eae re 1 he merece Cluvesbatle sss toc cee ce a ions cased: tease en auteeadln. sntbvendbabaeoetaaee: 3 Noms ane disan diy isha] Ost ssceseu san wsat- scan snos alow sebenianccccelsa fies sanedtar eso eee 2 aN Omer aie Caras a LO Baier rye men eee a ape SORY oc Usa mee con mcs bis dade tidnacem Soe mete 16 6 i CemOreE CORA Ver TMS CONG see aware cm ae atime. Ae ee ett cen, A edetioneanaue cana rc 3 WIG «Phe CORN NOH DS ae eS so eae ae See a es ae I Enc oS, SE a Is 0 5 BQ: 2, TRIG) BIIIOS SAR ea a ee ne ae oe ee ene een a ay 3 Noe Nana stone.and Sangyeshales=s-. so. s- ee stinnckenesiacee-siyesccssaeectooeaete sens 13 PNCcpepl Ones) cin ex Claypas Wal Ob sa ae fe eeeee cls satan cole = cictiebeeoine webwsecieie Ue onl sees /ie uae 20 icp ULeminnp Uren =Clalyers= pecuntawieeS-1a--S one -catmennaa" soso snaeseacnsss/fe Sacorenkans 6 Noms toriiard Calensamad StONG geen eee hes case gees occ Mec oe Sone de Shee aneeniee 3 NG MmRy eMC AES TTY iyz6 WMalLOy ke tert ais caceiece ais acme wom eee nl Se eee See acid caw ee accee eee 8 Nome Olavashaley bottom’ darks 22.38: cewcnedncoda-ncsmesecees+cdescsccace ae me 10 Way, TR Ceol renee ae ee se eg eal I a ery ee Ce One NGG Pebplydlimestoneand inom. StOnNes ss. s.c0.. cen coccd-wasccuss ceccenceuseac ames 3 Namely aeDorkeccndysshialoy Ware eee oes a ee ee so ae 30 Nor 18>) Dark'shalemwith limestone bands. 2.2.2: :22-22.0.02--2..2. ccc. sa annecce ne Pacers in! 3 NOM Oali(Gemiablack)yNOw bees sous iacescuicties ed -caeee ce meeeeosewcvnce soueezs cacne 0 10 Nona ehine=claysawithenodulestot limestone... cs--scee acs: cesses ashes. ---cseeee 3 Norte | Calcareous sand on limestones 22. -bis-ccc ace ood notes ccs «cminiceraeawe bes oesteuce cule 8 Os A Ges PD TENTS STM H KEE as el te NE ge np ct 30 DO Dads «ID panies fasten Sy alka ea = ee ee a BR a ee ere 30 No. 24. Dark and fawn-colored fossiliferous shales...._.........--..-2---e------0---5 40 No. 25. Bituminous shale, with shells and crinoids.............2--22......2eeeeeeeee es 1 NOmzb Coal upoermpartacannel-—NOlI4: 2.24. \ cone ecdeenes uses kanmp sc aceem secon te 2 4 Ome Aa Danieonaval ron Claveetes acs meds cre wate oe So eteus 5 ama deacic estes cceoneaemacmenes 3 NO 2a ea Sano stoner das andy Sia lG eee ot ene e reese aie cee meee meini seinen eseemnn ea 18 NO ore APM OINLOIGM alOb a nontrt seat Ses Bees ui|a uecinc we vase eects amino ee oe prrcrercsescscseee 6 NOW sD ankranderawin = COLOTECsSNel Ove eccw aos sce sas wc. secu ee awrewlialsisesadensieicc nets tenes 12 WOmste OOalN(Semi—DlOCK) NOUS ie es fan leel.c ote ss cepainw ce aie dice wtewecemcen ati nie Qnetnce sane Wa) No. 32. Fire-clay, with sigillaria,-etc. .....--.----2-0-----eeeeees eee Me dire or Sen i SNA 1 ING), SB) Denk sennly GING) Gaedese-= eee bs ooseor RAs eh eeasae sos ede= (ogg eses4 aaa essed 12 Nossi Dark and fawn-colored! Shales: azcciceces.Uaspicnccwescamessceseaesceeces caween 27 No. 35. Black bituminous limestone (fossiliferous) ..........-......---.------+-------- 3 INORG OSmEO OAIMNIO Datacenter me coe Mae a aC OS sa oeen Sas. SA SRSe Sensing aitteisiejem timiawaiglalen ile 1 2 MG sad MME Oe Cleivee nate mt tear: sda ace emtaihe access s Cen case demas Hote dea ome recess oue eae 2 No. 38. Dark gray shale, with one inch coal............----.--.--- 22-20-2000 - ese eee nee 5 1 INGO mC OaRINO<¢ Shy racer cet ee eee es Ser aes OC ere mitel Abas ebabtaeist es wen aes 1 6 Nowa Saar CISa nd TOC Kee ttn iMacs CMM ct ite tl 2am Rogie ssa nionncleasog eccniaeshteh cance 3 NO m4l a DIAC San Cy BiAlOws, ssa wera ste sam cbs otoidtadsene weenie. oe OU Re ania sek one oink 5 —3
-
Ta Vee MS Ena) Ne pty om aN a ee Oe ee el ere Se Oe Ry
. Limestone
. Jointed fire-clay
. Black clod—Coal No. ll
. Limestone. -..2:cheaspnaseeea-tneennniet apenas Aaron soon ee . Jointed fire-clay
. Limestone......---seeeeecereeersees
. Rash coal—Coal No. 10 : - - Blaokt CLOG. 5 xa. eschndnascds 2aeegevewaapanennngrntan cmon Nae ena ee . Limestone, partly concretionary © 60. Black shale, bscacte cede - ss she 94 yond soematnanereh Pacer aren er ae ee 1°, Ss
Total depth ee ea
This shaft terminates apparently not very far above the horizon — of the Shoal Creek limestone, which lays about 385 feet above the coal in the shafts at Sandoval and Centralia, the nearest points where any of the lower coals have been opened, and it would have to be sunk about 400 feet further to reach a coal seam of any prac- tical value for deep mining.
BUILDING STONE.
Many valuable quarries of building stone have been opened in this State since the publication of the preceding volumes, but from the press of other duties, I was not able to give as much time to their ; examination as was necessary to enable me to report fully upon them. aa The location of the Southern Penitentiary at Chester has resulted in the development of a very important industry, in connection with the extensive beds of limestone and sandstone which had long been — ; known to occur at that locality, but had remained comparatively | useless for the want of the labor and capital necessary for their full development. ‘
—
That division of the lower Carboniferous formation known as the “Chester Group” comprises several beds of limestone, sandstone and shale, and it is upon the lower part of this formation that the city of Chester and the Southern Penitentiary are situated. The follow- ing section will show the relative position and thickness of the rocks exposed on the Penitentiary grounds:
BUILDING STONE. 35
=p Ft. E MassiyeaprowiNs ands One TexpOSed «ce sce erers semese ets ene ates see eas ae aeons erecta 3 25 4 ihimestonejandishales parthyexposedeas.c- nas seey ee ceee soe senses ses ene ee seeinep=eeceee= 50 Green and blue argillaceous shales, mostly beneath a covered slope.............--:------ 70
vce S Peace / Massive gray samdstexe, with partings of green and blue shales, exposed.......-....---- oY
/
= The prison buildings and yard are located on the lower Teetone
of the foregoing section, which is probably more than a hundred Bs. feet in thickness, and extends below the low-water level of the river, a and to the height of sixty to eighty feet above low-water mark. The
quarry in the prison yard has a perpendicular face of about forty feet of solid limestone in beds from one to four feet in thickness, and presents considerable variety of color and texture. Its prevail- ing color is a light gray, passing sometimes into buff, and again into a dark bluish-gray. The rock is sufficiently compact to receive = a high polish, and some of the beds would make a handsome mar-
- i ble. The upper part of the bed is semi-oolitic in structure, while - other portions are almost entirely made up of minute bryozoans, and 4. the other low forms of organic life.
These quarries afford material adapted to all the ordinary uses to which limestones are usually applied, and from the favorable loca- tion of this institution on the Lower Mississippi, with uninterrupted navigation at nearly all seasons to all southern points, and with transportation by railroad to the interior towns where building stone 'y of good quality is always in demand, a ready market will be found
for all the varieties of building stone which the prison quarries can - supply.
Dimension stone of almost any desirable size may be obtained
here, and the foundation stone for the monument to be erected at
tm a Chester to the memory of Goy. Bond had just been completed, and ki was awaiting transportation to the cemetery at the time of my last ee x % ‘yisit to this locality. This was a single stone, 74 by 7% feet square,
and 30 inches thick, and estimated to weigh about 12 tons.
is The prison buildings are mainly constructed of a fine brown . sandstone, obtained from the upper bed of the foregoing section. The quarries from which this rock was obtained are about half a ; “mile north of the penitentiary, but on the lands belonging to the institution. The quarries present a perpendicular face of about 25 eS feet of evenly-bedded brown sandstone, the beds varying in thick- ness from four inches to four feet or more. It breaks evenly across the lines of bedding, and blocks of any desirable size can be readily obtained. When freshly quarried the rock is soft, and can be easily dressed, but it hardens on exposure, and forms a handsome
ER OL LENE CNTR, Se FOR ae NE Ee ones
36 “ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY.
and durable stone for massive buildings. The supply of both sand- stone and limestone is practically inexhaustible.
At Evansville, on the Okaw river, a fine quarry of excellent lime- stone has been opened, and a large amount of rock for the abut- ments of a suspension bridge has been taken out. The quarries are located about half a mile back from the river, and a hundred feet or more above low-water mark. The rock is a massive light-gray semi-oolitic limestone, and is the highest bed Sa a in the vicinity of the town.
The principal quarry shows a perpendicular face of about 15 feet of massive grayish-drab colored limestone, that closely resembles some of the semi-oolitic beds of the St. Louis group. Some of the beds attain a thickness of four or five feet, and will furnish dimen- sion stone of any desirable size.
No characteristic fossils were found in it, but it was underlaid by nearly a hundred feet of shales and thin-bedded limestones, filled with the characteristic fossils of the Chester group, leaving no doubt in regard to the formation to which it belongs. It may, per- haps, be the equivalent of the regularly-bedded portion of the upper limestone in the Chester bluffs. The surface over which it forms the bed rock is considerably broken by sink holes, similar to, but smaller than those which prevail where the St. Louis limestone is the underlying rock. Should a railroad be constructed through this” part of Randolph county, these quarries would become a source of profit to the owners, and would add an important item to the busi- ness of the road.
Rockville Quarries.—Two miles and a half west of Seville, in Ful- ton county, extensive quarries have been opened since the report on that county was published, in a sandstone overlying No. 2, and outcropping in the bluffs of a small stream running into Spoon river. These quarries are owned by Robert F. Leeman, of Cincin- nati, who has erected machinery for manufacturing grindstones, whetstones, scythestones, and also for supplying dimension stone to the Wabash road and the towns on its route. The rock in the quarry shows a perpendicular face of about 20 feet, and furmshes dimension stone from two to three feet in thickness, and as large as can be conveniently handled.
The best grindstone grit comes from near the middle of the bed, and the stones manufactured here range from two to four feet or more in diameter. The rock has a sharp grit, and seems to possess an even texture that makes the stones desirable for ordinary use.
COAL, OM: Oa oe
These quarries employ about 39 men, and being located immediately upon the railroad, the product can be readily shipped to any point where a market can be found.
The bottom of the quarry furnishes the best dimension stone, especially where it is required to withstand the action of frost and water. Its power of resistance is said to equal any sandstone yet found in the State.
At Marietta siding, about a mile further west, another quarry has been opened, but little work except stripping has been done. It is located on the same sandstone as the Rockville quarries.
COAL OIL.
