'
— — — •; .-*—=?•
- }
1
SOME ACCOUNT
OF
o m e 0 t i c architecture
IN
ENGLAND,
FROM RICHARD II. TO HENRY VIII.
WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS OF EXISTING REMAINS FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS.
THE EDITOR OF « THE GLOSSARY OF ARCHITECTURE.'
PAKT II.
OXFORD,
AND 377, STRAND, LONDON: JOHN HENRY AND JAMES PARKER.
M DCCC LIX.
PRINTED BY MESSRS. PARKER, CORNMARKET, OXFORD.
TABLE OF CONTENTS,
EXISTING REMAINS.
CHAP. VII. — Introduction. — Topographical arrangement. — Li- cences to crenellate.
§ 1. NOETHUMBEELAND AND DuBHAM. — Border counties. — By- well. — Hulne. — Morpeth. — WAEKWOETH : history; plan; survey of,
1538; subsequent history; chapel. — Whitton Bradley. — Hilton.
— Houghton-le- Spring.— Lumley.— Langley. pp. 202—207
§ 2. CTTMBEBLAND AND WESTMOEELAND. — Carlisle. — Kirk-An- drews-in-Eske. — Workington. — Appleby. — Arnside. — Askham. — Be- tham. — Clifton. — Heversham. — Kendal. — Killaton. — Middleton. — Newbiggin. — Preston. — Sizergh. — Yanwath. pp. 207 — 209
§ 3. TOEKSHIEE, LANCASHIBE, AND CHESHIEE. — York — Bolton. — Mortham. — New Hall.— Eipley . — Sheriff-Hutton. — Skipton. — TickhiU.— Waddington.— Wakefield.— Wallburne.— Wressel Castle : Leland's description of it; present remains. — Agecroft Hall. — Ashton. — Browsholme. — Buckshaw. — Coniston. — Parnworth. — Hogh-
ton. — Huntroyd. — Knowsley. — Lancaster Manchester. — Mearley. —
Ordsall. —Peel. — Badcliffe. — Eedscar. — Salesbury. — Samlesbury.— Smithells.— Speke. — Stonyhurst. — Studley.— Thuvland.— Towneley. — Turton. — "Whalley. — Cheshire. — Chester. — Bramhall. — Doddington. — Button. — Goose trey. — Ince. — Peel. — Saighton. — Sutton. — Tabley.
pp. 209—220
§ 4. DEEBT, NOTTINGHAM, AND LINCOLN. — Badborough. — Cod- nor. — Derby. — Haddon Hall — Plan and arrangement; chapel; hall ; offices ; chambers ; drawing-room. — Hard wick. — Mack- worth. — South "Wingfield; arrangement; inner court hall. — Eep- ton. — Clipstone. — Langar. — Mansfield — Newark. — Newstead. — Hampton.— Rufford.— Scrooby.— Southwell.— "Wiverton.— Wollaton. — Worksop. — Aslackby. — Boston. — GAINSBOEOTJGH. — Grantham. — Grimsthorpe. — Harlaxton. — Lincoln. — Moor Tower. — Pinchbeck, or Otway.— Scrivelsby.— Stamford.— Tattershall Castle.— Thornton Ab- bey.—Torksey.— Wainfleet. pp. 220—233
2052335
CONTENTS.
§ 5. STAFFORDSHIRE AND LEICESTERSHIRE. — Caverswell. — Dieu- lacres.— Dudley Castle.— Eccleshall.—Pillaton.—Rushall.— Stafford.
Tamworth.— Tixall Tutbury. — Wolseley — Appleby— Ashby-de-
la-Zouch.—Bradgate.— Belvoir.— Kirby Muxloe.— Leicester.— TJlver- stoke. PP- 233-238
f § 6. "WARWICKSHIRE, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE, AND HUNTINGDON- SHIRE.— Compton Winyate.— Charlecote.— Coughton.— Coventry .— Kenilworth— Maxstoke.— Ragley. — Stratford. —Warwick Castle : history; plan; domestic buildings. — Apthorpe. — Astwell. — Bur- leigh.— Canon's Ashby.— Castle Ashby.— Deane Park.— Drayton.— Duddington.— Edgcote.— Fawsley.— Helmdon. — Higham Ferrers.— Holdenby. — Northampton. — Peterborough. — Rockingham. — Rushton. Stoke Albany.— Shutlanger.— Thorpe.— Southwick.— Yardley Hast- ings.—Buckden.— Elton.— Hinchinbrook.— Ramsey, pp. 238—252
§ 7. WORCESTERSHIRE AND GLOUCESTERSHIRE. — Birt's Morton. — Broadway. — Droitwich. — Evesham. — Holt. — Huddington. — Ma- dresfield.— Malvern.— Strensham.— Weoblas.— Worcester.— Berkeley Castle; keep; hall; kitchen; offices; cellar; chapel. — Bever- stone Castle : chapel ; oratory ; chambers ; squints. — Bodington. — Buckland. — Calcot. — Campden. — Cirencester. — Coaley. — DownAm- ney. — Dursley . — Gloucester. — Horton. — Icomb. — Leckhampton. — Newent. — Nibley. — Rodmarton. — Ruardean. — Sodbury. — Southam. Stanley Pontlarge. — Church Stanway. — Stroud. — Sudeley. — THORN- BtraY : ancient surveys of it. — Tewkesbury. — Wanswell court, a small manor-house : plan; hall; parlour; history. pp.252 — 270
§ 8.' OXFORDSHIRE, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, AND BERKSHIRE. — Broughton. — Burford. — Chipping Norton. — Coombe. — Deddington.— Enstone. — Ewelme. — Garsington. — Godstow. — Hampton Gay. — Han- well. — Heyford. — Hook Norton. — Littlemore. — Mapledurham. — Minster Lovell. — Neithrop. — Northmoor. — OXFORD : colleges ; halls. — Pyrton. — Ricott. — Rowsham. — Sherborne. — Stanton Har- court. — Steeple Barton. — Studley. — Swalcliff. — Thame. — "Water Eaton.— Weston.— Borstall.— Cheynies.— Eton College.— Gayhurst. — Liscombe. — 3Iarlow. — Medmenham. — Notley. — Abingdon. — Ash- bury.— Donyngton.— Hendred.— Ockwell's.— Shefford.— Wadley.— Wythani. pp. 270—279
§ 9. BEDFORDSHIRE, HERTFORDSHIRE, AND MIDDLESEX. — Bedford.— Bushmead.— Dunstable— Leighton Buzzard.— Newenham. — Odell.— Puddington— Stevington— Summeries.— Willington.— St. Alban's. — Aston. — Cashiobury. — Cheshunt. — Gorhambury . — Hat-
CONTENTS.
field. — Hemsden Hitchin . — Kneb worth. . — Rye House .— Stan don . —
Theobalds. — Waltham. — London : Guild Hall; Gerarde's Hall; Crosby Hall.— Westminster hall ; School.— Hampton Court.
pp. 279—283
EASTEEN COUNTIES. — § 10. NOEFOLK, SUFFOLK, CAMBEIDGE- SHIEE, AND ESSEX. — Introduction. — Beaupre. — Blickling. — Castle Acre.'s — Caister. — Cossey. — Dereham. — East Barsham. — Felbrigg. — Hunstanton. — Elmham. — LYNN ; Town-Hall ; houses ; — Red Mount ; Guildhall ; gates. — Methwold. — Middleton. — NORWICH : walls ; Gatehouses ; Guildhall ; St. Andrew's Hall ; rich doorway ; Strangers' Hall ; Bishop's Palace ; Oxburgh Hall : the licence to fortify it. — Snore Hall. — Snoring Parsonage. — Stiffkey. — Swaff ham. — Thetford.— Thorpland Hall.— Walsingham Abbey. pp. 283—293
SUFFOLK. — Bury St. Edmunds. — Butley Priory. — Coldham Hall. — Framlingham Castle. — Preston Tower. — Gifford's Hall. — Grimstone. — Haughley. — Hawsted. — Helmingham. — HENGEAVE Hall; the mason's contract; the plasterer's contract. — Ipswich. — Lavenham. — Leiston Abbey. — Melford Hall. — Mettingham Castle. — Redgrave Hall.— Redlingfield Nunnery.— WE STOW.— Wingfield. pp. 293—298
GAME BID GE. — Burwell. — Chesterton. — Ely. — Catledge. — Mading- ley.— Sawston. pp. 298, 299
ESSEX. — Alveley. — East Ham. — Palkbourne. — Gosfield. — Hore- ham — Ingatestone. — LATEE MAENET. — Lees Priory. — Marks Hall. —Nether Hall.— New Hall— Saffron Walden.— St. Osyth's Priory — Tolleshunt.— Waltham.— Wenham. pp. 299—302
§ 11. KENT, SUEEET, AND SUSSEX. — Kent. — Canterbury. — Cob- ham College. — Couling Castle. — Eltham Palace. — Hailing. — Harriet- sham. — Hever Castle. — Horton Kirkby. — Ightham. — Knole. — Lympne.— Maidstone.— Nettlestead.— Rainham.— Saltwood Castle.— Stroud. — Westenhanger. — West Wickham. — Wingham: timber- houses.— Statute of 1545. — Wye. pp. 302—309
SUEEET.— Croydon.— Farnham Castle.— Guildford Castle.— Lam- beth Palace.— Loseley House.— Sutton Place. pp. 309—311
SUSSEX. — Amberley Castle Appledram. — Arundel Castle. — Battle
abbey. — Bosham. — Bodiam Castle. — Bayham Abbey Boxgrove. —
Brede Place. — Camber Castle. — Chichester Palace ; Hospital. — Cow- dray House ; compared with Hurstmonceux. — Easebourne Priory. — Ewhurst Castle. — Halnaker. — West Ham. — Hurstmonceux Castle. — Lewes. — Rye. — Scotney. — Shoreham. — Steyning. — West Tarring. — Udymer Court lodge. pp. 311 — 322
§ 12. HAMPSHIRE AND WILTSHIRE. — Basing Hall. — Beaulieu Abbey.
CONTENTS.