‘The Litchfield Coal Company made a boring in the bottom of their coal shaft im November, 1879, for the purpose of determining whether another coal scam thick enough to be profitably mined, could be found below the one they were then working, and at the
depth of €82 feet below the surface, and 255 below the coal in their ‘shaft, they found the first deposit of coal oil of any value that has
been found in the State. It is a heavy lubricating oil, and was associated with salt water and gas, the latter in such quantity that it might be utilized for lighting the city. For the following record of the beds passed through at Litchfield to reach this oil deposit, IE
am indebted to the Secretary of the Litchfield Coal Company.
ize ine
ING ee SUITPACOnClAYs PRA Ol VObChsancse cetecseeicubeasencee ac suistecne cain cecacessceeue 6) 6
IN Gime ee AIMES LONG paee eters: seer tea eh ne 2. a AE ee COINS. La eccele via Seateeecsteecee 14
NWO cue biack slate: andvcoalm sie. (ame Bie Se ges, tes aawusisineanie doesn curs see beh ces 3 6
INOmee ENTORC AY cs20! sana mnze lor areiciesiecuieisininceeecnie Bee eo etlasta aan Soe a nents ae eeu oueeeioe 4
INOMMOSEEC VVE Shia Orne Meee mr soes eae oes. Meno ose sebawipisld be caeabe ck elaten oeeeeeoen 8
Nig MMOs MOU AIIMESLONO!. sew cnee ms dicate 2° oAacaie eG oumaes cael aince n se aie welwerame nae 5
INO Rm ean Ea OIA CEA: S)abO nce crdiisccebioae ne tisjcee wesis esos eee eben ecin bee ecle Se pe eee 79
ING ne SMEG eS CLOUS HOCK. oy. Gants sroesiarne Saieaia Secs ate cele alet ceecesw occ cent enascemneee, 3 6
NOnmnO Me UINO=C layer tna seine aeeee amr cst poe ea eeee eae wet ponsleels'se Se cmhcetolteeeeeeeeecess 2
iGseLO MEM Shiva EMVESTOM Ges a5. Sonat ol nts bajo deci sacone be eee aoe nse Mikel walinaeeeekeeme wees 8
NOM MIE BrOWNSiMGIOUS TOCK WeLy, NDALG sancec 2 =ssoc oo Geese ace eacens sce =cceeccee cee 6
OMe Zee One lavesi al Ob eter ahestes is. csice nae sone eens saosin si eealce nels ea leeree <ciee 3 6
No. 13. Gray shale and sandstone............- Fic ee Se eee ratnhas Mere Mey oe ila enckeoeiere ere alone 14
Nasal seBrowvmesan GyaShia Oras eas aca ab maine cet ace atsctinn sian sta» seeecabacseweceos 19 eNO: ios sHanastone anGsshales: --s. ++ -s-2cse--s2-eeseees Ba ee eee meee 97
TR y TAG GRE SUED es ea es ee ae a pe ee Oh i 45
iNozel oper ka sine pae eens eee ke Be Se eh Le oy tect emp ieccleae Meee Bae aera erecta el sis 33
No. 18. Black shale ..........-..-. ee a oe hee ee ae See aes ieee ads aesisa 7
Nom GMO Gal NO eh ent canes tegen tery a Re tek (hee vac ea ee re ee ek 0 2
NON 20 rater OUn re Clay mised mee coeies eae eei ccemararc clelssticecistiblelem ce aoe aioe a a Pe 16
Nowe beeHia nde iliciousmock ess oasis setec dee SL Oba un Ieee. saad ctaoe. 1 6
Nome Coarse bLowil Sandstone. cesses saee eon comen ss sen acenue aut bcbeissGceeeincease, 2 o.
ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY.
» Brown shale... «2-2. sod. tekeoarary ata. eae . Gray slate . Slate and shale
. Sandstone . Coal (Litchfield seam)—No. 2? . Gray slate and sandy shale . Coal—Upper division of No. 1 catobnin sebuah eee un we nk eh an aki Shekiee Senieee . Clay shale and fire-clay $2. Coal—Lower division of..N6. 12 4..»<; -acephcue enue ells Akaks cash bane aaa . Sandstone and shale . Brown sandy shale . White sandstone, with strong flow of brine and oil
Total depth
When I visited this locality in October, 1882, there were four wells in operation, producing about two barrels of crude oil per day each. i The product is a heavy lubricating oil, worth considerably more in 7 the;market than the common petroleum. It comes, apparently, from — about the base of the Coal Measure Conglomerate, or possibly from: one of the Upper Chester sandstones.
Nothing definite is known as to the extent of the area over which 4 this oil basin extends, as no boring has been made in the county deep enough to reach the oil-bearing strata, except in the immediate vicinity of Litchfield. The well commenced at Irving some months ago may throw some light on this question if carried to the depth of 1,000 feet, which I understand to be the requirement of the orig- = inal contract. ; as.
7
SALT WELLS.
After the publication of the report on Perry county, a boring was made at St. Johns, for the purpose, mainly, of determining whether there was a coal seam of any practical value below the DuQuoin coal. At the depth of 970 feet a sandstone saturated with salt water was reached, that extended to the depth of 1,050 feet, the brine ris- ing to various heights from 150 to 250 feet below the surface. There are now six wells in operation here, with a flow of about 16 gallons per minute to each well. The present yield of merchantable salt at _ a these works is stated at 3,500 barrels per annum, and the product — is manufactured into the various grades of salt in common use. No record of the boring could be obtained, but two thin coals were re- ported as occurrring below the DuQuoin seam.
es Bear sy 7 eS aes ee
c ve ie ‘ae ee a a 3 tp 4 a > 4
Bl apes Sie Shh ee at
La SALLE COUNTY. 39
NOTES ON LA SALLE COUNTY,
LaSalle is one of the most interesting counties in the State, not only from the variety and economic value of its mineral resources, but also from the peculiar geological phenomena that are presented within its borders. Situated on the northern confines of the great coal field of Illinois, its coal products find a ready market in the more northerly portions of this and the adjoining States of Wiscon- sin and Minnesota, where no productive coal beds have hitherto been found, and its favorable position in regard to the iron and zine de- posits of the northwest makes this county an eligible location for the economical reduction of these metallic products.
‘Among the economical resources of this county, bituminous coal ranks first im importance, and is found underlying nearly all that portion of the county lying south of the Illinois river, as well as a - limited area north of that stream. Four coal seams, of sufficient thickness to be of practical value in the production of coal, outcrop within the limits of the county, and are the representatives of coals numbered 2, 4, 5 and 7 of the general section of the Coal Measures
of this State.
See
ae gh rai
Their aggregate thickness is about sixteen feet, and their range from two to seven feet, and they will be described further on in in- dicating the localities where they are worked.
An anticlinal axis crosses this county from northwest to southeast, having its center in the valley of the Illinois river, about three miles east of the city of LaSalle, where the Lower Magnesian lime- stone of Owen, the oldest rock in the State, is elevated above the surface to the height of about 80 feet. The Lower Carboniferous, Devonian and Upper Silurian formations are all absent in this por-
tion of the State, so that the Coal Measures in LaSalle county overlie, unconformably, both the Trenton limestone and St. Peters sandstone of the Lower Silurian series.
The exposure of the Lower Magnesian limestone is restricted to a limlted area in the valley of the Illinois, its: outcrop only extend- ing eastward from Split-rock [about two miles. It affords the best hydraulic limestone in the State, and the manufacture of hydraulic cement has been an important industry at Utica for many years.
The St. Peters sandstone, which immediately overlays the Lower Magenesian limestone, forms the main portion of the river bluffs from near Utica to a point two or three miles east of Ottawa, and on Fox
(etter! eh, pte Thott Ait ay il og ee
40 ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY.
river from its mouth to the vicinity of Indian Creek, a distance of about ten miles. This sandstone will furnish an inexhaustible sup- ply of the best glass sand to be found in the Mississiypi Valley, and in its economical importance it is second only to the Coal Measures in the value of its products. It is found at only two points in the State outside of LaSalle county, viz: at Grand de Tour, in Lee, and _ at Cap aw Gres in Calhoun, counties. Its maximum thickness is _ probably about 225 feet in the southern part of this county, but it thins out to the northward, so that in the northern portion it does not much exceed 150 feet. Its extensive outerops in the bluffs of the Illinois river make its economical products easily accessible to both railroad and water transportation, and the abundance of coal to be obtained in close proximity to this sandstone indicates that this is one of the most favorable points in the State, or in the United ‘States, for the manufacture of all kinds of glassware, and several extensive factories of this kind have already been established in this — county.
The Trenton limestone, which is the next formation above the St. Peter’s sandstone, has been so much eroded where it appears in natural outcrops in this county, that no accurate estimate of its original thickness could be made from an examination of its sur- face exposures, but in boring at Streator for artesian water, its thick- ness was found to be a little over 200 feet, which is not more than half its average thickness in other portions of the State, where it d has not been subjected to erosion. The outcrops only show the presence of from 25 to 75 feet of the lower part of the formation, the remainder, with the overlying Upper Silurian strata which were probably deposited over this portion of the State, have been removed by the long-continued eroding agencies which immediately preceded the Upper Carboniferous era. ‘
The Trenton limestone affords some good building stone, and some of the layers take a good polish, and make a handsome marble. — Usually it has too large a per cent. of alumina and magnesia to make a good material for the lime-kiln.
Clays suitable for brick, pottery and drain tile are abundant, and some of the fire-clays of the lower Coal Measures seem to be adapted to the manufacture of fire-brick.
Coal is by far the most important and valuable mineral product of LaSalle county, and its favorable position on the extreme north- ern border of the productive coal field enhances the value of this product, both for consumption in manufacturing establishments at
-
m1 LaSALLE COUNTY. 41
home, and for export to the north, where no coal is to be found either in this or adjacent States.
The local examinations made during the past year were mainly confined to the southern half of the county, and were especially di- rected to the determination of the number, thickness and relative . value of the coal seams to be found within its borders.
The axis of disturbance which has already been mentioned as crossing the county from northwest to southeast, follows the course of the Vermilion river from its mouth to the Livingston county line, and probably beyond, and has produced a marked irregularity in the distribution of the productive coal seams, and rendered their deter- mination somewhat more difficult than would be the case if the beds had remained in their normal position.
North of the Illinois river, and east of this axis, no productive mines have been opened, except on the outcrop of the lower seam, where it has been worked to a limited extent for a local supply, nor is it probable that any extensive coal mines will ever be opened in that part of the county, although there is a considerable area there that is underlaid by thin outliers of the lower Coal Measures.
South of the Illinois, and east of the Vermilion, there is quite an extensive area underlaid in part by three productive coal seams, though, so far as I was able to determine, not more than two of these could be found at the same locality. At Lowell the Vermilion river flows over massive beds of Trenton limestone, and this forms the lower portion of the river bluffs, extending on the west side to the height of twenty feet or more above the river. The limestone is here directly overlaid by the Coal Measures fifty feet or more in thickness, showing the following section:
Feet NGM Sata stone partially iexDnOSed 2.0 -cmeten ones me Anes ones kano saree ceccies weme ek 8 to 10 No.2. Shale, with bands of Septaria..........----.------.--0.s0.-2-- AR eee aan ae aren 10 to 12 INOstat bla ckeSheeuyan lia) Om: oo Peri rcats se aass csc gee se eemetide celeste sete met ooients ae cele 2to 3 INGussme CG lavishiale satan ea bee eeu mcawskesctnc: settee omcmbe teSamesed nat use Se ew cmn wae eau 6to 8 EIN cree sen (6 cet eI Go ed ts See ae oR ee ie Freie accede eee ee re ee 3 Noni Green andupunplesmalesy sss saeccsiee aes sneccte asecwas wt eecseeUavcsskeadacaed 8 to 10 Omar LOM LOM TMAOS FOMOrc aagcet esse oH cate miaiciae s eminici tite in to Sresciayate eteietionn See wile cies arioleicte 15 to 20
The sandstone at the top of the foregoing section was only ex- posed in the top of the bluff about half a mile below the bridge at Lowell; and is probably the same sandstone which underlies the Streator coal at points further up the river. A band of limestone occurs somewhere in the bluff at this point, composed mainly of crinoidal stems about half an inch in diameter, a specimen of which was found here by the Hon. Elmer Baldwin. I did not find it in
42 ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY.
place, but it probably belongs somewhere in No. 2 of the foregoing section. It was only some three or four inches in thickness. No. 3 of the section I am inclined to regard as the representative of coal No. 5, and a thin coal occurs with it. at some other points on the
northeastern borders of the coal field. This would make the coal
below it the representative of coal No. 4 of the general section, and further evidence in favor of this conclusion will be given further on. The quality of the coal obtained in the vicinity of Lowell is inferior to that obtained from the Streator seam, and also much inferior to that afforded by the lower seam in the shafts at Peru and LaSalle, which of itself is an indication that the Lowell coal is not identical with that. -:
On Sec. 24, T. 32, R. 2, the section observed was similar to that at Lowell, with the exception of the Trenton limestone, which is here at least 30 or 40 feet below the river level, the intervening space being occupied by the lower beds of the Coal Measures, which apparently thin out in a northerly direction before reaching that point. The section here is as follows:
No.1.
No. 2.
No.3. Black slate
No.4. Shale and argillaceous limestone No.5. Black slate, with rock bands No.6. Clay shales
No.7. Covered space No.8. Coalin river bed
Forty-seven feet below the base of the foregoing section another seam of coal, 30 inches thick, was found by boring at this point, which I have no doubt is coal No. 2 of the general section, and the lowest seam in the shafts at LaSalle and Peru.
At Patterson’s shaft, on Sec. 31, T. 32, R. 3, this lower seam is worked, and it affords a clean, hard, bright coal, about 3 feet thick, overlaid by a dove-colored clay shale, quite unlike any beds out- cropping on the Vermilion, either above or below this point. Coal No. 4 appears to have thinned out toward the south before reaching this point, while No. 2 and the accompanying strata thin out in the — opposite direction, so that there is no representative of the coal or the shale above it in the vicinity of Lowell.
At Kirkpatrick’s ford, on the Vermilion, we met with the first out- crop of the Streator coal, in ascending that stream. The section at this point is as follows:
~»
te ems ell an a ie See eS aa
ee ry
al 4
"ae TAD en See tS “a Wy dat, cays Soe F 2
+
NOW yBitunainousishaleeessse! sees ese ee are FEES Neato uae, Chuan Peek 7 eR Dt 10 INOSermC Oala(Streator seam) Aes .sceceeaee asco cemeencc on ata aa anes sete eco e ee 8to 9 INOnoMnohal evan Umiro=c lave ssencatceat kt shan mene ere aaehem a ame ney Iie age oe Sm 8) cate Mb Po 10 INGOs 41) ABA aol eS NEMO Ree Ne NE Gee SMI eh as a Nate is Na Oa RENE ee OE Pap tO a 4 Rev onessandstoneramdussmdiyssival Oeste: sac ssdeee)- 6 cays iy sue seeie. Lob UUnh PiaBeuee nee 15 to 20
The coal in Patterson’s shaft is about 80 or 90 feet below the Streator seam, and the space between the sandstone at the base of the foregoing section and coal No. 2 is mainly occupied by argilla- ceous and bituminous shales, with one or more bands of hard, im- pure limestone. No record of the Patterson shaft was kept, and no exposure was found where a detailed section from coal No. 2 to the sandstone under the Streator coal could be made.
As coals No. 2 and 4 are nowhere exposed at the same point on the Vermilion, a superficial examination might lead to the conclu-
sion that they were not distinct seams, but the difference in the quality of the coal they afford, and in the character of the roof
shales, and moreover the presence of both seams on Sec. 24, T. 32, R. 2, where a boring was made to demonstrate the presence of the lower seam, leaves no room to doubt the separate position which they occupy. Hence we are justified in the conclusion that there are three coals outcropping on the Vermilion, all of which are worked at the present time; No. 2 in the shaft at Patterson’s, No. 4 in the vicinity of Lowell, and No. 7 at Kirkpatrick’s ford, and in
the vicinity of Streator.
Some diversity of opinion has existed with those who have given
special attention to the geology of this county, in regard to the ~
position which the Streator coal occupies in the general section of the coal strata of this State, but from a careful examination of all the outcrops of the seam from Kirkpatrick’s ford, to the last point where it appears above the river level above Streator, 1 am fully satisfied that it is the exact equivalent of coal No. 7 of the general section. The coal which it affords is perhaps rather better in qual- ity than that hitherto obtained from the upper seam in the shafts about Peru and LaSalle, but it has been generally neglected in all the shafts where Nos. 2 and 5 are found, and therefore its average quality at those points has not been fairly determined.
It ranges in thickness from 5 to 8 feet, with an average of about
6 feet, and it probably affords as much coal at the present time as No. 5, which is the next in average thickness, and the one most extensively mined in the central part of the county.
4 ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY.
In the vicinity of Brock’s ford, two miles south of Streator, a limestone occurs near the top of the bluff; that closely resembles the limestone south of Petersburg, in Menard county, which there lies some 25 to 80 feet above coal No. 7, and it contains a similar group of fossils. In addition to this, the shales below the Streator coal contain ironstone concretions, completely filled with the little crustacean figured, and described in a preceding volume under the name of Leaia tricarinata, which is regarded as a characteristic fossil of the shales under coal No. 7, from whence it has been obtained at several localities in the State. The following section shows the strata to be seen in the bluffs of the Vermilion, between Brock’s
ford and Streator. Feet. In.
. Light gray compact limestone
. Blue sandy shales and soft sandstone, with concretions of sandy iron ore
. Bituminous shale : 5 OOSUNO, Vise scnsecesa cnbocemds coun teuk iene Ttaucn ee ose Aree easiest 5to 7
The limestone at the top of the section contains several species of small Brachiopods, the most common being Athyris subtilita, Spirifer lineatus, Terebratula bovidens, and a small Naticopsis, or Trachydomia, which were mostly in the form of casts, the pustulose shell being removed.
The hard sandstone, No. 7 of the section, will make a durable stone for rough walls where strength is the main requisite.
Between Streator and the mouth of Prairie creek, the sandstone under the Streator coal rises so as to form with the sandy shales below, a perpendicular cliff about forty feet in height. Over this sandstone ridge the coal has been carried away by the denuding agencies of the Drift period, but a short distance away from the river it comes in again immediately below the drift. Near the mouth of the creek the sandstone becomes thinner, and the coal appears above it and slopes rapidly down to the river level.
Several borings have been made in the vicinity. of Streator, to the horizon of coal No. 2, but I was unable to obtain any reliable record of the strata passed through. I was informed, however, that the distance between the two seams was about 80 feet. The quality of the coal afforded by No. 2 is generally superior to that of any of the higher seams, but it seldom exceeds a thickness of 3 or 4 feet, and lying deeper below the surface, and consequently requir- _
LaSALLE COUNTY. 4B ing a larger investment of capital to reach it, it has generally been a neglected where the upper seams were developed. In McDonough me ii county, where its average thickness scarcely exceeds two feet, it Be, has furnished the main supply of coal for the city of Quincy, in- a is cluding the river trade at that point for the past twenty-five years, 2s . 4 and will no doubt continue to do so for at least another decade. a | The aggregate thickness of the Coal Measures on the east side of 4 1 the axis, heretofore mentioned, probably does not much exceed 200 eS Fe feet, and the distance between coals No. 2 and 7 is about 80 feet, eo} while on the west side the distance between these coals is about | 209 feet, and the entire thickness of the Coal Measures may be es- timated at over 600 feet. This variation in the thickness of this A formation is probably in part due to the rapid thinning out of the ee, i beds towards the eastern border of the coal field, and in part to 3 id : erosion whicl has carried away on the eastern side nearly all the <> : strata above the horizon of No. 7 coal. 5 a The details of the following section of the Union Coal company’s — i ‘ shaft, at LaSalle, was furnished by Mr. Chas. J. Devlin, the acting op Secretary of the company. This shaft is located in the south part ( j of the city, and commences below the main limestones that outcrop ae i along the river bluffs from LaSalle to Peru. Sa } Ft. In. ma (i IN Orlow Ol aves tial Oem c. taieem ehecs Semen ae aoe ane ge eae wa aoe cea stenoses oneness i Bite vt ii NOME EB LOW nis na loves teenie a ete ey oe ee ue Loa acd eal i Ree a ‘lily peace Ri IN OMT O det piace em peu ME Ea Sik S10 ox Seed lo a ale a eal gt 1 be Nomar se Rowinshalower Sommer. saeea eect eae. aan ce wet ae ee Ne Se eres 20 = t NOM ntsran (sin es tOnoseds ses-eee eee teh een ees 2 ee ee 3 Bs, BNV(@ Yeap e ited SN LD EL ste cess ee tay eae eS Maen tn IE) ON ied ace oh cata anit 10 “a EN [Onde MVOC toe coe cence bar sent setae e Ger deny be acmamee das mocaebe meee atuman genes 1 = Noma SLilGrs rae sade age Mehl So oS Nia Mies Jue, Steal Geet cen ioe 12 - INGOs OME Hlinosclayae a Rosh ne eee J ER Rn Ab 1 Acne Rc eet, Cyc sgh aes! es 6 ae | INONM1O NESEY OC ithe te me tear eden cin Sata gen eamee nk Ss yaa rea 5 ge la be 3 ee ' i NOM MIMmDHInoxc loom hres Na gane wet og A cee ocean gt Me ee ata Boek i ice a: | 2 Nowa) Pepbly Claiyae).sesss2 nose =a 2eace Pe ree ete eee AML p Petes ey ek Mind Se ANG oe : No. 13. Clay shale.........-...- Paice ta Reade saci eh reece aie ah tee Rae ee 108) 66 mee, INGOT tame aaleaiatew mine cee ait ay eer Gk ee mis, sieeg mute sot eo ae No mihi C laivsshalovortinOsc layin -ecsetewecacitns sons eencsece eee nae su ee eee see 15 2 « t INORG MO OA ANOLZs(P) Peet cease Gat re ta. t ale nino ass oe eee oe Me Be oe 4 . oa Nomiaetine-clavand lay shale 22 62:0s 2-0 --2.cc) cae a aboee same eaee eae eee ae 24 ote IN OMISamEDANGS LONG Set eee erase ate e ake ac) ow coger eh eny coe Nalin fea 2 a | INOmIOMB ache shal scee mtewes © oct e w etl Ce aie a A Es Se es a ae 13 eee Be | ISP, ODS VE ET, 1c epee ee i A Net A ce en 1 ne ee aes 5 ay Onateen CG lavasi alle sins ste econ. G8 pier tah cy- Me cletna cts oul meinem eee aaee aco owe ee 60 as EN Our ou elu OSLON Crmet ea- cect actete ce se cenata ccna ose eee semen aus n sate sacccs 5 ‘a ' He Noms Shales with somo) limestonetess- 5.5.52 nea eee ene he alee coc “1 | Oni DOVe;COLOLed Shaler nse sne 65 ae eal sees ener le Pinata Ac Dich Sele 12 “et “SLO Zia Ole 1671S GAP oe weap acannon, SR Oy a0 nce ee eee 4 B Moteldan tise eee ee Mant cecay Meena Stee Neen Ya gare ‘0 ae §
46 ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY.
I refer No. 16 in this shaft to the hofizon of coal No. 7, mainly from its stratigraphical position, but it is not impossible that it may represent No. 6 instead. No fossels ware found in connection with it, at the only outcrop of the seam I was enabled to examine, and hence its stratigraphical position is the only evidence that was available for its identification. The outcrop of this coal was found in a deep ravine, just below the uplift at Split Rock, where an opening had been made to procure the potter’s clay, which forms a heavy bed immediately below the coal.
Two miles and a half north of La Salle, one of the deepest shafts in the county has been sunk by the Caledonia Coal Company, and the following details of it were kindly furnished by the pit boss, Mr. Joun P. Duncan:
No. 1. Drift clay and gravel
No. 2. Green and purple shales, with thin bands of impure limestone and a thin coal seam
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No. 17. Clay shale
No. 18. Coal No. 2,
The lower seam is the one worked at the present time, in this shaft, and it is said to be underlaid here by a bed of excellent fire clay, from 12 to 14 feet in thickness. The coal which it affords is superior in quality to that from either of the upper seams.