Bishop's Waltham.— Broughton.— Calshot Castle — Carisbrook.—
Netley Abbey. — Sowley. — Southampton. — Tichfield. — "Winchester Deanery.— "Wolvesey Castle.— King's Gate.— St. Cross. pp. 322—325
WILTSHIBE. — Bradenstoke Priory. — Berwick St. Leonard's.— GBEAX CHALFIELD. — Corsham. — Kingswood Abbey. — Laycock Abbey. — Littlecot. — Longleat. — Malmesbury Abbey.— Norrington House.— Pottern.— Salisbury : Close ; Bishop's Palace ; hall of John Halle; Audley mansion, (workhouse); George Inn. — PLACE HOUSE, TISBUBY.— Stanton St. Quintin.— Wardour Castle. — Westwood.— Woodlands. — SOUTH WBAXHALL : hall ; chambers ; chapel. — All Cannings. — Potterne. — Devizes. — Clarendon. pp. 325 — 335
§ 13. SoMEESETSHIEE AND DoESETSHIEE. — Ashton Court. — Ashton
Philips. — Banwell. — Barrington. — Beckington Blackmoor. — Brimp-
ton. — BBISTOL. — Butleigh. — Chew Stoke. — Clapton-in-Gordano. — Cleeve Abbey. — Congresbury Eectory. — Combe Flory. — Coombe St. Nicholas. — Crosscombe. — Doulting. — Dunster. — Farleigh-Hunger- ford. — GLASTONBUET : Abbey gate ; Abbot's kitchen ; Abbey barn ; Hospital; George Inn. — Halsway Manor-house. — Hinton St. George. — Hutton. — Ivythorn. — Kilve. — Kingsbury. — Kingston Seymour. — Langport. — Lymington. — Lyte's Carey. — Montacute. — Muchelney. — Nailsea. — Nash Abbey. — Nettlecombe. — Norton St.Philip's. — Orchard Portman. — Pitney. — Portishead. — Quantoxhead. — Sandford Orcas. — South Petherton. — Stanton Drew. — Stavordale. — Stoke-under-Ham-
den. — Taunton. — Tickenham. — Trent.— "Walton.— WELLS West
Bower. — Whatley. — Woodspring. — Worle. — Wraxhall. — Wyvelis- combe — Yatton. — Yeovil. pp. 335 — 347
DOESETSHIEE — Abbotsbury. — Athelhampton. — Bere Eegis
Cerne Abbas. — Chidiock. — Clifton Maybank. — Lulworth Haperton.
— Melbury. — Melcomb. — Parnham. — Sandfort. — SHEEBOENE : New Inn ; Abbot's house ; Almshouses ; Yicarage ; conduit. — Wimbourne St. Giles. — Winterbourne-Herringstone. — Wolveton. pp. 347—350
§ 14. DEVONSHIEE AND COBNWALL.— Ashburton.—Aston.— Bere- Ferrers. — Berry Pomeroy.— Bovey-Tracey.— Bradfield.— Bradley.— Boringdon. — Buckland Abbey. — Chudleigh.— Collacombe. — Colyton. — COMPTON CASTLE. — Dartington Hall. — Dartmouth.— Exeter.— Fleet.— Ford Abbey.— Gidleigh Castle.— Hemyock.— Helmeston.— Holdich. — Kingsweare. — Lidford. — Manston. — Mohuns Ottery.— Morwell.— Modbury.— Okekampton.— Paignton.— Plympton.— Shute. Tavistock. — Tawton. — Teignton. — Throwleigh. — Tiverton. — Tor. — Weare Giffard.— Widdicombe.— Wimpston.— Wycroft. pp. 351—357
COENWALL.— Bcnalleck Hall.— St. Columb's llectory.— COTHELE :
plan ; hall ; chapel ; chamber ; kitchen ; offices. — Golden. — Ince Castle. — Lanherne. — Lanhivet. — Launceston Castle. — Lostwithiel. — St. Michael's Mount. — Pengewick Castle. — Place House, Fowey. — Eestormel Castle. — Tintagel Castle. — Trecarel House; chapel; hall; kitchen. — Trelawney House. pp. 357 — 363
§ 15. THE MARCHES OF WALES. SHROPSHIRE, HEREFORD- SHIRE, AND MONMOUTHSHIRE. — The border country annexed to coun- ties t. Henry vm. — Remains of fifteenth century not numerous. — LangleyHall.— Oxenbold.— PlushHall.— Shrewsbury— Tonge.-WEN- LOCK : ABBOT'S HOUSE ; plan ; galleries ; kitchen ; offices ; cham- bers ; chapel ; hall ; parlour. — Monmouthshire created a county by Henry YIII. — Abergavenny. — Llanfihangel Crugcorney. — Llan- thony Abbey. — Monmouth. — Newport, — Raglan Castle compared with Thornbury St. Pierre. — Moinseant. — Wonastow. — Usk. — HERE- FORD.— Bosbury. — Bishop's Frome. — Fawley. — Hampton Court.
pp. 363—378
WALES.— Castles of South Wales.— St. Donat's.— Llandaff.— Coyty Castle. — Oxwick Castle. — Eoche Castle. — Llawhaden. — KIDWELLY CASTLE.— Tretower Court. pp. 378—384
SCOTLAND. — General remarks. — Aberdeen. — Aunsfield. — Borth- wick. — Caerlaverock. — Castle Campbell. — Castle Fraser. — Castle Stuart. — Cawdor Castle. — Clackmannan Tower. — Craigmillar Castle. — Crichton Castle. — Crosraguel Abbey. — Dirleton Castle. — Doune Castle. — Dundas Castle. — Elgin. — Elphinstone Tower. — Hoddam Castle — Kildrummy Castle.— Kilravock Castle.— Liberton Tower.— Linlithgow Palace. — Preston Tower. — Spynie : Bishop's Palace. — Tullyallan Castle. pp. 385—395
IRELAND. — General remarks. — Bullock Castle. — Athenry. — Cashel. — Borris Castle. — Ballynahow. — Thurles. — Galway. — Kilmallack. — Holy Cross Abbey.— St. Doulough's. pp. 396—400
LIST OE ENGRAVINGS.
CHAPTER VII.
PAGE
NOBTHUMBERLAND. — Warkworth Castle, exterior of keep . 201
Warkworth, exterior of chapel . .203
,, interior of chapel . . . . ib.
„ plans of keep, upper and lower story3. . . 205
CUMBERLAND. — Carlisle, bay-window in the Deanery . . 207
[Kirk-Andrews-on-Eske, pp. 9 and 150; Wetherall, p. 146.]
WESTMOBELAND.— Sizergh Hall . . . .209
Sockbridge Hallb • . . . . . . ib.
Yanwath Hall, doorway . . . . ib.
[Yanwath, hall, p. 68 j windows, p. 122.]
TOBKSHIBE. — Mortham's Tower . . . .211
[Bracket, York, p. 29; Smithell's Hall, p. 125.]
LANCASHIRE. — Agecroft Hall, oriel window . . .213
[For general view, see p. 24.] Samlesbury Hall . . . . . .215
DERBYSHIRE. — Corner -post in St. Peter's churchyard, Derby . 220
[South Wingfield Manor-house, p. 89; plan of Haddon Hall, p. 97 ; Mackworth,
gatehouse, p. 193.]
* The following references to the G, Hall at bottom of staircase.
Plan were accidentally omitted in their iSSfi4 °hamber<
proper place :— K, vaulted chamber.
UPPER STORY. L, Chamber, with water-tanks.
A, Ladies' apartment. M, Chamber, with steps to kitchen.
B, Fireplace. N, Cellar, with steps to butteries.
C, Garderobe. b The description of this house has E,' Stete^chamter. been accidentally omitted. It was the
F, Kitchen. seat of the family of Lancaster of Ken-
G, Pantry aal, an(j -ia near tne southern bank of i7BoUCT.' the Eamont. It is of the sixteenth K, Outer kitchen. century, and affords a good example M, Well for light. of the stepped gables, usually called O.Apartoent. P°rbie stePs in the North. The house P, Great hall. is quadrangular, with three descents Q, Waiting hall. into the court-yard; and in the ceiling
' LOWER STOKY"^' °f tbe °ld ^^ occur the arm!
A, Steps oSrance ?f Lancaster, quartering Hartsop and
B, Entrance. impaling Tankard. The Lancasters are
C, Principal staircase. said to have resided here for twelve g Guard-rSwith dungeon in it. generations, before 1630, when it came F, Small room, with fireplace by marriage to the family or Lowther.
LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.
PAGE
NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.— Newark, timber and plaster house . 225
[For details, see p. 266 ; fireplace, Southwell, p. 58.]
LINCOLNSHIRE. — Grantham, bay- window . . .227
Lincoln, timber-house, St. Mary-le-Wigford . . .229
Thornton Abbey, stone roof of staircase . . .231
[Gatehouse, p. 197.]
„ „ oriel window .... 232
[Tattershall Castle, p. 12; locker at Lincoln, p. 73; chimney, Aslackby, p. 120.]
STAFFORDSHIRE. — Tamworth, timber-house at . . 235
LEICESTERSHIRE. — Appleby, moat-house . . . 236
[Water-drain in ditto, p. 73.]
WARWICKSHIRE. — Compton Winyate, court . . . 238
Coventry, window of a timber-house .... 240 [Plans of Warwick Castle, pp. 5 and 92; chimney, Maxstoke, p. 120.]
NORTHANTS. — Higham Ferrars, College . . . 248
,, „ wooden doorway and corbel-heads . ib.
Buckingham Castle, gatehouse .... 249 [Chest, Kockingham, p. 114.]
HUNTINGDONSHIRE. — Elton Hall, gatehouse . . .251
GLOUCESTERSHIRE.— Berkeley Castle, exterior of hall . . 253
Ditto, ground-plan of the domestic buildings . . . 255 [Plan of chapel, p. 175; oriel, p. 178.]
Gloucester, corner-post in Northgate-street . . . 259
Tewkesbury, doorway ..... 266
Wanswell Court, front . . . . .267
„ „ plan and window .... 268
,, „ corbel-heads .... 269
[Thornbury, pp. 54 and 120; Wanswell, hall, p. 78; Beverstone, chapel, p. 181.]
OXFORDSHIRE. — White Hall, Oxford . . . .274
Stanton Harcourt, plan of kitchen . . . .276
„ „ two views of ditto . . . ib.
[For a section of ditto, see p. 151 ; chapel, p. 175.] [Chamber in Thame Park, pp. 109 and 128.
BERKSHIRE. — Ockwell's House, front .... 278 »> „ „ barge-board . . . ib.
[Chapel, East Hendred, p. 177.] MIDDLESEX.
[Hall of Westminster School, p. 49; panel from Syon House, p. 107.]
NORFOLK.
[Doorway at Norwich, p. 143; Oxburgh Hall, p. 189,]
LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.
PAGE
SUFFOLK.— Bury St. Edmunds, corner-post . 293
[Part of a house, p. 30.]
Lavenham, window and corner-post . . . 297
"Westow Hall, gatehouse ... . ib.
[Niche, Little Wenham, p. 51; chimney, Mettingham, p. 118.]
CAMBRIDGESHIRE. — Chesterton, rectory-farm . . 298
[Exterior of ditto, p. 12; gatehouse, Jesus College, p. 191.]
ESSEX.— Layer Marney Hall . . . . .300
[See also pp. 67, 98, 118, and 187.]
Hospital, Saffron Walden . .301
Houses at Waltham . . . .302
[Corner-post at Chesterford, p. 29 ; panel, Colchester, p. 107 ; chimney, St. Osyth, p. 1 18.]
KENT. — Timber-house at Harrietsham .... 304
Doorways at Harrietsham and Egerton . . . 304
Door of the Mote, Ightham . . . . .306
[Chapel, p. 173.] Timber-house at Wingham . . . . .308
[Window, p. 127.]
[Hall of Eltham Palace, p. 1 j house at Canterbury, p. 33 ; bargeboard, Rochester, p. 110; bargeboard, The Mote, Ightham, p. 110; chimney, Tonbridge, p. 120; staircase, Maidstone, p. 142.] SUSSEX.— Bodiam Castle . . . .313
Cowdray House ...... 316
[Hurstmonceaux, p. 7 ; window at Lewes, p. 126.]
HAMPSHIRE. — "Winchester, roof of the hall in the Deanery . 323
Window of ditto . . .324
[Bargeboard, Winchester, p. 110.]
WILTSHIRE. — Norrington House .... 327
Salisbury, Doorway of the Audley mansion (workhouse) . 328
Bay-window of ditto .... . ib.
Chimney in Place House, Tisbury . . 330
Woodlands House, near Mere .... 332
„ ,, chapel . . . . . ib.
South Wraxhall Manor-house, front .... 334
[Gatehouse of ditto, p. 199.]
[Corner-post, Salisbury, p. 30; front of Great Chalfield, p. 52; interior of hall at ditto, p. 60 ; fireplace, Salisbury, p. 116.]
SOMERSETSHIRE. — Dunster, front of a timber-house . . 339
George Inn, Glastonbury . . . 340
Kingston Seymour, front . . . 343
Norton St. Philip's, inn . . . . . ib.
LIST OF ENGEAVINGS.
PAGE
Tickenham Court . . . 345
Back view of ditto . ib.
[House at Bristol, p. 35 ; inn at Norton St. Philip's, p. 47 ; wooden settle, Combe St. Nicholas, p. 112.]
DOESETSHIBE. — Sherborne, house at . . . 349
„ „ New Inn . . . . ib.
[Fireplaces, Sherborne and Cerne Abbas, p. 116; doorway, Sherborne, p. 143; Sherborne, almshouses, p. 179; oriel, 185; gatehouse, Athelhampton, p. 194.]
SHEOPSHIEE. — Abbot's house at "Wenlock, plans . . 367
„ „ „ section . . 369
[Water-drain, p. 129; cloister, p. 145.] [Shops at Shrewsbury, p. 36.]
DEVOBTSHIEE.
[Compton Castle, p. 148.
HEEEFOEDSHIBE.
[Porch at Weobley, p. 143.]
SCOTLAND.— Castle Campbell, hall . .388
IEELAND.— Bullock Castle *. . 398
CHAPTEK VII.
EXISTING REMAINS.
IN the following account of the existing remains of the fifteenth century (including the early part of the sixteenth), the same topographical arrangement has been followed as in the second volume, beginning with the northern counties, first on the east side of England — Northumberland and Durham; then on the west — Cumberland and Westmoreland, proceeding south to Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Cheshire, going on with the north-midland and midland counties, the southern — east and west — and concluding the notices of England with the Marches of Wales. In these notices all the licences to crenel- late which belong to our period are incorporated ; the earlier ones belong to our previous volume, and if not mentioned there, it is because no remains exist beyond the fosses and earth- works, which, although of considerable interest historically, are of no architectural value. The licences to crenellate or fortify a mansion may generally be relied on as fixing the date of it ; every house of any importance was obliged to be fortified, and no one was allowed to put battlements (crenelles] on his house without a licence from the crown. Some curious instances occur of pardons granted to persons for having ventured to fortify their houses without a licence, and others of licences renewed at the beginning of a new reign, where the original intention had not been carried out. These exceptional cases would suffice to clearly prove the general custom and law upon the subject, if there were any doubt about it. A complete list of the licences to crenellate was printed in the " Gentleman's Magazine " for 1856, in chronological order, carefully extracted from the Rolls themselves, under the direction of Thomas Duf- fus Hardy, Esq., the Assistant-Keeper of the Rolls, the printed edition being considered too faulty to be relied upon. These licences, divided into counties, have been the foundation of this Dd
202 EXISTING REMAINS.
portion of the present work. Every endeavour has been made to ascertain what remains there are in each locality, either by personal observation, the assistance of friends, or by county histories, many mistakes in which are actually corrected by means of the authentic licences.
§ 1. NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM.
IN the border countries the inroads of the Scots throughout the middle ages rendered it necessary for every house to be strongly fortified, and, as in Ireland, even the churches often became fortresses ; we must, therefore, expect that whatever remains of the habitations of this period there may be, will par- take more of a military than a domestic character : still they were inhabited, and were the dwelling-houses of the people in those times. Short notices of such remains appear, therefore, to be desirable for this work, and such are here supplied as far as we have been able to obtain them3.
BYWELL has a fine gatehouse of the fifteenth century, with turrets, battlements, and machicoulis. The walls of the castle are said never to have been finished. It was a seat of the Nevilles.
HULNE Abbey has considerable remains of the domestic buildings, fortified as usual in this district. The Prior's house is a regular pele, built in 1489 by Henry Percy, Earl of North- umberland. The kitchen and offices are also preserved. A full account of them, with a plan and engravings, will be found in Mr. Hartshorne's " Northumberland."
MORPETH Castle is a fine pele of the fifteenth (?) century, square and massive, with bartizans at the corners, and machi- coulis.
* For these notices we are largely in- border warfare. The volume does equal
debted to the kindness of the Rev. credit to the patient industry and learn-
C. H. Hartshorne, whose valuable and ing of the author, and to the liberality
beautiful volume on « The Feudal and of the Duke of Northumberland, at
Military Antiquities of Northumberland whose expense the beautiful engravings
and the Scottish Borders" should be in by which it is profusely illustrated were
the hands of every one who is interested engraved. in this district, or in the history of
DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
fCHAPEL
IN WARKWORTH CASTLE.
NORTHUMBERLAND. 203
WARKWORTH Castle was originally built in the latter part of the twelfth century, probably between 1158 and 1173, by Roger Fitz-Richard, the first lord. From the facility with which it was taken and destroyed in the latter year by William the Lion, king of Scotland, it is probable that the works were then unfinished. The destruction of a Norman castle did not involve the pulling down of the walls, which would have required too much time and labour, but only the destruction of the military defences, and we often read of a castle being destroyed one year and rebuilt the next, which would be nearly impossible for such a mass of building, and must mean only that it was repaired and re-fortified. Accordingly we find that a considerable part of the outer wall round the bailey is work of the twelfth cen- tury, and it is most probable that the original Norman keep was on the site of the present one, which was rebuilt in the fifteenth century upon the old Norman foundations; this will account for the singular cruciform ground-plan, not common at any period, and probably unique in the fifteenth century, but not so rare in the twelfth, as the Norman keep of Trim Castle in Ire- land, on the borders of the English pale, is of precisely the same plan, — a massive square keep, with a smaller square tower or turret projecting from the centre of each face. It is quaintly described in the survey by Bellysys in the time of Henry vm. as " a marvellous proper dongeon of viij. towyres all joined in one howse together," which gives a good idea of it.
The foundations of the hall and kitchen of the old castle re- main, and shew that the buildings were attached to the wall of the enceinte, and were quite distinct from the keep. The Lion tower, or gatehouse, was built between 1400 and 1407, as shewn by the arms on the face of it. There are also founda- tions of a church of the time of Henry vm., when the then Lord Percy had the idea of turning the whole into a collegiate establishment.
But we are at present concsrned with the actual house or keep only, as rebuilt from 1435 to 1440 by Henry Percy, the son of Hotspur. The arrangement of the chambers is extremely convenient and well contrived, but will be better understood by studying the plan than by any description.
204 EXISTING REMAINS.
Mr. Hartshorne justly observes that "the interior may be generally described as a thoroughly well-planned house, consist- ing of all the rooms necessary for a large establishment — the common offices, the kitchen, butteries, hall, banqueting-room, (with its dais and music-gallery,) private chambers, chapel, and oratory. Below these are dungeons, cellars, and water-tanks; everything necessary for security, and all that could be required for the use of a wealthy nobleman centuries ago."
The following survey, made by Bellysys in 1538, affords some interesting particulars : —
" The Vieu of the Castelle of WarJcworthe.
" The wiche castelle is a very propere howsse ; and has within it a gudly draw welle, a payre of yron gayttes, and a postrone gayt of yrone. And the said castelle is in gud reparacione, saueynge thes thynges followynge :
" Fyrste, ther is a new walle at the est syde of the gaythowse, wyche walle is not fully fynessyd, and by estimacion xxZi. wolde fynesse it.
" Item, ther is a fayre kychynge wich wanttes a parte of the co- uerynge ; and a foyer and a half of leyd wold amend it sufficyantly ; for the plumber wages, xviijs.
" Item, ther is a fayre brewhowsse and a bakhowse coueryd with sclattes, and two fayre stabylles with garners a boue thame coueryd also with sclattes ; wich howsse must be poynntyd with lym and a mendyt with sclattes in dyuers places, liijs. iiijd.
" Item, ther is a marvellus proper dongeon of viij. towres, all jonyd in on howsse to gethers and well coueryd with leyd saueynge on of the said viij. towres, wiche must haue for mendynge of fyllettes and webbes half a foyer of leyde ; for the plumere wages, xijs.
" Item, the gret tymbere, the dynynge chamber, and a littyl cham- ber ouer the gayttes wher the erlle lay hym self, myche of thes thre chambers royfies must be new castyn the leyd of thaym, for it raynes very myclie in theym ; and two foyer of leyd to the leyde that is of the said royfies wold a mend theym sufficyantly, and for the charge of plumers wages, vjK.
" Item, for makynge of an horsse mylne, xli.
" Summe totale, xlZi. iijs. iiijrf.
"The subsequent history of the castle has been given by Grose, who says that the buildings in the outer court falling
DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE: FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
UPPER STORY
Pf.AN OF KEEP,
WAKKWORTH CASTLE.
NORTHUMBERLAND. 205
into great decay, a warrant was granted to Mr. Whitehead, one of the Earl of Northumberland's stewards, June 24, 1608, 'to take down the lead that lieth upon the ruinous towers and places of Warkworth, to way it and lay it up, and to certify his lord- ship of the quantity thereof, that the places where lead is taken off be covered again for the preservation of the timber/ In 1610, accordingly, the old timber of the buildings in the outer court was sold for 28/.
"In 1672 the dungeon, or keep of the castle, was unroofed at the instance of John Clarke, one of the auditors of the family, who obtained a gift of the materials from the Countess of Northumberland. The following is a copy of a letter from him to one of his tenants : —
" To my loving friend William Milbourne, at Ms Tiouse at Birlinge.
" Newcastle, 27th April, 1672.
" William Milbourne, — Being to take down the materials of Wark- worth Castle, which are given to me by the Countess of Northumber- land to build a house at Chenton, I doe desire you to speak to all her ladyship's tenantes in Warkeworth, Birling, Buston, Acklington, Shil- bottle, Lesbury, Longhouton, and Bilton, that they will assist me with their draughts as soon as conveniently they can, to remove the lead and timber which shall be taken down, and such other materials as shall be fit to be removed, and bring it to Chenton ; which will be an obligation to them and your friend, " J. CLARKE."
" After the building was thus dismantled, it remained neg- lected and in ruins until a very recent time ; when the present noble owner caused some necessary reparations to be effected on the keep. Under the judicious direction of Mr. Salvin, some of the decayed ashlars have been replaced, a portion of the building has been re-roofed, and such additional renovation carried out as will tend, without having impaired a single fea- ture of its authenticity, to preserve Warkworth Castle for future generations."