The beds above the main limestones, No. 8 of the Caledonia shaft, were found well exposed, in the big cut on the I!inois Cen- tral railroad north of the zine works, and the following is a detailed section of them as they appeared there:
No. 1. Green and ash-gray clay shales
No. 2. Nodular caloareous Shales »..ccicrsveesaccepcs-shvsncwaatennsuee ateenoben mh ajoes wreis 3 No. 8 Greenish olay abialeic.... Wi. seis ce cbacccaedseeewenton ticce was aeeee ne Wtol No. 4. Impure chocolate-colored limestone 2
No. 5. Red and green shales 10 No. 6 ‘Groen, shaly clayiiissc-..csescqcte cheeaues Juntwate é 8
ie
Fe
<
CA
FE ie
re =
=
LA SALLE COUNTY. AT
Feet NOfwn EN Odularnichaleorshalyslimlestomeneesa-sessaadteceeesstmscceeee aces eke tae eae eae. 6 NOvMor UppermaimamMescomer sess sctene a. suet ene meen hee oe cee ca onde te chisen Sem 12 EN Osus Oe Gore © mn Inia Gyre en ee eel eae tera ere nes eyes tye melee Ste ars eect eee yh erat hea 2 INOneLO AO WETUIMESTONCs seam earc tec Meee ee unease eye is ee et 2 Bain nT 10 to 12
These are the highest Coal Measure strata outcropping in the county, and they have been referred by some observers to the Permian age, but I was unable to find any satisfactory evidence of unconformability between them and the limestone No. 8, on which they rest, and the fossils, so far as they have been determined, are of well-known Coal Measure forms.
The most common fossils in the calcareous shales and impure limestones of this horizon were the following species: Orthis Pecosii, Chonetes Flemingi, Productus La Sallensis, Hemipronites crassa, Athy- ris subtilita, all of which are characteristic Coal Measure forms. On the south side of the Illinois, these beds make their appearance in the cut of the Illinois Central railroad from the river bluff to a point half a mile or more beyond Oglesby, where the railroad grade finally ascends entirely above them and onto the overlying drift deposits. 5
The beds immediately below the main limestones are well ex- posed in the bluffs between La Salle and Peru, and there is a de- cided increase in the thickness of the shales as we recede from the axis of disturbance, already mentioned on a preceding page. On the Little Vermilion where it intersects the bluffs of the Illinois, the main limestones are separated by only about two feet of greenish- colored shales, but in descending the river bluffs toward Peru, the shale increases to a thickness of 8 or 10 feet. The following sec- tion was made along the river bluff in the vicinity of Peru:
Hite sink INO cen leemilUO TO Cir HUM Sti@ MG tsa areas sce a ee tchn is Sic lase a ieee letic haiais alate oleloiseeibnisieleterier ste ee LOOnt2: No m2) pOreenrandumunrplershiale son. prettic sspcls st seu eiecscenctwace ee cess acadcecesecss 6to 8 Noto me vOWwerD division of main Imestones se -seece. nee tes. cecer see neite re oem 6to 8 INOmes eI bUMINMOUS Salata .cdseace seed s.acce emcees Laine Sac Reee Merete ewe Ret SSS 1 6 No. 5. Gray, brown and green shales......... See Met et ae fa Mite eet a 8 UNO Pee Germann TOUT Oe CO ae crete caterer seth ceis wet catacrclie Borate path Ama Me eee ae wale ceeele ot 0 6 Nowe Gravaan deere enishalles ees ss 4220 cent ac ceanaatetecinncinaceas cee nates esl 12 to 15 NO Mm Stee NO Gila rMiMTESTOMG: ie. tasers eee male clans aoklce Women ae hed are cna Satteln lee aitaw aimne mete 4to 5 INOre Osa Greensno dularishalec i. sss cn ocak. sAaaeec aus tant asee ate eencaeccem 12 to 15 Ow OS Eardbe raya limestone) \s- oh sack a ace os slecteh cna eae cee care een ack tect seco ake 2to 3 Nose GreenishaletexpOse d)ycccscaaercwsiis <ciccsar seme totems Coe cae iatacselec ena eine 2 Nol 2 aa Une xposederomiven la viClizs soimaese tance stern tae cmesadtceeese cr eeninebheenee 15 to 20
No. 1 of this section is the main quarry rock used as a building stone in LaSalle and Peru. It is a compact gray limestone, con- siderably stained with the oxide of iron, and resembles the limestone
m
48 ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY.
on Sugar Creek, in Sangamen county, used in the construction of the Old State House at Springfield.
The most characteristic fossils of this limestone are Productus Nebrascensis, P. Prattcnianus, P. punctatus, Spirifer cameratus, Athyris subtilita, Pinna per-acuta, crinoidal joints, and, rarely, the body of a Eupachycrinus or Poteriocrinus. A few fish teeth and spines have also been obtained from this limestone.
The lower division of the limestone No. 3 of the foregoing section, which may be regaaded as a distinct bed, is quite argillaceous and of but little value as a building stone. It is unevenly bedded, and the layers are separated by shaly partings, that are, at some points, completely filled with fossil shells. The fossils of this limestone are Athyris subtilita, Terebratula bovidens, Spirifer cameratus, S. lineatus, Productus longispinus, Spiriferina Kentuckensis, Platyostoma Peoriense, numerous corals not yet determined, and casts of Pleurotomaria, Bellerophon and Nautilus of several species.
I have been inclined to regard this limestone as the equivalent of that at Carlinville, which it resembles, both in its lithological char- acters and in the specific character of its embedded fossils. If so, it represents the horizon of No. 9 coal, and is the dividing line be- tween the upper and lower Coal Measures. It is rather more argil- laceous here than in Macoupin county, but otherwise it bears a close resemblance to that rock, and its position is about where that lime- stone, if present here, should be found.
On the south side of the Illinois river there are two or three coal shafts in operation, only one of which had any record of the beds passed through. The Oglesby shaft furnished me the following section :
. BSanpstone . Red shale
. Gray shale . Limestone
~~ — ona Meee OAKS
LaSALLE COUNTY. 49
Ft. In
No 31o4 Mire-clayzandishal ees 2 es coc e, au yc aad sa ack eae Siete en beclan an enemas 50 IN Gree 2 Oe OE SNIO ir it eect Shee Oar oat ae ge care oars ee nia: aS ee Soe 5 MON eine =@laype smr tense ee erie ens entree pay Oe ll eee wel PES eeee 3 9 NOSE 2s Sci d SHON Ome aris ae eae eee aie a ciate eee hd apne Sea ae aR Ee a Hae 5 4 INOW 23D) akan @ GUS ell Clee aa serene erie rs rye, a Maen cob Ee ose Se ee Ae ae 2 6 No. 24. Sandstone and sandy shale .__..._..... Fe ae pag ee RW cs oe oP = Se eg E 42 “1 INO WEDS noel Ope en eet pre cee ears este iene Bn Ca tea ac camer oid oe < foe Bake aene 7 INOmec Ose Grayvee av ssh Osama So nrce sitee er vic: -SEeeol ick Some omectoe Swenok sean eee eee ue 18 6 IMGs Bits V CORI O)5 2a Se Se ee ee ese ee aie Se ae ene TEE enna 3 6
PRO fa ladle tb aise oe ee sea g ee a De e AL i t Meat ier Bele oe Be aleve aN 464 10
Both the lower seams are worked in this shaft, and they furnish all the coal mined in the vicinity of LaSalle or Peru.at the present time, but it is quite probable that when a careful examination of the upper seam is made, it will be found to afford, at some points, a fair quality of coal. It is unquestionably the representative of either No. 6 or 7 of the general section, and both of them are extensively mined in other portions of the State.
Whether the Streator coal, and the upper seam in the shafts at LaSalle and vicinity, are identical, is a point I have been unable to decide with certainty, as no fossils were found associated with the latter at the only locality where its outcrop could be seen, and the associated strata afford no satisfactory evidence on this point.
The character of the deep-lying formations beneath the southern part of LaSalle county was fully determined by the artesian boring at Streator, and I am indebted to Dr. E. Evans for the following record of this well: iy
OHM ae nitt<clavecscmOuanGternivGls: — sciccse ac cetccieea sea fac veh, ag senMo be seam eeeacdeene 30 MONO C ODM NIGH SUE Seat here L oe aiee San a aasc Grane te tc cacces On ce Mesae mos cismeee elabiescte 211 NOMS EL EOnLOneiTmm GSbONGse mre toee: nekc cetcneeiccct mew das Seststozicies alesl- caso cashee ese eects 203 ING Meee Sse LOLOESISAMOSTOMOMS coc ases oo. s chet So bece pe soe teracoes Sea eee ceememesecene 225 INOSMED REMUVTLEM NIMS SOME pear: ote lk a ibe. gid auc, atte etic. Rm cle ae tere ausals semanas 90 INOSO er WNILCISAMGSTONG. "2 se ee ese teco lta -cees- sce AE ae aE OEE Se Meera seach Sater 133 INO Se PROAVVARIILO@IIME SOMERS wry ae tite ee cn mae ee eee ee SO ee oe eens 211 NOC MEW INITOISSM US TOMO neeEete tres en sos Sr MTEL oe adore Gna Mate ela sel aie capacities alee Sines 37 Om Se DarkamrarvalnmoashONn Ossett. sens casimnnce Socekeses Geauce ace sear ase eass- Se. Seenes 50 Nom IMO Ped dishesandStones: yescccsen nce ove tac cccbulte senecbiskleer om ce teesbeecnecoeeue a NOM ab anieo ra valiMeStONG eco 2. seca cicscsers ates es cenons enw eee Soe occ tduemaee Maa ceere 13 Nore Maa hekan GeO LOI SAM face isk facie eccnct = cscs cieeuio ae cae o Mnmctaeecaenae malic samme ee 1 INGtml Samara vari NICS TOME sttecee Isc: ates lato casein c tema cate eek Sea eeieebeeina a see cele dene anacacace 18 No. 14. White and brown sandstone........- et ah Sek emcee iC LEe MOE Rees combate eaasee ae 168 Nien eewls TORS itl OM eetetcce ne datas cs cae cceie, cs cane eeus Smee CER Gress REeRes cee Sate cce sebehoe 100 NOMM GERD aIcaTIMESUOMO Seer etisee at Acne Ce wa he cramieva hein ae aise ait ait intey aid Siplactate le taaeatejeveicle-aieteiate eee 73 NG eV aIIOP ATC ONSand STON Gs ss asceecans- cs sake sere ame for cesta ua eee cae meke eniesme ae we 187 NOWIS. SOLMAIMNESTONG 2a sesces scnceerceee OY nee ob tn ae ERR See Eis Se oe eee Sera es 60 INO} OMe Variegatedisealese.. Si scot ese ncaa eee ace = alerts OS sdosubise saa asreceodleoenso dd UImeE 158 NOR EDarkreGesamd ShONO ys oc kta e ron ceciem canteen en mone sem ee Oblas on timite Sean en oteapale 80 NOt eee sIILGRS WI LOne Repti c ce Gly at foe eno ee tehe Sabato watne << <eind =e bose tee ae 50 Nor 22 ebilish arabian» butt Limestone eres ce secesseciseseseeere- -cekiesteaaece ee oben: 383
Uy to pets WING V2) opt a eae Spe pe ee Se a aN Ae eee ne Oy RL ae rea 2, 496
ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY.
50
.
Nos. 5, 6, 7 and 8 should probably be included in the Calciferous group, while all below that may be referred to the Potsdam period, and this boring indicates a very rapid increase in thickness of both
these formations in their southward extension, over what they attain
in Wisconsin and Minnesota, where they form the surface rocks
over extensive areas. | +
Peddicord’s well, near Marseilles, was carried to the depth of 2,189 feet, but the flow of water was only one and a half barrels per hour, The following is a copy of the published record of this well:
« 1s. Drift-clay, gravel, tC 2.7%. 22h. cance Wan ctene ben enee ek net ieee ane aut pees See 7 ». Olay Shale coe Seo ccae sic spae ae oboe oa abn wnt oe Cone ak te ae ae eee 65
No. 2 Now 82 Litmestone ois ck 55 een wane paleo e tae aie ee tee eee Oe a Oe eee le tae 25 id No. .4. ‘St. Peters sandstone wi cos2 Secon oe ene pene Ree Ee tee ene Cee eee 290 i=
5;’ -Oaloiferous svcse.sceck ss cbees eee ween See ee eee Coo cand ealw goer ? 617
6. White. sandstones 5 sos... oss sen 8s die Clon nm Soe ciene ses naw vinta MER ete ais chain Oh os ee
ty , SUIMOSLONG Fo cos cee cene Satcadueseetic cece +h dinE nope suena Peek pants nies te een
* Lhimestone vac oo cock sh icc cvtond -- oo te ceca eee ae at oe Pena ees ose peak NO. 12; Sandstone | 02. sii. hk edtsescsteus cecns dies ae oes oe pnb eee a eee eene en ee 298 8... Taimestone <o2i 2% 2c cc ccnceeceoesaweakeu conmunbetwgne deen eats open eee Meee
Total Mepth..- 2. sce ee eee e cents eer ee cree ee eee aaah is wrenen = Seen ee 2 The principal flow of water was from No. 12, and it rose within 16 feet of the surface until the well was tubed, when it overflowed |
the surface, yielding about 36 barrels per day. The quality of the water is not given. No. 5 is described in the published section as Calciferous, but it probably includes nearly or quite 200 feet that properly belongs to the Potsdam period. The similarity in the lith- ological character of the beds composing these two groups is such that it is impossible to determine, from the material brought wp from an ordinary boring, where the stratum belongs, and the thickness of 7 the Calciferous must be determined by its general average at other ; localities. -
The St. Peters edna and the white sandstone of the Cal- ciferous group, were both found to be water-bearing in the Streator well, the water from the St. Peters coming within 40 feet of the sur- face, and that from the Calciferous within about 34 feet, and the ¥ 4 water was reported to be sweet and apparently free from deleterious . mineral substances. The water from the Potsdam was brackish and unfit for common use, but rose in a tube to the height of 45 feet above the surface. p
The location of this well ls 40 feet above Lake Michigan and 618 feet above sea level.
ys De | S — . “i ae ee .