The arrangement of the chapel has evidently been the same as that described under the head of Chapel in the earlier part of this volume. The sacrarium has three fine windows at the east
206 EXISTING REMAINS.
end, with ogee arches and two transoms, and side windows j the sedilia and piscina also remain. The western part of the chapel was evidently divided into two stories : the corbels of the floor and the doorway of the upper chamber remain. The effect of the exterior of this castle is very fine and picturesque, and the larger size of the windows gives it more the appearance of a habitable mansion than the fortified houses of the border coun- tries usually possess.
WHITTON, or WITTON tower, is a pele of the fifteenth cen- tury, with square bartizans or corner turrets on the battlement, and square windows. It is much modernized, and a house has been added on to it. The arms of the Humfranville family are carved upon the west side : it is now the rectory house.
BRADLEY Hall was fortified by licence from Bishop Langley in the time of Henry vi., and there are considerable remains of it, but much altered in the time of James i.
HILTON Castle has been much modernized, but retains the old gatehouse, with square turrets, overhanging parapets, and bartizans. On the front are several shields of arms of the families of "Graystocke, Lumley, Brabant, Percy, Ogle, Conyers, and others." There is also a square keep with the arms of Hilton upon it. This is five stories high.
HOUGHTON-LE-SPRING Rectory-house retains the old tower or pele built in 1483, by the then incumbent, John Kelyng, who began to embattle it without a licence, for which offence he was pardoned by Bishop Dudley, and a licence was granted on the payment of a fine. To this a more commodious house was added by Bernard Gilpin, which was rebuilt by the Rev. G. Davenport in 1664-67.
LUMLEY Castle is said to have been originally built by Sir Robert Lumley in the reign of Edward i., but was rebuilt in the reign of Richard n. by Sir Ralph Lumley, who obtained a licence to crenellate it in 16 Ric. n. It has been partly rebuilt and modernized, but retains much of its ancient character. It is a stately and extensive pile of building, enclosing a quad-
DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
WINDOW
DEANERY, CARLISLE
DURHAM — CUMBERLAND. 207
rangular court, with a massive square tower at each corner, with parapets carried on machicoulis, and octagonal turrets at the angles of the square towers. The south front is modern. In the east front is a gatehouse, with its turrets and machicoulis, and in the face of it are six shields of arms, which correspond with the time of Richard IT.
LANGLEY Old Hall. Here are the remains of a house of the latter half of the fifteenth century, but it is a mere ruin, with not enough remaining to make out the plan with any cer- tainty. There are fragments of two sides of a quadrangle, in one of which has been the hall on the first floor, with the ex- ternal staircase from the courtyard. The windows are small, plain, and square-headed; the doorways have four-centred arches, and that of the hall has shields in the spandrels. The other wing has been divided into several chambers, each with its fireplace, and a garderobe-turret in the centre of the external face ; at the north end of this wing is the kitchen fireplace, with the weather-moulding of the roof, shewing that this wing con- tained the offices. At the south end of the wing containing the chambers there was a square tower, and there remains a range of six fine corbels for machicoulis to carry an external gallery.
§ 2. CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND.
CARLISLE Castle is a Norman keep, with considerable addi- tions of the Edwardian period, described in vol. ii. p. 212. The Deanery is a house of the fifteenth century, with a good and rather uncommon oriel window, the projection being slight and carried on a corbel-table ; the window is square-headed, and has the kind of tracery usual in this district, as at Dacre Castle.
At KiRK-ANDREWs-iN-EsKE there is a fine gatehouse of the fifteenth century.
WORKING-TON Hall, near the town of Workington, still retains considerable portions of ancient work, though much modernized. A licence to crenellate it was granted in the 3rd Richard n. to Gilbert de Culwen; it is described in the Roll as " quandam domum per ipsura ut dicit apud manerium suum de Wirkyngton in Com. Cumb. juxta Marchiam Scotiae muro de petro et calce edificatam firmare et kernellare," &c. Mary
208 EXISTING REMAINS.
Queen of Scots was hospitably received here on her landing, and the apartment in which she slept is still called the Queen's Chamber.
WESTMORELAND.
APPLEBY Castle was almost entirely rebuilt in 1686, by Thomas, Earl of Thanet, out of the ruins of the old castle which had been dismantled in the civil wars; but there are remains of the old castle built by Thomas Lord Clifford in 1454.
ARNSIDE Tower is a fine pele, with projecting square turrets, one of which has the battlements and machicoulis remaining; the windows are small and square-headed : it appears to be of the fifteenth century.
ASKHAM Hall is chiefly Elizabethan, built in 1574, but includes an earlier pele.
BETHAM, or BYTHAM Hall, a seat of the Earl of Derby, is of various dates, part probably of the fourteenth century, but the larger portion of the fifteenth and sixteenth ; there is a gate- house and a wall of enceinte, with marks of the barracks for the soldiers within the wall. The castle itself consists of the hall, of the fourteenth century, 39 feet by 26, now used as a barn, and two wings : the windows are small, and high from the ground, for the sake of defence.
CLIFTON Hall is a pele-tower of late date, and quite plain ; the windows all modern insertions, as usual in this district.
HEVERSHAM Hall is of the fifteenth century, but much modernized; the hall, however, retains the old windows of the usual character of this country, square-headed of two lights, without any dripstone.
KENDAL Castle has long been in ruins ; it is finely situated on a hill about half-a-mile from the town, and has a fine gatehouse of the fifteenth century, and parts of the keep, and of two round towers.
KILLATON, or KILLINGTON Hall, is a mere fragment of an old house, chiefly of 1640, but a small part earlier, probably of the time of Henry vni.
MIDDLETON Hall, near Kendal, is now in ruins, but there
DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
CORBIE STEP3,
SOCKBRIDCJE HALL, WESTMORELAND.
YORKSHIRE. 209
are considerable remains of a fine house of the fifteenth cen- tury, the buildings of which enclosed a small quadrangular court. The walls of the hall, with the windows and doorways, and the three doors at the end leading to the offices, are toler- ably perfect, and at the lower end are remains of the kitchen and offices; at the upper end are the parlour and the solar over it, approached by a straight stone staircase ; in the upper room is a good fireplace, with shields in the spandrels contain- ing the arms of Middleton and Lowther impaled. There are remains of the gatehouse and other outbuildings completing the quadrangle.
NEWBIGGIN Hall was built in 1533; it is a low building, with an inscription over the door recording the date, and that it was built by Christopher Crakanthorp.
PRESTON Hall is partly of the fifteenth century, though much modernized ; the two wings are ancient, but the hall between them- has been rebuilt, and divided into chambers.
SIZERGH Hall, the seat of the Strickland family, has the principal tower of the time of Henry vn., with a good battle- ment and chimney, and a few of the original windows ; but the house has been much altered in the time of Elizabeth and at later periods, being still inhabited.
YANWATH Hall has been described in our second volume, but a considerable part of it belongs to the fifteenth or six- teenth century.
§ 3. YORKSHIRE, LANCASHIRE, AND CHESHIRE.
THE CITY OF YORK still retains a great part of its old fortifica- tions, and the different gatehouses, or bars, as they are locally called, are very interesting, but have not much of domestic character. Within the city, the Guildhall, erected in 1446, is a fine room of the Perpendicular style, divided into a nave and aisles by two rows of octagonal wooden pillars, with moulded capitals and bases, and four-centred arches. The roof is of good open timber work, with arches across both nave and aisles; the walls are of stone, and the windows good plain Perpendicular.
The Merchants' Hall has a late and poor Perpendicular E e
210 EXISTING REMAINS.
chapel, with square-headed windows and a tolerable screen ; the rest of the building is chiefly modern.
St. Anthony's Hall, founded by Sir John Langton about 1440, now the Blue-coat School, has a fine Perpendicular open timber roof of very good construction, quite worthy of careful study ; it is framed on wooden posts which rise from the ground, though now divided by a floor; the dimensions are 81 feet long by 27 wide, and on each side are aisles which also have good roofs, now parted off from the central hall. The principal timbers, or wooden arches, spring some way down the pillars, and are carried up to the collar-beam with braces to the pur- lins; they are about eight feet apart, and have angel corbels at the springing.
St. William's College, founded by the Nevilles in 1460, has a good entrance doorway of Perpendicular work worthy of notice ; on the brackets on each side of the gateway are figures of St. Christopher and of the blessed Virgin ; in the niche over the gateway is a mutilated figure, probably of St. William.
Of the old houses with which the streets of York abounded a few years since very few now remain, yet enough to shew how rich it must once have been. A large timber-house at the end of the Pavement is worthy of especial notice, and the carved spurs or brackets which carry the overhanging story are re- markably rich. A house in a narrow street called Newgate is partly of the fourteenth century; the lower part is of stone, and has an original doorway and two good windows, one of which is engraved in the " Glossary of Architecture ;" the upper part is of plain timber-work, probably of the fifteenth century. Several other houses in the Shambles and in the Water lanes are of early character, though generally mutilated; there are also good specimens in Petergate, Stangate, Walmgate, Good- ramgate, Jubbergate, High Ousegate, and Fossgate; some of them have preserved their rich overhanging porches, though built round with modern work.
BOLTON Hall has a fine open timber roof of the fifteenth century, the windows are mostly later, probably insertions.
MORT HAM'S Tower is a pele of the fifteenth century, with bartizans at the corners, and a battlement ; the bailey, or yard,
YORKSHIRE. 211
round it is enclosed by a battlemented wall, and a low Eliza- bethan building has been added on one side. The principal apartment was at the top of the tower, and had a number of square-headed windows very close together, which have a very late aspect.
NEW Hall, near Pontefract, is a large pile of building of the Elizabethan period, with large windows and two square towers which appear earlier.
RIPLEY Hall is a castellated stone mansion of the fifteenth century, and has a plain square gateway-tower with wings to it.
SELBY. An ancient timber building adjoins the south-west angle of the abbey church. The basement is of stone, with low buttresses ; the two stories over are of timber stud-work, with coved eaves : the windows, each of seven lights with delicate tracery, project on bracketed sills.
SHERiFF-IIuTTON, or SniREFHOTON : a licence to crenellate a place here was granted in the 5th Richard n. to Sir John Neville, of Raby. This is a fine ruin, with seven square towers and the connecting walls : in one of the towers two spacious rooms remain nearly entire. There is an engraving of this castle in the " Description of England and Wales," 1770.
SKIPTON Castle is a fine pile of building of the sixteenth century, with bold round towers on the exterior. The buildings surround a quadrangular court, in which are two bay windows of two stories, and in the centre of the court is an octagonal basin of a fountain with panelled sides.
TICKHILL Castle retains only the gatehouse of the fifteenth century, and part of the wall of enceinte, with the ditch, and a lofty mound. It was given by Richard n. to John of Gaunt, who probably rebuilt it.
WADDINGTON Hall is a plain house of the sixteenth century, on the common plan of two gables and a recess between them.