2 be ee, . ee oe => v ae:
me Dae a, Jay ty
- coal resources.
LaSALLE COUNTY. 51
The surface deposits of LaSalle county will furnish an inexhaust- ible supply of sand, clay and gravel. The sand pit in the vicinity of Streator furnishes a clean, sharp sand, that is shipped in large quantities by railioad wherever a market can be found. The fol- lowing section may be seen at this pit:
Ft. BION al CEN ek = age pctiboo aie BSS OR BA CREECH CEE NSCS organ = SI iter aa ey ae arse Aa 4 PAISREC OLOME Ge Clay meena nse mma at eet Rein ae Meek ease eet Nye ES a oe pl eben Were 4 Ban davai hestrealkcrOb tl nere rane wens: Men eb oaohe. A) eae oe ee ed ee eee nai 20 CE OPUNS OVE PaO lime teeter cena eet see eee Sresayars rn be Ee MO, imi a aie ON De By ine), Ea 7
The clay used in making tile at Streator comes from the bottom . of what were formerly shallow surface ponds, that have been filled up mainly by the wash from the higher grounds by which they were surrounded. It is a tough, fine, unctious clay, and at some points is found as much as ten or twelve feet in thickness. It is evidently more modern than the brown clay of the Drift period, and overlays that deposit when both are present. The growth and decay of aquatic grasses, that usually abound in shallow ponds, produce a fine silicious sediment, and this, with the wash from the higher grounds adjacent to them, will fairly account for the occurrence of these tough clays in this position. In other portions of the county the brown clay of the Drift, or, more properly speaking, of the loess, is used in the tile factories with satisfactory results.
In closing these brief notes on the geology of LaSalle county, I desire to express my obligations to Dr. HE. Evans, of Streator, for valuable information in regard to the geology of that part of the county, and for hospitable entertainment, and transportation to such localities on the Vermilion river as it seemed desirable to visit; and also to the Hon. Elmer Bridwin for similar favors while exploring the outcrop on the river in the vicinity of Farm Ridge; and also to Mr. John B. Duncan, of the Caledonia shaft, Mr. Chas. J. Devlin, of the Union, and the proprietors of the Oglesby shaft, for a de- tailed record of their works.
It is to be regretted that a detailed record of every coal shaft is not kept, for such records would be of great value, not only to the proprietors and managers of the mines, but to all who desire to obtain reliable information in regard to the value and extent of our
2a) cpl Bee Bl
~PALAZONTOLOGY OF ILLINOIS,
SECTION I.
PESthietiONS OP POSSIL VERTEBRATES.
a By ORESTES ST. JOHN anv A. H. WORTHEN.
FR ee ae OE ee ee eR a eee ee ee ee
DESeR iT lONS OF FOSSIL PISHiS:
A Parrian Revision or THE CocHLIoponTs AND Psammoponts ; INcLup- Inc Notices or MisceLuaANgous Marerian ACQUIRED FROM THE CARBONIFEROUS FORMATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES.
By ORESTES ST. JOHN ann A. H. WORTHEN.
PV TROD UC LORY:
The present work is largely though not exclusively concerned with the consideration of those distinctively carboniferous families of ancient Selachians, the Cochliodontide and the Psammodontide. Although in the majority of instances the classification now adopted has necessitated the amending, amplifying, and curtailment of the attri- butes ascribed to genera, it has not been deemed necessary to give a detailed diagnosis of all the genera thus revised. In the latter in- stances the descriptions of species will afford the necessary informa- tion relating to the peculiarities of the genera to which they belong, and a glance at the illustrations will often convey a vivid impression of those distinctions.
It has been impossible to avoid repetition of details in the notices
of the species, especially in the desire to render for each species a
comprehensive diagnosis by itself ; otherwise the descriptions would mainly consist of comparisons of their distinctive features as con- trasted with one another, and we have deemed it the safer plan to err on the score of details rather than brevity, stating the facts concisely as possible, but omitting none of evident consequence as aids to a fair conprehension of their special characteristics and their resemblances and distinctions compared with allied species. In no similar investigation have so many and varied materials relating to
’ these interesting groups of Selachians been brought forward for
critical consideration at the same time. That the subject was some- what involved may be readily understood by all students; but to none so much as to the specialist can the actual state of things in
this relation be at all adequately appreciated. This has largely re-
sulted from incomplete data, and to some extent also to the lack of familiarity with the association of forms in the same deposits. For it must be confessed that in the very few exceptions these remains
—— i
58 PALAONTOLOGY,
have been considered individually, either the various forms have ©
been interpreted as distinct species, or in some instances they have
been regarded as the representatives of distinct genera. This has
given rise to the establishment of generic groups which already we
see the necessity of abandoning, while the specific forms are largely
curtailed by their association into well-defined categories embracing two, three, and even four distinct forms, all pertaining to a single species. There can no longer remain a doubt as to the specific identity of the four forms which Messrs. Newberry and Worthen described under the head of Cochliodus nobilis (Coch. latusy of Dr. Leidy); and yet we are here furnished three groups formerly regarded
as possessing generic importance, viz: Cochliodus, Streblodus, and
Helodus, in part. The announcement of Professor Richard Owen of the discovery of a third mandibular form of Cochliodus (the pre- cise nature of which, however, we are not familiar with) very likely will add a fifth form to those already noted under so-called generic heads as really belonging to the genus Cochliodus. Very nearly the same state of things obtains in relation to the genera Deltodus, Sandalodus, Pacilodus, etc. Indeed the various forms of all these Cochliodont genera have very generally received specific designations,
while some of them have been identified with genera widely differing
from one another, as is the case with the forms herein noticed under the generic term Orthopleurodus.
While the facts elicited by the stratigraphical knowledge aeccom- panying the greater part of the materials submitted to us have rendered possible, indeed necessitated the revision of the genera of the Cochliodonts, it has also developed interesting and important facts bearing on the derivation and relations of these genera. That these may be made comprehensible in briefest statement, the sub- joined tabular review of the geological formations immediately con- cerned, may not be inadmissible in this place.
Table of Carboniferous formations, as developed in the region of the Upper Mississippi: pper Coal Measures.
vower Coal Measures,
Upper Carboniferous ! pp Chester limestone. 7 St. Louis limestone. Warsaw limestone, Keokuk limestone, \t Tpper Burlington limestone, riper Barilagton limestone, | Kinderhook bed
Lower Carboniferous
i i oe - ~
My. ar Ve Se en
Se
—) > on
INTRODUCTORY. 59
In the majority of cases the remains of fishes are found in definite, ‘readily identifiable horizons, indeed chiefly in a limited stratum, where they are crowded together forming veritable bone-beds, though by no means thus restricted, as their remains are found more or less scattered in many formations. Yet the latter occurrences are as might be expected, comparatively rare.
9
; The earliest genus, Psephodus, whose relations with the more - typical representatives of the family may be a matter of reasonable doubt, had its beginning in the oldest or Kinderhook formation, only ceasing in the latest or Chester epoch of the Lower Carbonifer- ous period. Near the close of the Kinderhook’ epoch Vaticinodus was introduced, authentic representatives of which continued to exist during the Upper Burlington epoch. Teniodus, whose relations seem to be nearest Psephodus of all the true Cochliodonts, is first met with in the Keokuk formation, continuing thence into the Chester, where it is last seen. During the Upper Burlington epoch Deltoptychius was introduced, which appears to be a modification of Vaticinodus, as is also Stenopterodus, which originated at the same
_ time, and whose remains occur in each succeeding formation as late
as the St. Louis, while Deltoptychius continued to exist during the deposition of the Chester limestone. In point of time, also, Sanda- lodus began contemporaneously with the latter genera, with which its affinities appear to be most intimate, although it presents a more . marked modification of generic characteristics than those distin- guishing the three last named genera, one from the other. In Orthopleurodus these modifications are carried. to an extreme, as especially notable in the maxillary terminal form, though its man- dibular terminal teeth are very similar to the homologous form of _ Deltoptychius, while the median form of the same jaw is intimately allied to that of Sandalodus. Pertaining to the same category are the forms of Xystrodus, and, perhaps, Zomodus, which apparently was the contemporary of the above mentioned genera, its remains being first encountered in the Upper Burlington, and only ceasing in the lower Coal Measures. It presents the simplest form of the - group to which it especially pertains, and throughout its extensive vertical range or distribution in time, it maintains its distinctive peculiarities with remarkable persistency.
60 PALHONTOLOGY.
Considering the more typical representatives of the family, the earliest to appear is Chitonodus, which began during the Lower Bur- : lington epoch and is last met with in the St. Louis. It is clearly the forerunner of Pacilodus and Cochliodus, which appeared at later epochs, and which are modifications based upon the same plan, and which might readily be supposed to possess features that entitle them to at least sub-family rank in contradistinction to the before-mentioned genera. While Cochliodus was apparently of com- paratively brief duration, since its remains have thus far only been met with in the St. Louis and Chester formations, Pacilodus, the earlier of the two to make its appearance, dates from the Warsaw, the last representative being derived from the upper Coal Measures. Throughout this vast geological range its species manifest the least tendency toward differentiation, on the contrary maintaining the distinctive characteristics of the genus with extraordinary fidelity to the type. The same may be said of Deltodus, whose inception is contemporary with Chitonodus, with which its relations are, perhaps, the most intimate. This is especially pronounced in the case of the homologous terminal forms of the mandible of either genus, Delto- dus maintaining a simple convex anterior lobe in lieu of the median coronal prominence of Chitonodus, which is a mere modifi- cation of the former, and which reached its extreme differentiation in Cochliodus; but in the supposed terminal form of the upper jaw we are again presented with a marked departure from the Coch- liodus type, the significance of which is sought in the previously mentioned genus Sandalodus, while a less intimate relationship with Deltoptychius and Orthopleurodus is noted, but sufficient to arrest attention with suggestions of their common origin. Deltodopsis evidently was a later modification of Deltodus, and, although it isa well defined group, it is not clear whether it should be deemed of greater rank than subgeneric.
The foregoing observations are rather what the comparatively meagre facts seem to suggest, than actual demonstrations of a com- — plete system of derivation and generic relations. It is therefore with no small degree of trepidation we venture to exhibit these supposed relationships in diagramatic form; but it will at least subserve the purposes of illustrating in a vivid manner the stratigraphical range of the various generic groups alluded to.
INTRODUCTORY. 61
DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING THE STRATIGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND THE RELATIONS OF THE GENERA OF COCHLIODONTS.
=| aS N | | | 1
SLELouEs.
| Dettodops
|
Le | Tanioaius.
“2
ephowus.
lSandalodus.
V— ee
CBurlingtrn.
| | | | | as
-,) S , N S & & S & S is)
= LBurlington. Kinderhook.
Besides the above mentioned Cochliodonts and Psammodonts, a considerable number of heretofore undescribed forms, pertaining chiefly to Ichthyodorulites, or defensive spines, are noticed, being acquisitions acquired since the publication of the preceding volume of the Illinois Geological Survey. As in connection with the latter work the authors owe acknowledgment to the same gentlemen, who have not only contributed material, but have freely shared the results of their familiarity with the objects themselves, and the in- yaluable information relating to their stratigraphical association and distribution, so that we feel a double interest with them as con- tributors to a knowledge of these early vertebrates.
see bic cal Sea. . + PE he Se ke Coen on Le ene ea Oe eae eee |
62 PALA ONTOLOGY.
Besides the magnificent collections of Mr. Frank Springer and Mr. W. C. Van Horne, in the use of which we have enjoyed unrestricted liberties, we are indebted for valuable aids, which are duly acknow- ledged at the proper place in the accompanying text. Through the courtesy of Dr. Charles A. White, paleontologist of the U. 3. Geological Survey, we have had access to the collections of the National Museum, which have been brought in by Government ex- peditions to the Territories. We are also under great obligations to Dr. Joseph Leidy, who kindly procured us the loan of valuable types belonging to the Museum of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia. It affords us pleasure in rendering acknowledg- ments and our thanks to Lord Enniskillen and Dr. L. de Koninek, for valuable information in relation to the occurrences of Carbon- iferous fishes in Great Britain and Belgium. We are also specially indebted to Mr. Charles Wachsmuth, who has favored us with much additional material from the Kinderhook and Burlington formations. Similar favors have also been extended us by Mr. L. A. Cox, of Keokuk, Mr. Alexander Butters, formerly of Carlinville, and Dr. George Hambach, of St. Louis. We have also had the use of Mr. L. A. Fuller’s collection, and Mr. A. 8. Tiffany, of Davenport, has placed in our hands some very interesting material from various Carboniferous and Devonian formations. Professor I. C. White, of the Pennsylvania Geological Survey, has kindly furnished us material from the Lower Carboniferous fish-horizons, which he has discovered in Western Pennsylvania; but these last, we regret, we have been compelled to omit in the present work.
O. Sr. J. and A. H. W.
COCEEIODONTIDA], Oven.
Genus PSHPHODUS, Agassiz.
Psephodus, Agassiz, MSS., 1859, ete.
7
_ - The genus Psephodus was recognized by Professor Agassiz iu 1859, by whom Cochliodus magnus, Ag., of the Irish Mountain limestone, was regarded as the typical species. This determination was accepted by British paleichthyologists, and a few years later, 1862, it was authoritatively published by Messrs. J. Morris and G. KE. Rob- erts, in the Quat. Journ. of the Geol. Soc. of London, XVIII, p. 102. At a subsequent date, 1866, Messrs. Newberry and Worthen, _ in their investigations of the fossil fishes published in the report of the Illinois Geological Survey, Vol. 2, p. 92, described several congeneric species from the American Lower Carboniferous formations, however, evidently overlooking the prior published conclusions arrived at by Professor Agassiz, as they distinctly identify the type species of Psephodus with the American species, to which they applied the gen- eric designation Aspidodus. In regard to the generic identity of the American species described under the latter designation, as also those additional ones herein first made known, with Psephodus mag- nus, Agass., there is not the least doubt.
In the present work the results of the attempts made to identify the probable complete dentition of Psephodus are omitted, only such forms receiving brief diagnostic notice, the relations of which may be considered as even more than probably determined. These consist of two distinct forms of heavy, more or less spirally in-rolled trit-
—urating or crushing plates, investing the median region of the rami of the jaws:
64 PALHONTOLOGY OF ILLINOIS.
First, teeth presenting a trapezoidal outline, the crown traversed
longitudinally by a low, obtuse-crested ridge, culminating posterior of the median line, the inner margin somewhat angularly rounded, outer extremity always truncate with channeled, crenulate articular surface, the lateral borders undulated as though for céadaptation with the lateral articular extremities of narrow serial teeth.
Second, teeth generally more obliquely trapezoidal in outline, in — which the coronal ridge is relatively inconspicuous, and the inner margin gently arched, from which the lateral borders less rapidly converge towards the outer extremity, their articular surfaces also undulated. Coronal surface minutely punctate. The above forms are provisionally referred to opposed positions on the lower and upper jaws respectively, chiefly on account of the somewhat stronger re- semblance of the first mentioned form with the contour of the man- — dibular teeth of typical Cochliodonts. With the above remains are assoviated narrow or transversely elongate teeth, whose crenulated edges and coronal contour clearly point to their intimate kinship with the preceding forms. ‘The latter include the European form originally described under the term Helodus planus, Agass., which was by Capt. Jones regarded as belonging to Psephodus magnus, There are other similar forms more or less numerously represented in the collections, which may also prove to have been associated — with those above noticed. }
In reference to the dentition of Psephodus our information is still meagre, although the identity of a variety of seemingly widely di- verse forms may be asserted with a degree of confidence. While certain conspicuous forms belonging to the genus may be compared with the dental elements met with in Cochliodus, there was unques- tionably a marked contrast in the character of the combined dental armament of the jaws of those genera. Indeed, the resemblances between them are but little more intimate than obtains in the in- stance of Cestracion and Cochliodus. While the median portion of the rami of the jaws of Psephodus was enveloped by a moderately contorted dental plate, constituting its chief point of resemblance — with Cochliodus, this plate was flanked on either side by series of teeth disposed in rows from within outward similar to the occur- rence of the teeth upon the jaws of Cestrafion. Therefore, the solid
triturating plates of Psephodus are not strictly homologous with the |
large posterior teeth of Cochliodus, but they are more properly des- ignated as “median” teeth of the rami of the jaws.
VERTEBRATES. 65
Not infrequently individuals of the median forms are met with which show one or more partially detached, laterally elongate teeth at the outer extremity of the plate, which is always abruptly trun- cated, leading to the inference that these median plates themselves were, in the earlier stages of development, made up of series of teeth. On the other hand, certain forms occur which have been noticed under various generic designations (Desmiodus, Orodus), which are composed of series of transverse coronal crests, firmly soldered into a continuous plate at the impingement of their bases, in which condition they bear a remarkable resemblance in outline and direction of inrollment, to the above mentioned median forms. But beyond deducing certain permissible conclusions bearing on the probable affinities of Psephodus, the meagre array of data is deemed insufficient to warrant, at the present time, the critical relegation of
- the diverse dental materials alluded to in this connection.
In American geological history, Psephodus was amongst the eavrli-
est representatietis of its order in the Lower Carboniferous period, its first occurrence dating from the Kinderhook epoch. Although the succeeding Burlington, Keokuk and Warsaw formations have as yet afforded no evidence of the presence of the remains of the genus (if we except the occasional appearance of Helodus planus-like forms), its forms are sparingly met with in the St. Louis deposits, and in the super-adjacent Chester division several forms, probably pertain- ing to a single species, are conspicuously prevalent. The various species oceurring through so great an interval of time, ranging from the earliest to the latest epoch of the period, exhibit an extraordinary persistency of the type without parallel amongst the Cochliodonts, if we except the doubtful relations of the later introduced species provisionally identified with Vaticinodus. From this point of view the genus would appear to be prominently isolated so far as relates to precursor or subsequent derivatives. Of the former we have not even the vaguest intimation, and the latter, even under the most liberal interpretations, have undergone excessive differentiation. The pres- ence, in the extreme anterior portion of the jaw of Cochliodus, of transverse coronal ridges, if not of isolated teeth, in series corres- ponding to those abaft and forward of the convolute median plate in Psephodus, offer tangible evidence of their probable origin, though their relations are less intimate than might be expected in groups almost coeval in their inception, —5
NS RE OA eas Se ce ed PRR Fie eee Heels Cal LEM ODay ae MET oe
66 PALHONTOLOGY OF ILLINOIS.
While it is not deemed improbable that the acquisition of more complete evidence may lead to the discovery of still more intimate relationship between Psephodus and typical Cochliodonts, the rela- tions of the former with Psammodus are so remote as to preclude the inference, which has, however, found expression, that Psephodus constitutes a sort of transition connecting the Psammodonts with the Cochliodonts.
PsEpHopus opiiqguus, St. J. and W. PLI, Figs. 1, 2.3, 4,5.
Under the above term are included series of teeth represented in the collections by a number of individuals, which range themselves under two, perhaps three or more well-defined groups, distinguished by their outline and general conformation, and which, taken together, are not considered separable into so many distinct species; on the contrary, there exists strong presumptive evidence of their having constituted parts of the dentition of one and the same species.
Only the two most conspicuous forms are noticed in this place.
One of these forms is represented by teeth which possess the char- — acteristics of what may be regarded the typical representative teeth —
of the genus Psephodus, comparable with the larger and more tumid teeth of P. magnus, Agass., distinguishable, however, by their more symmetrical and smaller size. In general outline convolutely and irregularly pentangular, moderately inrolled, outer extremity slightly rounded and obliquely truncated from front outward and downward, the basal portion showing a broad channel beneath the projecting coronal border; anterior border slightly sigmoidally curved, forming nearly a right angle with the outer margin, coronal enamel forming a narrow crenulated fold above the nearly verticaljehanneled base; posterior border similarly curved, but of greater extent, agreeing in other respects with the opposite side; inner margin broadly rounded or obtusely angular, coronal portion well-defined from the deep, somewhat produced and shallow-channeled base (in most specimens the basal portion is worn away, the crown projecting beyond its original support). Coronal surface moderately arched in both diree- tions, traversed a little posterior of the middle by the median ridge, which forms a rather prominent angulation partaking of the curva- ture of the defining borders, anterior slope broader than the some- what more concave and abrupt posterior declivity, which latter is produced into an obtuse alation at the extreme posterior angle, be- yond which extends the base terminating in an obtuse spur. Sur-
VERTEBRATES. 67
face minutely and closely punctate. The proportionate dimensions of large examples vary considerably, according to the state of trun- cation of the inrolled extremity; in other respects, however, as in general outline and coronal contour, the observable variation of in- dividual teeth is comparatively unimportant, save what is attribu-
_ table to wear while in use. Both the anterior and posterior borders
are faintly undulated, suggesting their association with series of smaller teeth. The latter condition is even more markedly exhibited in the teeth (including this particular form,) from the Chester lime- stone, Psephodus crenulatus, N. and W., with which the teeth de- scribed under the name Aspidodus convolutus, N. and W., is specific- ally identical. The posterior sinuations are fewer, indicating larger teeth for the contiguous series than those at the opposite border. The relations of crown to base are shown in the illustrations given of the teeth in question. These teeth probably occupied a median
_ position upon the rami of the mandible. An ordinary-sized tooth
measures in greatest breadth between the inner angles 40 mm; ditto, across outer extremity 25 mm; length along antero-lateral border 20 mm; ditto, postero-lateral border 30 mm; depth of tooth at middle of anterior border 3 mm; ditto, middle of inner margin 5 mm; greatest length along coronal ridge 40 mm. The propor- tions will, of course, be found to vary in individuals of the same age, in accordance with the abbreviation of the outer extremity. Teeth strikingly in contrast with the preceding form, occurring in
o0/
the collection with the same frequency, but possessing superficial .
characters which strongly suggest their intimate connection with that form/ may be regarded as the opposed form of the upper jaw. They are distinguishable by their trapezoidal outline and relatively uniform low coronal surface, and proportionally less robust build. Outer ex- tremity obliquely truncated in the same direction observed in the previously mentioned form, or from the anterior angle outward and downward, and forming nearly a right angle with the antero-lateral border, the narrow coronal fold projecting beyond the furrowed base, and somewhat irregular in outline, forming an articular edge with a similar preceding tooth of the same series; antero-lateral border proportionately shorter than in the first noticed form, slightly curved sigmoidally, nearly vertical, with a narrow channel defining the crenulated coronal fold from the base, and more or less dis- tinctly undulated; postero-lateral border somewhat more strongly curved, obtusely rounded at the inner posterior angle, the crenulated
coronal fold slightly overarching the basal portion, which is also
68 PALAONTOLOGY OF ILLINOIS.
channeled and undulated as in the opposite border; inner margin broadly rounded, base excavated as in the previously described form. Crown very slightly arched transversely, well-preserved specimens showing two obscure longitudinal prominences, one near and rising rather abruptly from the posterior border, the other a little anterior of the middle; a third, and perhaps sometimes quite as well marked ridge, occurs just back of the anterior border. Coronal surface finely and closely punctate. A medium-sized tooth measures across the inner margin 25) mm; ditto, outer margin 16 mm; length along anterior border 21 mm; ditto, posterior border 32 mm; depth of tooth at middle of anterior border 3mm; ditto, inner margin about 5 mm.