WAKEFIELD. There is an ancient house in Westgate, with handsome bargeboard : the finial terminates in a cross and pinnacles, and has on its base the monogram I. "%. ffi.
WALLBURNE Hall, near Richmond, has a portion of the time of Henry vin., with a round-headed doorway well moulded, and a square projecting window.
212 EXISTING REMAINS.
WRESSEL Castle is thus described by Leland, vol. i. fol. 59 :— "Most Part of the Basse Courte of the Castelle of Wresehil is al of Tymbre. . . . The Castelle it self is motid aboute on 3. Partes. The 4. Parte is dry where the entre is ynto the Castelle. . . . The Castelle is al of very fair and greate squarid Stone both withyn and withowte, wherof (as sum hold Opinion) much was brought owt of Fraunce. . . . In the Castelle be only 5. Towers, one at eche Corner almost of like Biggenes. The Gate House is the 5. having fyve Longginges yn high. 3. of the other Towers have 4. Highes in Longginges : The 4. con-
teinith the Botery, Pantry, Pastery, Lardery and Kechyn The
Haule and the great Chaumbers be fair, and so is the Chapelle and the
Closettes To conclude, the House is one of the most propre
beyound Trente, and semith as newly made : yet was it made by a youngger Brother of the Percys, Erie of Wiccester, that was yn high Favor with Richard the secunde, ande bought the Maner of Wresehil, mountting at that tyme litle above BOH. by the Yere : And for lak of Heires of hym, and by favor of the King, it cam to the Erles of Northumbreland . ' '
All that now remains is a parallelogram of building, which formed one side of the quadrangle, and a large square, or rather oblong, tower at each end, originally two of the corner towers. These have been divided into three stories by wooden floors, and the rooms must have been of considerable size, as there is only one fireplace on each floor, and the space within the tower is about forty feet by twenty. In the corner of the tower is an octagonal stair-turret, with doorways both into the rooms of the tower and into the main building. In the opposite angle is the garderobe-turret, communicating also both with the rooms of the tower and with those of the central part. At each end of the central building there were three stories, the same as in the corner towers, but in the central division is the hall, of the height of the two upper stories, with a kitchen under it, as appears from the fireplaces and windows ; and although Leland describes the principal kitchen and offices as being in one of the towers now destroyed, there was often more than one kitchen in an extensive castle of this kind.
The windows are of various kinds ; those of the towers and the lower story mere loops widely splayed; others have pointed arches ; some are trefoil- headed ; those of the hall are lofty, of
DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : SIXTEENTH CENTURY.
AOECROFT HALL.
LANCASHIRE. 213
two lights, with transoms and ogee heads to the lights. The doorways are also of various forms ; several are round-headed, others have four-centre arches : the mouldings are all of early Perpendicular character, and rather clumsy from the hardness of the material. The angel bracket of an oriel window remains in one of the towers. The masonry is good, of large stones, and all of one period, and there is a battlement and cornice at the top. It will be observed that Leland mentions timber buildings in the base court; these have entirely disappeared, but this mention of them by an eye-witness is a confirmation of what we have so frequently had to mention was the custom in other castles also.
LANCASHIRE.
AGECROFT Hall is one of the fine timber-houses for which parts of Lancashire and Cheshire are celebrated, and which are generally of the sixteenth century, though a few are earlier, and many are later. The present example is probably of the time of Henry vin., but its exact history is not known. It has a fine oriel window of timber, with the bracket richly carved.
ASHTON Hall, near Lancaster, is a spacious mansion, with parts of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries ; a large square tower at one end, with square turrets, having battlements and machicoulis ; in the centre of the building is a large baronial hall. It is a seat of the Duke of Hamilton.
BROWSHOLME Hall is a fine pile of building, of Elizabethan and Jacobean character.
BUCKSHAW Hall, near Kirby, is a fine timber-house of the time of Elizabeth or James i.
CONISTON Hall : the remains of a mansion of the fifteenth century, the exterior covered with ivy ; the hall is turned into a barn, but has the screen and the buttery remaining.
FARNWORTH is a half timber house of the early part of the sixteenth century.
HOGHTON Tower has a gatehouse and other portions of the fifteenth century, to which a fine Elizabethan mansion has been added.
HUNTROYD is an Elizabethan house, with the dates 1576 — 1631.
2H EXISTING REMAINS.
KNOWSLEY : a portion of this mansion, with two round towers, is said to have been built by Thomas, the first Earl of Derby, for the reception of his son-in-law, King Henry vn.
LANCASTER Castle is said to have been built by John of Gaunt, and the very fine gatehouse is probably his work, with some Norman materials used up again. It is lofty, with two octagonal turrets, a four-centred arch to the gateway, fine machi- coulis carrying an alure and a battlement. The keep is a massive square building, originally Norman, but much altered bv John of Gaunt, and now modernized.
LITTLE MITTON Hall, in the parish of Whalley, is a fine mansion of the time of Henry vn., of which there is an en- graving in \Vhitaker' s "History of Whalley," and is thus described by him at p. 237 : —
" Its basement story is of stone, and the upper part is formed of wood. The hall, with its embayed window, screen, and gallery over it, is pecu- liarly fine and curious ; the roof is ceiled with oak, in wrought com- partments, the principals turned in the form of obtuse Gothic arches, the pasternes deeply fluted ; the capitals where they receive the prin- cipals enriched with carving; the walls covered with wainscot, and the bay window adorned with armorial bearings in painted glass. The screen is extremely rich, but evidently of more modem style than the rest of the woodwork : upon the panels of it are carved, in pretty bold relief, ten heads, male and female, which have a rude kind of character, and were evidently intended for portraits."
MANCHESTER. Chetham's Library and Hospital occupy the buildings of the college founded by Thomas Delawar in the 9th Henry v. (1422), which remain in nearly a perfect state. The library occupies what was originally the dormitory : the hall remains perfect with its dais, and the screens : the kitchen, and offices, and various domestic buildings also remain. The whole very much resembles one of the colleges of Oxford or Cam- bridge. In the hall, at one end of the dais, is a low side-window, called the Dole window, formerly used for distributing alms. At the back of the hall is a small quadrangle, with a double cloister, one over the other. At the end of the hall, behind the dais, is the parlour, which has been refitted by Chetham. The fine
iLV
tfcf
LANCASHIRE. 215
collegiate church, now the cathedral, originally belonged to this establishment.
MEARLEY (LITTLE), is a fine stone mansion of the time of Henry vin., with a very rich bay window.
ORDSALL Hall, in Manchester, is a timber-house, part of which is of the time of Henry vin., but much altered, and a great part of the house was rebuilt in the seventeenth century. There are some good windows and panelling in the old part.
PEEL Hall is a fine timber-house of the Elizabethan period.
RADCLIFFE, near Bury : a licence was granted in the 4th Henry iv. to " Jacobus de Ratclif, armiger," to crenellate the manor-house here, which he held under the duchy of Lancaster. It was within a few years a fine old mansion, of the mixture of stone and timber, but is now almost destroyed.
REDSCAR Hall is a fine timber-house of the Elizabethan period.
SALESBURY Hall, near Blackburn, is a fine Elizabethan house, with a stone basement and a timber superstructure.
SAMLESBURY Hall. This is a very fine timber-house, built by John Southworth in 1545, as appears by inscriptions on the music-gallery in the hall, and over the fireplace in the kitchen. The timber-work is very massive, and the front next the road is faced with brick of the small thin kind frequently used at that period. The arch of the kitchen fireplace is of stone, richly ornamented with panelling and shields of arms, and an in- scription. The plan of the house forms the letter L, the shorter arm being the hall, which has a fine massive open timber roof, having somewhat of an earlier appearance, but really all of the same date. The music-gallery remains, and is of fine timber work, with richly carved posts above connecting it with the roof; there is a large fireplace of the usual late character ; the dais has been destroyed ; the bay window is a half-octagon, with a bold projection, and over this is a small square chamber or oratory? hanging over at the corners; to this chamber there was an entrance from the end of the music-gallery. At the back of this gallery are the buttery and pantry, with a larger room over them corresponding to the solar in earlier houses ; these rooms form the angle of the building : immediately ad-
216 EXISTING REMAINS.
joining to them is the kitchen, with its fine fireplace, before mentioned, and with a wooden ceiling of massive timbers, evi- dently original, shewing tliat there was here a room over the kitchen. The same floor and wooden ceiling is continued nearly the whole length of the house, from the hall to the last bay at the opposite end. The lower space seems to have been always divided into several small apartments. The principal dwelling- rooms were in the upper story, and were more lofty than those below, with a rich coved ceiling ; this upper range seems to have been divided into two good sized rooms, with a range of small projecting windows down one side. The end bay, into which the floor did not extend, was the whole height of the house, and was evidently the chapel, having a large church-like window in it, with stone mullions and tracery of late Perpendicular character ; it has a square head, but this encloses a pointed arch in the tracery, formed by the principal bars. This chapel is now divided by a modern floor, and the partition between it and the other chambers is also modern, but there seems little doubt that there was originally some opening or screen-work con- necting them. The small oriel window of the upper chamber nearest to the chapel has sacred emblems, and the monogram of the name of Christ (i H c) carved as ornaments on the pro- jecting corbel under the window. The other projections are also richly carved, but with mere foliage or other ornament. The chimneys are of moulded brick, but plain; the windows have stone tracery and jambs. The original stabling probably formed a third side of the courtyard, joining on to the angle of the hall, but it has been removed to the other side of the house. Samlesbury is four miles from Preston.
SMITH ELL'S Hall is a fine timber-house, chiefly of the time of Henry vin., with a remarkable hall, which bears so great a re- semblance to that of Baggeley that it must have been copied from it, and some good antiquaries consider it as of about the same age, late in the fourteenth century : the windows also, though square, may possibly be of that age. The wooden pillars which carry the roof have moulded capitals, which look more like the time of Henry vin. The screen remains, and the doors leading to the offices.
CHESHIRE. 217
SPEKE Hall, near Liverpool, is a fine and perfect specimen of an Elizabethan timber-house, with the four sides of the quad- rangle and the two fronts perfect. There are dates on different parts of the building shewing that it was some years in the course of erection, in the latter part of Elizabeth and beginning of James i.
STONYHURST is a very fine Jacobean mansion, with some fragments of an earlier house of the fifteenth century.
STUDLEY Hall, near Rochdale, is said by Dr. Whitaker to have been built by Robert Holt, Esq., in the reign of Henry vin., and to contain some fine wood carving, " particularly a rich and beautiful screen between the hall and parlour."
THURLAND, or THUSLAND Castle, near Hornby, is the ruin of a fortified mansion, for which a licence to crenellate was granted to Sir Thomas Tunstall in the 4th Henry iv., A.D. 1404.
TOWNELEY Hall, near Burnley, is believed to be part of the old mansion built in the time of Henry vu., but much modernized : a licence to enclose the park here was granted in the 6th Henry vu., as appears from the inquisition.
TURTON Tower is chiefly an Elizabethan house, with a square stone turret battlemented.
WHALLEY ABBEY has a good gatehouse, and some other re- mains of domestic buildings of the fifteenth century.
CHESHIRE.
Cheshire is a county in which the architectural antiquary would naturally expect to find a rich store, from the frequent mention of the old halls and the celebrated Rows of Chester, but the material used being chiefly timber, it is difficult to find anything earlier than the time of Elizabeth. We have endea- voured to supply notices of all that are known to remain of an earlier period, and will here enumerate a few other examples of a date subsequent to the middle ages : — Little Moreton Hall, 1559, very fine, of timber; Perle Hall, 1574; Brereton Hall, 1577, of brick; Crewe Hall, 1615—1636, very fine; Dorfold Hall, 1616, rich plaster work; Utkinton Hall, 1635; Buston Hall, 1645 ; Aldford Hall, 1650.
BRAMHALL is a fine timber mansion, chiefly of the time of pf
218 EXISTING KEMAINS.
Elizabeth : the drawing-room over the hall with a large bay window, of two stories, and a fine fireplace in each room ; over that in the drawing-room are the arms of Elizabeth. There seems to have been no dais, but a screen, and doorways to the kitchen and offices, and a buttery-hatch, as usual. There are heads of the Caesars carved in oak by the side of the dining- room fireplace, which seems to have belonged to an earlier building. The kitchen and offices are modernised. The chapel is in the opposite wing, near to the upper end of the hall ; it is Elizabethan, but the stall-desks are earlier, and in the chapel windows were the badges of Edward iv., according to Lysons. On one of the doors is the date of 1592. The wing which con- tains the banqueting-room is earlier work, and has a fine open timber roof.
CHESTER. The original ground-plan of the city is Roman, and some fragments of the Roman walls and foundations re- main, but the greater part of the walls are Edwardian, with several towers ; one called the Water-tower is recorded to have been built in 1322. Of the Norman castle all that remains is the gatehouse from the bridge; this is of transition Norman work, and has a chapel over the archway. The city is built on a rock of red sandstone, the surface of which appears to have been irregular, and the hollow parts filled up, with vaulted cellars forming the substructures of the houses, which are en- tirely of timber. The footpaths of the streets are carried on the top of the vaults, which being only half underground, the paths pass through the first floor of the houses, with a balus- trade in front towards the street and the shops behind. The effect of this arrangement is very curious, and probably unique. None of the present houses are earlier than the time of Eliza- beth, and they are for the most part much later, but in one place stone arches are thrown over the rows, which seem to be of the fifteenth century, and it is probable that the present rows are a continuation of an ancient custom. The cellars are chiefly of the thirteenth century, and under one house is a Roman hypocaust.
Of the Abbey of ST. WERBURGH a considerable part of the domestic buildings remain, these are chiefly of the thirteenth
CHESHIRE. 219
century; the refectory and the chapter-house are the most per- fect. Three sides of the cloister of the fifteenth century are preserved, and on the west side of it is a vaulted substructure of the twelfth century. Part of the walls of the Close and the gatehouse of the fourteenth century also remain. The licence to crenellate the abbey was granted in the 51st Edward in., A.D. 1377.
DODDINGTON Hall is a ruin, partly of Elizabethan brick-work, but with an embattled square tower of stone of earlier cha- racter.
BUTTON Hall, in Nantwich, is now a farm-house, but has been a very fine timber mansion of the time of Henry viu. The hall is now divided into several chambers, but has the original rich timber roof. Over the principal doorway are the arms of Button quartering Hatton, with this inscription : — " Sir Peyrs Button, knyght, lord of Button, and my lady Bame Julian, his wife, made this hall and buylding in the yere of our Lord God MCCCCCXIII., who thanketh God of all."
GOOSETREY Hall is now a farm-house, but has been one of the timber houses of the fifteenth or early part of the sixteenth century.
INCE Grange belonged to St. Werburgh's Abbey, and a licence to crenellate it was granted in the llth Henry iv.
PEEL Hall, in Northwich, is now a farm-house, but has been a very fine timber mansion.
SAIGHTON, or SALGHTON Grange, was a manor-house of the abbot of Chester ; licences to crenellate it were granted to the convent in the 22nd Richard n., A.D. 1398, and the llth Henry iv., A.D. 1410. The only part which remains is the gatehouse, which does not agree with these dates. It is evi- dently of two periods, but the original part seems earlier and the alterations later. A Jacobean house has been joined on to it.
SUTTON Hall, near Macclesfield, is now a farm-house. A licence to crenellate their manor-house here was granted to the abbot and convent of St. Werburgh's, Chester, in the llth Henry iv., and part of that house is believed to remain.
TABLEY Hall has been much altered in the time of James i.,
220 EXISTING REMAINS.
and again in that of Charles n., but the lofty and solid timber arches of the hall, with their mouldings, are of the time of Richard n., and the house is said to have been built in 1380. The chapel is of the time of Charles n., evidently built in imi- tation of an old one, and said to have been copied from that of Brasenose College, Oxford ; if so, it was the old chapel before the present one was built. The arrangement is like that of a college chapel, it is a detached building.
§ 4. — DERBY, NOTTINGHAM, AND LINCOLN. BADBOROUGH House is an Elizabethan mansion, built by Francis Rodes, Esq., in 1584.
CODNOR Castle, in the parish of Heanor, was the ancient seat of the Grey family ; there are considerable remains, which ap- pear from Buck's view to be of the fifteenth century, and are said by Lysons to be now converted into a farm-house.
DERBY. There is very little of ancient domestic building remaining in Derby, but a fine corner post of carved timber near St. Peter's Church is worthy of notice.
HADDON Hall. The general character and appearance of this celebrated mansion is that of the fifteenth century, although a large part of it is Elizabethan. It is castellated, but with very little of real fortification. There are two courts, with the hall between them ; the first court is chiefly original, the back court has two of its sides Elizabethan. The principal entrance is at the north-west corner of the first, or lower court, through a good gateway-tower of early Perpendicular work, which has some curious corbelling in the angle.
The chapel is in the south-west corner, standing at an irre- gular angle, and partly external to the line of wall. It appears to have been originally a small parish church, long before the castle was built. The nave and aisles were built in the latter part of the twelfth century, during the period of transition between the two styles of architecture ; the south aisle is wide, and has four lancet windows, two on the side and one at each end ; the font is plain, round, late Norman, attached by the plinth to the south pillar of the nave ; the north aisle is very narrow, and has no windows in it, but an Elizabethan
DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
CORNER POSl
DERBYSHIRE. 221
music-gallery b has been erected in it. The west window of the nave is in the Early English style, of three lights with trefoiled heads, and the eyes pierced, an early example of very solid plate-tracery. Over this window another has been introduced along with the clerestory at a later period, pro- bably when the roof was rebuilt in 1624, to which time also the pulpit and reading-desk belong. The chancel, which is, in fact, properly the chapel of the house, is large in proportion to the nave, and is in the Perpendicular style of the early part of the fifteenth century. The east window is of five lights, with good tracery, having intersecting arches across the head of the central light : it retains a considerable part of the original painted glass, with some good figures, though much damaged, and in one part of it is an inscription, giving the date of 1427 c. There is a plain piscina, and sedilia are formed in the sill of the south-east window. In the entrance porch is a very good Early English stoup, of an octagonal cup shape, with a battle- mented rim. On the north side of the chapel is an elegant belfry-turret of the same period as the chancel, the lower part plain, the upper part of open-work.
The hall is early in the Perpendicular style, with good win- dows of two lights, divided by transoms with trefoil heads, and a quatrefoil in the head ; between the two windows on the west side is a large fireplace, which has rather the appearance of having been inserted at a later time ; the roof is modern ; the screen and music-gallery remain, though mutilated, and have good panelling of early Perpendicular character. In the passage behind the screen are the usual doors to the kitchen and offices ; the first door leads into the buttery, and from thence is a flight of steps into the beer-cellar ; the middle door leads along a narrow passage into the kitchen, the lower part of which is perfect, with the large fireplaces, but an upper room has been
b Ignorantly called a confessional by arms (fretty) occur over the door of the.
the guides. porch of the hall together with those of
c " Orate pro animahus Ricardi Ver- De Pemhrugge (harry of six), to which
non et Jenette uxoris ejus qui fecrrunt he was entitled in right of his mother,
anno domini milesimo ccccxxni." This the heiress of Sir Fulco de Pemhruge,
Sir Richard Vernon died in 1452 j his lord of Tong Castle, in Shropshire.
222 EXISTING REMAINS.
introduced in Elizabethan work ; by the side of the kitchen are the scullery and two other offices, and beyond these is the bakehouse (pistrina), with its large fireplace and ovens ; this has a separate entrance from the court, and has no communica- tion with the kitchen. The third doorway from the hall leads into the pantry; a suite of rooms of Elizabethan work has been introduced over these offices. The passage from one court to the other is through the hall, under the music-gallery. At the upper end of the hall, behind the dais, is a low panelled room, with wainscoting of the time of Henry vin. ; over the fireplace are the arms of that king, with the initials E. P., and the plume of feathers, for Edward Prince of Wales ; this room, which appears to have been the private dining-room, with some adjoining rooms, are said to have been built by Sir George Vernon in 1545. In the dining-room is a bay window, with a continuation of the same panelling, in which are the heads of Henry vin. and Anne Boleyn ; round the bay is an original low sideboard, with plain open panelling. Over this dining- room is the drawing-room of Elizabethan work, with some panelling, and a rich plaster cornice, and tapestry. Connected with the drawing-room is a long Elizabethan gallery, with a set of small servants' rooms under it, occupying the south side of the first court, with a flight of stone steps from the end of the gallery. One of the leaden water-pipes of this gallery has the date of 1602. This part of the house is said to have been built by Sir John Manners, who married the heiress of Sir George Vernon in the time of Queen Elizabeth.
HARDWICK Hall : a fine Elizabethan mansion in good preser- vation, erected by the Countess of Shrewsbury, finished 1597 ; near it are remains of an earlier house, probably of the time of Henry vin.
MACKWORTH Castle : the gatehouse of the fifteenth century is all that remains ; this is square, with a battlement and with bartizans at the corners, good buttresses, and a chimney corbelled out ; the archway is small, and has a good room over it with square-headed windows.
SOUTH WINGFIELD Manor-house. This once splendid mansion is said to have been built by Ralph Lord Cromwell in the reigri
DERBYSHIRE. 223
of Henry vi., and the arms of Cromwell occur on the battle- ment of the porch of the hall. It is now a mere ruin, but of considerable interest, as enough remains to make out nearly the whole of the plan and arrangement of the apartments. It consisted, as usual, of two courts; the outer one seems to have been always a farm-yard, as there is a large original barn near the back entrance, the remains of which are of good early Per- pendicular work. The other buildings round this court are nearly all destroyed, except on the side next the inner court, where the whole range is nearly perfect ; in it are large chimney stacks, the shafts of which are square with battlemented tops, some placed diagonally. In the centre is a gatehouse to the inner court, with a square turret on each side, very plain, but in the archway are shafts and corbels, shewing that it had a wooden floor and not a vault. At one end of this range is a large square tower with a turret and chimneys, and small square windows. There was a similar tower at the opposite end, now destroyed.