A very small specimen which is provisionally identified with the maxillary form of the present species, shows a proportionately shorter tooth of a more rhombic outline, the outer margin, also anterior and posterior borders, distinctly crenulated, the former strongly so, and further distinguished by the gradual convergence of the lateral borders, greater and more regular transverse convexity of the coronal region, as contrasted with the typical specimens. These features of coronal contour are also intimately shared by a more elongate ma- ture tooth, but which, though imperfect along the anterior border,
and considerably worn towards the outer extremity, evidently closely —
agrees in outline with the typical examples.
Compared with other American Carboniferous forms of Psephodus, the present offers characteristics readily distinguishing them specifi- cally. From P. crenulatus (N. and W.) of the Chester formation, the species differ in the uniformly larger size of the teeth, repre- senting the dentition of different parts or opposite jaws. The large median teeth, probably belonging to the lower jaw, differ in being less massive, possessing fewer and less distinct undulations in either border supposed to have relation to contiguous series of smaller teeth, and the less strongly marked crenulations of the narrow coronal fold. The depressed trapezoidal teeth included in the second form described under the above specific caption, and which are sup- posed to have belonged to the upper jaw, differ from the corres- ponding teeth of the Chester species in essentially the same respects above cited, with perhaps less marked obliquity of inner and outer margins and less strong spiral inrollment. Examples of both of the above forms of the Chester species show the entire margins and borders of the teeth to have been crenulated; besides they are more or less deeply notched in one or other border, showing the manner
|
VERTEBRATES. 69
of coalescing of transversely elongate teeth of the younger with the broad long plates of the later stages of growth. The latter feature assumes various phases, from a shallow undulation in the border to a deep slit extending through the thickness of the crown and base, the impinging margins being crenulated as in the inner and outer margin of entire individuals. None of the Kinderhook examples, however, show this latter feature, yet it may be expected to occur
in them as well as in the Chester species. A medium-sized tooth
of the Chester species affords the following measurements: Breadth across inner margin, 22 mm.; ditto, outer margins, 13 mm.; length along anterior border, 13 mm.; ditto, posterior border, 16 mm.; thickness of tooth at middle of anterior border, 3 mm.; ditto, pos- terior border, 4 mm.
The teeth of the present species differ from Huropean species Psephodus magnus, Agass., as also from the Chester P. crenulatus
_(N. and W.) in their more symmetrical outline and distinct defini-
tien of the angles. The Chester species, perhaps, bears more inti- mate comparison, but it is not known to have attained nearly the size of the HKuropean species. The Kinderhook teeth under consid- eration are further distinguished by the comparatively distinct an- gulation of the coronal ridge of the mandibular form.
PsrEpHopus PLAcENTA, (N. and W., sp.)°
Pl. Il, Fig. 5-8.
Helodus placenta, NEWBERRY and WoRTHEN, 1866, Ill. Geol. Sury., II, p. 80. Pl. V, Fig. 4, 4a.
Associated with the forms last described under the name Psephodus obliquus, the collections contain a few examples of teeth, which so far as relates to superficial markings and general appearances, might be presumed to have belonged to the fishes that bore those teeth. But in all the collections from Chester localities, where the forms of P. crenulatus abound, there is not a single representative of the form here alluded to. Therefore, in recognition of its dis- tinctive features, it is provisionally referred to a distinct species.
As at present understood, only two forms of teeth have been recognized as probably belonging to this species. First, median form of the upper jaw (?)/ Teeth irregularly quadrilateral in out- line, moderately inrolled spirally, anterior and posterior borders differing little in relative length, converging at a slight angle, the
narrow enamel fold defined by a slight groove from the basal por-
tion, which shows coarse verrucose markings ; Imner margin broadly
70 PALHONTOLOGY OF ILLINOIS.
rounded with a slight sigmoidal curvature extending into the obscure posterior alation, the vertical plane of the base equal in depth to the height of the enamel fold from which it is well defined ; outer margin obliquely truncated from the anterior angle downward and outward, usually much worn and otherwise mutilated. The anterior and posterior borders show more or less distinct and rather wide undulations, Coronal surface uniformly and closely punctate, some- what strongly arched transversely into a broad rounded prominence culminating a little anterior to the median line, posterior slope gently concave. Breadth of medium-sized tooth across inner mar-— gin, 23 mm.; ditto, outer margin, 18 mm. ; length along antero- lateral border, 20 mm.; about equal to the opposite border; depth of tooth at middle of anterior border, 25 mm. Second, median form of the lower (?) jaw: Teeth corresponding with the second form, described under P. obliquus, and having the same general outline, but distinguishable by the less rapid convergence of the lateral borders and the considerable gibbosity of the coronal region, which rises into a low broad prominence, traversing the crown
nearly centrally, or a little abaft the median line. The large unique /
individual of this particular form afforded by the collections, is somewhat mutilated, the borders and extremity not being clearly shown; the inner margin is broadly rounded, with a slight sigmoidal oblique course, the crown surface punctate as in the other forms.
Comparisons of the first above mentioned form with the type specimen described by Messrs. Newberry and Worthen, under the name Helodus placenta, leaves no doubt as to their specific identity. The original specimen figured in the report of the Illinois Geol. Survey, II, Pl. V, fig. 4, 4a, is that of a small individual, the transverse diameter of which considerably exceeds the length from within outwards, the inner margin and base being in an extraor- dinarily perfect state of preservation, even showing the delicate cren- ulations of the rather heavy coronal fold that rises from and projects somewhat beyond the mural basal area. The outer portion of the tooth, on the other hand, is much worn, though the entire outline is still preserved, its characteristics being well reproduced in one of the figures illustrating the species as herein interpreted.
Compared with Psephodus obliquus, the forms of the present species reveal the following salient distinctions: The supposed mandibular median teeth are relatively narrower, lateral borders less rapidly converging, the more nearly central position of the axis of the coronal ridge, and the less angularly rounded inner margin ; in the
VERTEBRATES. 71
supposed opposed form of the upper jaw, the lateral borders more gradually converge the anterior position and greater prominence of the coronal ridge, while the inner margin is less obliquely rounded than obtains in the corresponding forms of the last described species.
Geological position and locality: Upper fish-bed of the Kinderhook formation ; Burlington, Iowa.
PsepHopus ? Symmetricus, St. J. and W.
Pl. I, Fig. 6, 7.
The present species is represented by a single form, with which only one or two individuals, of doubtful generic relations, have thus far been provisionally identified. The form corresponds to that re- ferred to the median position on the lower jaw. The typical example is that of a tooth below medium size, sub-trapezoidal in outline, moderately arched from within outwards and somewhat closely in- rolled, giving to the outline a relatively great breadth as compared to the length of the tooth. The outer margin and coronal region is worn and broken away, nor are the postero—and antero—lateral borders sufficiently preserved to show more than the projection of the basal rim beyond the coronal limits, as obtains in both examples, the borders gradually converging, coronal limits defined from the basal rim by a shallow sulcus; the inner margin is broadly rounded, with a slight sigmoidal curvature in passing from the obtuse anterior - angle to the slightly produced posterior angle. The crown surface gently rises from the antero-lateral border, culminating in a broad low crest situate in the posterior half of the coronal area, thence more steeply sloping into the narrow shallow concavity parallel with the posterior border; surface minutely punctate. Greatest diameter across the inner margin .17 mm.; length along the antero- lateral border 7.5 mm.
The type specimen shows a faint longitudinal depression near the _ median line, which does not appear to have been produced by wear as it descends to the unworn enameled inner margin, and toward the antero-lateral border the surface is marked by a thread-like groove, defining a narrow plain belt along that side, which is appa- rently also a permanent constituent of the coronal contour.
Another and smaller tooth belonging to the left ramus of the lower jaw, shows nearly the same outline as the specimen described above, but it is distinguished by the greater prominence of the
72 PALHONTOLOGY OF ILLINOIS.
coronal ridge and the somewhat greater obliquity of the postero- lateral border. As in the above example, the antero-lateral border has a moderately oblique course from the obtuse inner angle out- ward and forward, and is similarly marked by the produced basal rim; the posterior depression, however, is quite obsolete, the slope from the summit of the coronal ridge to the rounded fold along the postero-lateral border showing scarcely the least transverse con- cavity; on the other hand, while the gentler declivity in front is faintly depressed, it is destitute of the impressed thread-like line. and narrow belt parallel with the anterior border observed in the larger tooth. The surface punctation of the smaller specimens is appreciably coarser and more like that of the associated teeth of Psephodus, and in both the remnant of coronal enamel along the inner margin is traversed by similar faint parallel lines of growth.
In the process of the preliminary distribution of the materials of the collections for study, the teeth upon which the foregoing notices” are based were referred to Psephodus obliquus, a relationship which may yet prove to be well founded—the smaller of the examples above referred to possibly representing the young stage of the large teeth described under the latter designation. The latter specimen, however, shows the inrolled extremity entire, instead of the oblique truncation such as distinguishes all mature individuals of Psephodus, while the strong inrollment and consequent strongly arched longi-- tudinal profile offer marked contrast with the forms of Psephodus with which the present teeth were associated. The larger example bears a striking resemblance to the mandibular posterior form of Cochliodus; but of the latter genus no other remains have thus far been discovered in Kinderhook horizons affording the teeth above noticed.
Geological position and locality: Kinderhook formation; Burling- ton, Lowa.
Psernopus natus, St. J. and W.
Pi. HT, Fig. 1, 3,
Teeth small. Mandibular median (?) form sub-triangular in out- line, moderately arched in the direction of inrollment. Antero” lateral border nearly straight, undulated, the crenulated coronal fold sharply inbeveled to the channeled basal portion ; postero-lateral or oblique border rapidly converging towards the outer extremity, making
VERTEBRATES. 73
an angle of 55° with the opposite border, with which it agrees in
other respects, although the basal portion is thicker and expanded posteriorly beyond the limits of the coronal fold; imner margin at
right angles to the antero-lateral border, broadly arched from the obtuse anterior angle round the base of the coronal prominence, behind which it makes a slight concavity on the way to the sub-
: acute posterior extremity. Coronal surface gradually rising into the rounded crest which lies a little behind the median line, the poste- rior slope slightly concave, the anterior slope even less so, alate - expansion obscurely defined. Surface marked by minute, wide- spaced puncte. Greatest lateral diameter across the inner margin 13 mm.; length along antero-lateral border 9. mm. The above described form is represented by a couple of nearly entire teeth, in the collection of Mr. Van Horne. They are closely related to the corresponding form of the representative species oc- curring in the Chester formation, which latter, however, is distin- guished by the finer punctation, more oblique backward course of - the inner margin, and less central position of the coronal ridge. The St. Louis collections also afford many examples of the diverse forms of teeth which have usually been identified with the genus Helodus, but which, possessing certain characteristics in common with unquestionable forms of Psephodus, seem to possess intimate generic relations with the present form. The latter teeth may be distinguished in a general way by their eccentric coronal prominence, erenulated lateral borders and margin of the abrupt outer coronal slope, presenting extreme variation in outline and coronal contour. Not infrequent examples are met with showing the downward and outward produced base characteristic of Lophodus, as obtains in L. (Helodus) didymus, Ag.; but more frequently the posterior basal portion is inbeveled, indicating that the individual may have con- stituted one of a series of teeth more or less perfectly joined at their bases, forming a continuous plate the same as is known to occur in individuals of Psephodus. Varying from the asymetrical contorted forms to broad surfaced sublunate symmetrical teeth, almost every conceivable variation attributed to this class of teeth is observed amongst the St. Louis material, the same as occurs in the Kinderhook and Chester collections. The specific identity of these diverse forms with the teeth above described is in many in- stances as clearly indicated as may be under the circumstances; but that all of them belong to a single species, we would not under- take to affirm with equal confidence.
74 PALHONTOLOGY OF ILLINOIS. ee,
Geological position and location: St. Louis limestone; Alton, Il., : St. Louis, Mo. PsrerHopus gUNULATUS, St. J. and W. Z Pl. I, Fig. 4.