In the inner court the buildings are rather more perfect, especially the hall with its porch, which is opposite to the gatehouse. This porch is the most perfect part of the build- ing, it has a rich Perpendicular panelled battlement, with shields of arms ; the arch is richly moulded with the square-leaved flower. There was a passage through the lower end of the hall to the state entrance from the terrace, and in the passage are the usual doorways to the offices and a recess for the lava- tory. At the upper end of the hall, to the right of the dais, is a fine bay window, which is perfect, with a rich panelled vault. The gable at the end remains, and the range of windows on the north side. This hall has been divided into smaller apartments in the time of Elizabeth, and the windows altered to suit them. At the lower end of the hall, over the smaller offices and passage to the kitchen, was the chapel, the principal window of which is perfect, with a good crocketed canopy; this is the richest window in the house. Beyond this are the kitchen and bake- house, and other offices. On the west side of the court are remains of a range of Elizabethan building, in which Mary Queen of Scots is said to have been confined.
224 EXISTING REMAINS.
Under the hall is a fine range of vaulted chambers, called a crypt, but really the cellars. In the centre of each bay of the vault is a round flat boss, with wheel-like tracery or panelling ; the ribs are massive, and the central pillars are short and thick, with plain imposts. On the outside of this was a kind of cloister or covered passage, part of the Elizabethan work.
The house is finely situated on a hill, and the square chim- neys are a prominent and picturesque feature ; it was only slightly fortified. At the foot of the hill is a small stream, in which may be traced the foundations of the mill.
At REPTON, part of the School-house is of the fifteenth or early part of the sixteenth century, but much modernized ; the entrance gateway is of the fifteenth, with shafts, but in a very mutilated state.
NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.
CLIPSTONE was long one of the royal palaces, frequently mentioned in the Liberate Rolls, to which we had occasion to refer several times in our first volume. The remains are very small, consisting chiefly of the vaulted substructures, and some of the windows of the hall.
LANGAR is said by Leland to have been rebuilt by Henry Lord Scrope. There are some remains at the back of the pre- sent house, which has a modern front.
MANSFIELD contains several old houses ; one, in Short-street, is said to have been the residence of Lady Cicely Flagan in the time of Henry vin. : the lower part is of stone, the upper part timber.
NEWARK Castle is a very fine structure of Norman work, considerably altered in the fifteenth century. The original work was built by Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln, and the style agrees very well with his time, 1123 — 1147. There is a fine series of vaulted chambers under the hall and the other state apartments. Most of the windows have Perpendicular tracery inserted. A timber-house of the fifteenth century in the market-place of Newark, with fine plaster-work, has a rich series of niches with the figures remaining in them, a very uncommon feature in England, though common in some parts of the Continent. In
DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
HOUSE AT NEWARK, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.
NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. 225
the upper part of the house is a long gallery with a continuous range of windows, a fashion which became common in Eliza- bethan houses, but which is occasionally found earlier, as in the old hall at Gainsborough: it is a sort of continuation of the upper cloister, only glazed, as glass became more common at this period.
NEWSTEAD Abbey has considerable remains of the old monas- tic buildings of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, mixed with modern work. There is a good view of the ruins iti their former state in Buck's "Views."
RAMPTON has preserved a good gatehouse of the time of Henry vin., with armorial bearings upon it. The house has been pulled down.
RUFFORD Abbey is an Elizabethan mansion, made out of the old buildings of the abbey, which are partly preserved in it.
SCROOBY was an extensive range of building of brick and timber, described by Leland, and was one of the palaces of the Archbishops of York. All that now remains is a small portion, which is incorporated in a farm-house.
SOUTHWELL, another palace of the Archbishops of York, has been described in vol. ii. p. 237. A considerable part is Wolsey's work, and contains some fine fireplaces and chimneys of his time.
"WIVERTON Castle was built by the Chaworth family in the time of Henry vi. All that remain are ruins of the gatehouse.
WOLLATON Hall is a magnificent Elizabethan mansion, men- tioned by Camden : — " Where in our time Sir Francis Wil- loughby, at great expense, in a foolish display of his wealth, built a magnificent and most elegant house, with a fine prospect."
WORKSOP : of the castle the site only is marked by a trench on a circular hill on the west side of the town. Of Red- ford Abbey, adjoining to this town, the fine gatehouse is still nearly perfect, and is a rich and fine example of the time of Henry vn.
LINCOLNSHIRE.
ASLACKBY was a commandery of the Knights Hospitallers. A square tower of the fifteenth century remains, with the lower story vaulted, with eight shields of arms on the vault ; on the exterior is a battlement with machicoulis.
226 EXISTING REMAINS.
BOSTON. The hall of St. Mary's Guild remains tolerably per- fect, and is a good example of a club-house of the fifteenth cen- tury. It has been amply described by Mr. Pishey Thompson, in his elaborate History of Boston. He gives an engraving of it, and a number of curious extracts from the rolls and inventories of the Guild. Some of the best of these are extracted in the ''Gentleman's Magazine" for 1857. The engravings of the hall and the seals are also there given, by the kindness of Mr. Thompson.
GAINSBOROUGH. The old hall or mansion of the De Burgh family is a very fine example of a half timber house of the fifteenth century, chiefly of wood, but with parts of stone and of brick. It was probably begun in the time of Edward iv., and not finished before Henry vn. The buildings occupy three sides of a quadrangle, the fourth side is now open, but probably had a gatehouse, with a curtain wall connecting it with the ends of the two wings. The hall occupies the greater part of the central division; it is lofty, with a fine open timber roof with a louvre, and the walls and buttresses are of timber, but the bay-window is of stone ; the dais is gone. At the lower end of the hall are the usual three doors leading to the kitchen and offices. The music-gallery has been removed. The central door led by a straight passage to the kitchen, which remains, though in a bad state of repair, and is used as a work- shop, but has a good open timber roof with an octagonal louvre ; it stood clear beyond the line of the west wing of the house, and connected by the passage only. The west wing has been rebuilt in brick in the time of Elizabeth, but the old timber ornamental part towards the court-yard has been preserved. There is a large and wide wooden staircase from the court near the en- trance to the screens at the lower end of the hall, and a long and wide passage from the top of the stairs at the back of the hall, leading to the lord's chamber, the drawing-room and other apartments in the east wing, which is tolerably perfect, and con- tains a good dining-room and drawing-room over it, with the original fireplaces in each, and a good bay-window of two stories serving for both rooms. The upper fireplace is very rich, with a battlement and cornice, and the crest of the De Burghs in
DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
GRANTHAM, LINCOLNSHIRE.
LINCOLNSHIRE. 227
the spandrels of the arch. At the upper end of the hall the original doorway at the end of the dais remains, and there is a small doorway from the side' of the bay-window leading along a passage to the cellar, which is under the lower chamber, on the wall of which is a fresco of a falcon, with the initials W. B., in the style of the fifteenth century. From the upper chamber there is an opening into the hall, not original, but probably preserving an old tradition. At the angle of the building near the upper end of the hall is an octagonal brick tower with a projecting turret, probably for the garderobes, and a newel staircase in another turret. The rooms have been ordinary dwelling-rooms with brick fireplaces and chimneys : there is a battlement at the top with a stone coping.
GRANTHAM. This town formerly had a castle, and walls, and gates, but of these the names only remain, and there are scarcely any other medieval buildings excepting the fine church and the Angel Inn ; this is a good house of the fifteenth century, with a gateway in the centre, and an oriel window over it, supported by the figure of an angel forming a corbel to it, and two lateral bay-windows of two stories, or rather projections with windows in them carried up the whole height of the house, and a band of quatrefoils with shields in the parapet. Another house of the same period retains a square bay-window of two stories, sepa- rated by a band of panels with shields.
GRIMSTHORPE Castle is a large irregular structure of several periods. The north front was rebuilt by Vanbrugh in 1722, but a great part of the house is of the time of Henry vm., and is called by Fuller " an extempore structure raised suddenly by Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, to entertain the king in his progress through this part of the kingdom."
HARLAXTON. The manor-house here, which was of the time of Henry vn., has recently been entirely pulled down.
LINCOLN is a city full of interest to the antiquary, and abounds with ancient buildings. It was originally Roman, and extended from the brow of the hill to its base. Consider- able portions of the Roman wall and ditch remain. It was a rich and populous place at the time of the Norman Conquest, and its position also rendering it very important, a large castle
228 EXISTING REMAINS.
was built in 1086, of which portions of the keep and some other walls remain. It occupied about a fourth of the city, and 166 houses were destroyed to make room for it. Nearly another fourth of the space within the old Roman walls was obtained for the cathedral, and seventy-four more houses were destroyed. The inhabitants who were thus driven out built a new town at the foot of the hill in the marsh, which was drained by the Foss dyke, completed and made navigable in the time of Henry i. These inhabitants of course were Saxons, and they built several churches in their new town, which remain, with towers of Saxon character. The Jews' house of the twelfth century in the upper town, and the hall of St. Mary's Guild of the same period in the lower town, have been described and engraved in our first volume.
In the second year of King John, A.D. 1200, there is an entry in the Pipe Roll for the payment of 20/.d to the constable of Lincoln Castle for the repair of the new tower. There are various other entries for repairs in the time of Henry in., but so little now remains of the domestic portions of this once great and important castle, that it is useless to enter into details. The outer walls are tolerably perfect, and are now well preserved ; unfortunately the ditch is neglected. The walls and gatehouses of the Close are of the time of Edward i. and n.
In the 3rd Edward in. a licence was granted to the Bishop of Lincoln to crenellate the walls and towers of his palace in this city. Of this interesting palace there are considerable remains on the side of the hill under the south side of the cathedral. An excellent account of them by the late E. J. Will- son was published in the Lincoln volume of the Archseological Institute for 1848; part is earlier and part later than this date. The Vicar's Close was partly built in the time of Edw. i. by Bishop Sutton, and part by Bishop Alnwick about 1450, but all much mutilated. The Cantilupe Chantry, 1355, has been described in vol. ii. p. 239. The house near the north-east gate of the Close called the Priory, described in vol. ii. p. 240, has been destroyed since that volume was printed.
The gatehouse between the upper and lower town, used as the Town-hall, is a structure of the fifteenth century. There are
d About 400Z. of modern money.
DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
TIMBER HOD8E,
ST. MART LE WIGFORD 8, LINCOLN.
LINCOLNSHIRE. 229
remains of the Deanery of the thirteenth century, and several houses in the Close have portions of the fourteenth and fif- teenth. In the parish of St. Mary-le-Wigford is a good timber house of the fifteenth century, with good panelling and two overhanging stories.
MOOR Tower is an octagonal brick building of considerable height, now in a ruinous state. It is visible from Tattershall Castle, though four miles distant, and is supposed to have been a watch-tower belonging to it, and built at the same period.
PINCHBECK Hall, or OTWAY Hall, near Spalding, was a man- sion of the time of Henry vni., with fine tall chimneys; the remains of it are now converted into a farm-house.