Tooth small, quadrato-lunate in outline, lateral borders nearly
parallel, posterior margin strongly arched forward, making’ obtuse angles with the lateral borders, anterior margin correspondingly concave, terminating in the acute, outward-produced lateral angles. Coronal region moderately arched in both directions, with an abrupt 7 ‘ declivity bordering the anterior side, the surface presenting a some- ’ what uneven contour, which is also discoverable in the slightly greater . : prolongation and rounding of one of the outer lateral angles, and antere—{ > the relatively greater depth of the tooth at that side; the enamel makes a distinct narrow belt sharply inbeveled to the basal portion all round, lateral borders obscurely undulated, posterior edge plicato- denticulate, outer margin occupied by vertical plice terminating below — Z in deep crenulations. The base is‘ relatively thick; inferior surface slightly depressed and smooth, lateral borders nearly vertical and satay 2 faintly channeled, inner margin deeply channeled, together with the coronal belt, and terminating below in a thin rim slightly in advance of the coronal edge, the edges all round coarsely pitted. Coronal surface presents a somewhat irregular, minute punctate structure, showing marked evidences of attrition from use. Breadth across outer margin 9.6 mm.; length along one of the lateral borders 5 m m.; length along median line 8 m m. ;
The unique specimen above described represents a nearly perfect ae tooth of a form not before met with. Its affinities are unquestion- ee Eee ably with Psephodus, with whose numerous dental remains it is 1 Manes associated. The narrow forms of P. crenulatus (N. and W., sp-,) . present, in their crenulated margins, striking resemblance with the present tooth, even as to the details enumerated above, though perhaps not so pronounced as observed in the individual described. ° The same observation holds as regards the coronal contour, which is gradually sloped from the brink of the abrupt outer declivity to the inner margin. It is, therefore, with some doubt its specific dis- tinctness is recognized; it may prove to belong to a posterior row of teeth of one or other jaw, or possibly interposed near the sym- physis between the flat, narrow, Helodus-like teeth, whose specific / identity with the contorted, inrolled median plates of P. crenulatus 1
wee ae
-=— i" |
VERTEBRATES. 75
can scarcely be questioned. Its salient contrasts, compared with the forms associated under the latter specific designation, consist in the more symmetrical outline, and coarser, irregular character of the coronal puncte.
Geological position and locality: Chester limestone ; Chester, Illinois.
GENUS T ANIODUS, L. de Koninck Mss.
Teeth representing the posterior form of the upper jaw attain large size, sub-rhomboidal or oblique-trapezoidal in outline, moderately arched from within outward, and inrolled, more or less obliquely, outward and forward. Lateral borders regularly and gradually con- verging toward the outer extremity, which may be truncate, as in Psephodus, of moderate depth, inferior or basal portion channeled and distinctly defined from the coronal fold, which forms a sort of
coping along the upper edge; antero-lateral border relatively short, having a more or less oblique outward and forward course and slightly concave curvature between the obtuse inner angle and point of inroll- ment; postero-lateral border gently and regularly arched from the sub- acute posterior angle, and gradually converging outward with slightly ereater obliquity than the opposite border; inner margin making a gentle ‘curvature from the posterior angle forward to the rounded angle at the base of the coronal prominence, where it is suddenly deflected forward with a slight concavity to the anterior angle, making a very obtuse angle with the posterior half of its course. Coronal contour presenting a simple posterior prominence culmin- ating in a low, rounded crest, the broad posterior slope usually slightly convex, though sometimes faintly depressed, that on the opposite side apparently more abrupt and merging into the slightly depressed anterior area; the surface is more or less distinctly un- dulated by transverse ridges separated by narrow furrows, conform- ing in outline to the imner margin. The usual punctate structure occurs over the entire coronal region, the pores showing a tendency to irregular elongation in the axis of the transverse sulci. Inferior surface of teeth showing the dense inferior layer longitudinally striated; thickest beneath the coronal ridge.
The foregoing diagnosis applies to a group of teeth meagerly rep- resented in the collections by the form homologous with the posterior teeth of the upper jaws of Cochliodus and allied genera. A single, nearly perfect specimen from the Carboniferous limestone of Vest,
: Vive, / r . eed
76 PALA ONTOLOGY; OF ILLINOIS.
Belgium, in the De Koninck collection, belonging to the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, at Cambridge, bears the manuscript name, Teniodus contortus, de Kon? The characteristics which distinguish this specimen are intimately reproduced in the American famples hereinafter particularly noticed, and which constitute a well-defined form, for which we have adopted the unpublished appellation be- — stowed upon the typical species recognized by Dr. de Koninck. The relations of these teeth are apparently near Psephodus, from the supposed maxillary median forms of which they are indeed chiefly distinguishable by the pronounced differentiation of the coronal con- tour, in which respect they approach nearer certain remote forms of typical Cochliodonts, e. g., Stenopterodus.
The American species are readily distinguishable from the con- generic Belgian species, 7’. contortus, de Kon. The latter is remark- able for its comparatively strong inrollment, slightly depressed posterior coronal slope; in general proportions and outlines it bears closest resemblance to the Chester teeth, T. obliquus.
The genus is known only from Carboniferous strata, of which, besides the typical European representative, there are authentic de- terminations of three species from America, all from the Lower Carboniferous series. - :
Tzyropus racratus? (N. and W. sp.) Pl, XII, Fig. 9. Deltodus Sagiatus. Newberry and Worthen, 1870, Ill. Geol. Surv., TV, p. 366, Pl. D1, f, 17. Maxillary posterior tooth attaining large size, elongate subftrhom- boidal in outline, gently arched in the direction of inrollment. Antero-lateral border relatively short, obliquely produced outward and forward at an angle of about 25° with a line connecting the —
inner angles of the tooth; postero-lateral border very gradually —
converging toward point ‘of inrollment with a gently arched course —character of coronal fold and basal rim not known in either border; inner margin making nearly a right angle with the postero- lateral border to a point about midway, where it is abruptly rounded and deflected forward with a slightly concave course thence to the obtuse anterior angle, worn specimens beveled inferiorly. Crown surface chiefly occupied by the posterior prominence, which presents a broad gently convex slope rising from the postero-lateral boarder into the crest, the opposite side more abruptly descend- ing and merging into the shallow depression occupying the anterior portion of the crown; the surface is more or less strongly marked
a
_ VERTEBRATES. 17
by transverse undulations conforming to the inner margin, the narrow intervening grooves showing coarse and irregularly elongate
puncte which elsewhere present at the triturating surface merely circular orifices spaced by twice or thrice their own diameter. The original specimen measures in transverse diameter between the inner angles about 38 m m.; greatest length above 50 m m.
The above species was originally described from a unique imper- fect example, and the very few subsequent accessions are even more fragmentary, and none are sufficiently entire to give the exact proportions of the perfect tooth. The fragments are, however, readily recognizable by their peculiar coronal contour and transverse undulations. In the light of these imperfect data, there appears to be specific identity between the Keokuk teeth and a couple of fragments of the same forms discovered by Mr. Van Horne in the Warsaw beds; the Keokuk specimens are more worn and present a less strongly undulated surface than obtains in the Warsaw examples, which otherwise, in outline, proportions and general coronal contour, agree well with the Keokuk teeth. A fragment of another specimen, from the St. Louis formation, near Pella, Iowa, representing a tooth of the ordinary size attained by the present species, is also undistinguishable from the individuals just mentioned. The present form presents marked contrasts with that noticed from the Chester formation under the head of Teniodus obliquus, as remarked in the observations appended to the diagnosis of the latter species.
Geological positions and localities: Keokuk limestone, Warsaw and Hamilton, Illinois. Also, sp.?, Warsaw limestone, above Alton, Ill.; and sp.?, St. Louis formation, Pella, lowa.
THNIODUS REGULARIS, St. J. and. W.
“ pl, XII, Fig, 11.
Teeth of large size. Maxillary posterior (?) form sub (rhomoidal in outline, moderately arched in the direction of inrollment. Antero-lateral border very oblique in its forward and outward course, the coronal belt nearly vertical and comprising half the height of the border, a slight sulcus defining it from the basal portion, the inferior edge of which is broken away; postero-lateral border. almost parallel with the opposite side, making an angle of about 55° with a line drawn between the angles of the inner
78 PALZZONTOLOGY OF ILLINOIS.
margin, coronal enamel apparently forming a narrow fold, basal border not preserved; inner margin broadly arched from the subacute posterior angle round the base of the coronal prominence, thence with a slight concavity on the way to the obtuse anterior angle, worn specimens inbeveled below. Two-thirds or more of the coronal surface is occupied by the posterior lobe or prominence, which is gently and regularly arched transversely, the anterior slope descending into the very shallow concavity of the anterior portion of the crown, which is abruptly truncated at the articular border; surface marked by irregularly spaced transverse undula- tions, which are nearly obsolete in worn specimens, and producing a banded appearance conforming in outline to the inner margin; the punctze are small, moderately closely arranged and uniform, save,in the axes of the transverse furrows where they often present irregular elongate orifices. The surface of the dense inferior layer is smooth or irregularly striated longitudinally. The tooth is very thick and massive beneath the coronal prominence, whence its sub- stance gradually diminishes in thickness towards the lateral borders. Greatest breadth of tooth across the inner margin 45 m m, length of antero-lateral border to point of enrollment proba- bly nearly 22 m m, or in the neighborhood of two-thirds that of the postero-lateral border.
The description is founded upon a unique example purporting to have been derived from a locality on the Warsaw limestone near Bedford, Indiana. The tooth is unmistakably congeneric with the — form noticed under the name Teniodus fasciatus, but representing a somewhat larger and more entire individual. It is, however, specifically distinguishable from the latter by the proportionately greater breath and transversely more regularly arched coronal prominence, which does not exhibit the sudden deflection in the course of the transverse undulations noticeable in the above cited species.
Geological position and locality: Warsaw limestone, near Bedford, Lawrence County, Indiana.
Tzniopus opiiquus, St. J. and W. Pl. XII, Pig. 10, Maxillary posterior (?) teeth of medium size, obliquely trapezoidal in outline, somewhat strongly arched from within outwards. Antero-
lateral border obliquely produced outward and forward at an angle of about 20° with a right line connecting the inner angles of the
VERTEBRATES. 79
tooth, coronal enamel forming a narrow belt rounded to the basal border, which was probably of shallow depth; postero-lateral border
- converging toward point of inrollment at an angle of about 35° with
the opposite border, and similarly defined by the rounded enamel fold, which in both borders shows indistinct traces of minute crenu- lation, basal rim in either border not known; inner margin making a broad sigmoidal curvature, broadly arched round the base of the coronal prominence from the subacute posterior angle, with a moder- ate concavity in paesing to the obtuse anterior angle, in worn speci-
mens inbeveled inferiorly. Coronal prominence occupying three-
fourths of the entire area of the crown surface, moderately elevated and broadly arched transverely, the broader slope regularly rising from the postero-lateral border into the nearly median low crest and slightly more steeply sloped into the shallow depressed belt occupy- ing the anterior portion of the surface; the coronal surface is traversed by strong, more or less regularly spaced undulations
_ parallel with the inner margin, the intervening sulci occupied by the
irregularly elongated orifices of the medullary tubes which elsewhere appear as minute circular pits, spaced by three times their own diameter, surrounded by low rims with faint stellate radiations; in worn surfaces the transverse undulations become obsolete, though the position of the sulci is still plainly discernible by the parallel bands of coarse pores. Greatest lateral diameter of a medium size
- tooth 20 m. m., length along antero-lateral border to point of inroll-
ment about 15 m. m.
The above described form which was discovered by Dr. Hambach, is represented by three individuals, all belonging to the right ramus of the upper jaw, one only presenting a nearly entire tooth. This is sufficiently perfect to permit satisfactory comparison with con- generic forms and the discrimination of its specific peculiarities. Intimately allied to the earlier occurring species, it is at the same time distinguishable from that described from the Warsaw horizon of Indiana, Teniodus regularis, by its relatively narrower propor- tions and more oblique outline; “it differs from T..fasciatus, of the Keokuk formation, as also the form provisionally identified with that species from the Warsaw beds above Alton, both in its greater obliquity and transverse diameter. At the same time it bears a
general resemblance to the Belgian species 7’. contortus, De Kon.,
which latter, however, is relatively longer, the enamel fold of the lateral borders much more strongly developed, and in the distinct depression of the posterior slope of the crown surface.
80 PALA ONTOLOGY OF ILLINOIS.
Geological position and locality: Chester limestone, Chester, Ili- nois.
Genus VATICINODUS,, St. J. and W.
The distribution and investigation ‘of the materials illustrating