SCRIVELSBY Hall, the seat of the Dymocke family, (the champion of England,) was burnt down in the last century, and almost destroyed, but there are still some remains, espe- cially the gatehouse, with some good square-headed windows, of the earlier part of the fifteenth century.
STAMFORD. Browne's Hospital was founded in the reign of Richard in., by William Browne, an alderman and merchant of the staple at Calais, for twelve poor men, with a warden and con- fraters. This building remains tolerably perfect, with its chapel, in the windows of which is some of the original painted glass. The principal arrangement is identical with that in the hos- pitals at (St. Thomas) Northampton, Leicester, and Chichester, in having the chapel divided from adjoining domestic buildings by a mere screen, exactly like the chancel of a church. It agrees with the two former in having two stories looking into the chapel ; but at Leicester they are two ranges of cells, while at Stamford the cells are all below, the upper range being a hall. The cloister is on one side only. The style throughout is late Perpendicular; the chapel windows are of poor design, but in the porch the work is exceedingly good. The whole building is set very high above the street, and the porch is reached by a large flight of steps.
TATTERSHALL Castle was built between the years 1433 and 1455, by the Lord Treasurer Cromwell, and is raised upon vast arched vaults, extending from their centre through the angles of the tower into the bases of the turrets ; under the crown of
230 EXISTING REMAINS.
these vaults was a deep well, now filled up. The east wall is of great thickness, and in it are several narrow rooms and galleries curiously arched, through which were the communications from the great stairs in the south-east turret to the principal apart- ments in the several stories; it also contains the chimneys. On the ground-floor is a large open fireplace of stone, beauti- fully ornamented with foliage, and compartments charged with the Cromwell arms, treasurers' purses, and other devices. On the second floor there was also a large stone fireplace, but much inferior to the first-mentioned. Over these was a third floor, and above the whole a grand platform, or flat roof, which, as well as the several floors, is entirely destroyed. All these apartments received light from large windows on the south, the west, and north sides of the tower; the windows in the east wall being much less, served to give light to the narrow rooms and passages inclosed in that wall only.
The main walls of the tower were not carried higher than the grand platform. Here a very capacious machicolation enclosed the tower, upon which, and part of the main walls, there is a parapet of great thickness, in which are arches, designed to se- cure the people employed over the machicolations. Upon these arches is laid a second platform and parapet, with embrasures. Above these, the turrets rise to a considerable height ; they are embattled, and were terminated by spires covered with lead.
It is built entirely of brick, with mouldings and dressings of moulded brick, very finely executed. It is 116 feet high to the top of the battlement, and the staircase has 175 steps. The building is divided into four stories. The walls are 14 or 15 feet thick, with passages and garderobes in them. The external measurement is 38 feet square, the internal 22 feet in the clear. The passages and staircases have groined brick vaults of admi- rable construction. It is, altogether, one of the finest pieces of brickwork that we have remaining. A considerable number of outworks are represented in Buck's " Views," but these have now disappeared, or their sites are marked only by broken ground.
THORNTON Abbey. The only part of the domestic buildings of this abbey which remains at all in a perfect state is the en- trance gatehouse. This is one of the finest existing in any part
LINCOLNSHIRE. 231
of England, and presents some remarkable features. It is of the Perpendicular style, and was built soon after the sixth
Btone KOOI at cue top o: tne jNewei btaircase.
year of Richard 11., A.D. ]382, the date of the licence to cre- nellate it. Many of its details are extremely beautiful. The approach on the exterior is over a bridge across the moat, pro- tected on both sides by massive brick walls, with an arcade of pointed arches on the inside, supporting a wall or alure behind a parapet, and a dwarf round-tower at the end of each. These were evidently adapted for defence, and are of a later character than the gatehouse itself, perhaps as late as Henry vin. : but there is the groove of a portcullis in the jambs of the outer gateway, as if it had always been intended for defence ; the disturbed state of the country, or the dread of invasion, it being near the mouth of the Humber, probably rendered the addi- tional outworks necessary at a subsequent period.
The gatehouse itself is built chiefly of brick, cased with stone; the outer face, or west front, is partly of brick, with stone dressings, the design being very rich and elegant : the entrance gateway is ornamented with three shafts in each of the jambs :
232
EXISTING REMAINS.
its pointed arch is richly moulded, with flowers in one of the hollow mouldings : over this is a segmental arch, with hanging foliations : the side arches are partly concealed by later brick- work, but do not appear to have ever been open.
The west front of the gatehouse is divided by four octagonal turrets into three compartments; in the centre are three elegant niches, with the figures remaining in them, and rich canopies ; in each of the side compartments is a similar niche, one of which also retains a figure. The archway is groined, and has finely sculptured bosses and moulded ribs springing from good cor- bels, panelled in the lower part, the upper part ornamented with foliage like the capital of a pillar. The manner in which the mouldings of the ribs are made to intersect each other at their springing is very clever and interesting. The whole of the mouldings of this gateway are remarkably bold and good early Perpendicular, built soon after 1382.
The east front or inner face of the gatehouse has also four octangular turrets, but is of plainer character than the outer face. Over the gate- way is a very elegant oriel window of bold projection, springing from a corbel, ] with a stone roof, and pin- — nacles at the angles ; the _: lights are divided by tran- soms; over this is another window of four lights with " a flat arch. The turrets have all lost their original terminations, and it is dif- ficult now to say in what -5 manner they were finished, but probably by a battle- ment, as Mr. Mackenzie has represented in his drawing.
The room over the gate-
Oriel "Window over the Gateway.
way, lighted by the oriel window, is of considerable size: it is
STAFFORDSHIRE. 233
approached by a winding stair in one of the turrets, the top of which has a very good groined vault, with foliated ribs of sin- gular but elegant design. From its large size, and the buildings attached to it on either side, it appears probable that this gate- house was the residence of the abbot. The other ruins of the abbey are very interesting, chiefly of the thirteenth century.
TORKSEY Castle is the ruin of a considerable edifice of brick, with stone battlement and corners.
WAIXFLEET. The school-house, built in 1459, is a good brick building, with octagonal corner turrets, and a chapel on the first floor.
§ 5. STAFFORDSHIRE AND LEICESTERSHIRE.
CAVERSWELL Castle was rebuilt by Matthew Cradock, temp. Charles i., 1643 : — " It is ordered that Mrs. Cradock shall have towards the fortification of her house at Carswell liberty to take, fell, cut downe and carry away any timber or other mate- rials, from any papist, delinquent or malignant whatsoever."
The castle is of plain character with a massive tower, in good imitation of a medieval castle, with a moat, and a wall of enciente with good buttresses and corner turrets; it was pro- bably built on the old foundations.
DIEULACRES Abbey. The gatehouse and some curious frag- ments of the fifteenth century are worked up in a timber-house and outbuildings of the time of James i.
DUDLEY Castle is an extensive ruin of buildings of different periods. The earliest part is the keep, which is of the thirteenth century, and is part of the castle for which a licence to crenel- late was granted to Roger de Summery in the 48th Henry in., A.D. 1264. It is an oblong building, with round corner-turrets, on a mound. The gatehouse is in a more ruinous state ; it is of the fourteenth century, and has the outer arch of the bar- bican remaining. This is probably the work of John Sutton, to whom the estate and castle came by marriage in the time of Edward n.
The principal building is an extensive mansion, part of which is of the fourteenth century, and part of the sixteenth, the walls tolerably perfect. The chapel has a vaulted cellar under it.
Hh
234 EXISTING REMAINS.
Between the chapel and the hall are three rooms, one large and two small, all with cellars under them, but not vaulted: the larger room was probably the lord's chamber, afterwards the drawing-room, at the upper end of the hall, to which it was attached. The hall and the rest of the house has been rebuilt in the Elizabethan style, but the lower part of the old walls preserved, and the vaulted cellars under it. There was an entrance in the centre for horsemen to ride up an inclined plane from the courtyard, and a back door at the lower end, with another inclined plane and passage for the horses to be led down again. The buttery and pantry, the kitchen, and the bakehouse are all tolerably perfect, and altered from the Deco- rated work to the Elizabethan. The castle was purchased by John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, in the time of Henry viii., and he lost it by his rebellion in the reign of Queen Mary. He is said to have made large repairs and additions to the castle, and the work of Elizabethan character may possibly be his work, or it may be the work of Sir Edward Sutton, to whom the estates were restored by Queen Elizabeth.
Between the gatehouse and the keep an Elizabethan house has been built, as a distinct building complete in itself. There is a deep moat and an extensive outer bailey, with a round tower at one corner. The wall enclosing the inner bailey has had low buildings attached to it, marked by the corbels and put- log holes.
ECCLESH ALL Castle was the seat of the bishops of the combined dioceses of Lichfield, Coventry, and Chester. Camden6 states that " about 1200 Bishop Muschamp had licence from King John to make a park here, and embattle the castle, which was rebuilt by Bishop Langton in 1310. Bishop Lloyd, about 1695, rebuilt of brick all the south part of the palace."
PILLATON House is, or was recently, a moated-house of the time of Henry viii., with a tower- gate way and four chimneys.
RUSHALL, the ancient moated mansion of the Leigh family, is described by Leland as " built about with a wall and a gate- house, all embattled castlewise." This wall and gatehouse still
e Caraden'a Britannia, vol. ii. p. 388.
DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY.
TIMBER HOUSE
AT TAMWORTH.
STAFFOEDSHIRE. 2S5
remain, and are of the character of the fifteenth century ; the house has been rebuilt.
STAFFORD Castle was built by Ralph, Lord Stafford, about A.D. 1348, a licence to crenellate it having been granted in the 22nd Edward m. During the civil wars it was totally destroyed. About the year 1800 a considerable building was commenced on the old foundations, from a design by the late Edward Jer- ningham, Esq., but the gateway and spacious apartments over with the flanking towers only have been completed.
TAMWORTH Castle was formerly large and important, but the present remains are not so. The greater part of the existing buildings are of brick, of the time of Elizabeth, situated on a high mound, and probably occupying the site of the Norman keep. Portions of the external walls are of stone, and of earlier date; and the covered way or passage between walls leading from the town to the keep is probably of the fifteenth century. There are a few good timber-houses in the town, but they are Elizabethan work : one called the Moat-house, with stepped gables, large dormer windows, and massive chimney-stacks, was erected by the Comberfords, in 1572.
TIXALL Hall is modern, but has a fine Elizabethan gatehouse, built by Sir Walter Aston, who died in 1589.
TUTBURY Castle : here are the ruins of an extensive castle, chiefly of the fifteenth century, but in a very dilapidated state, with scarcely enough remaining to make out the plan and arrangement. The keep is Norman work, circular in plan, and placed on a mound, but a mere broken shell is all that re- mains of it. The entrance gatehouse is probably of the time of Richard n., with massive solid projections, probably added as bastions to protect it in the time of Charles i. The hall has been also modernized at that period, and is now again a mere ruin. The family apartments at the upper end of the hall are of the fifteenth century, and are more perfect ; the substruc- tures, or cellars, have been vaulted, and must have been entered from above, the doors having been fastened by bars from the inside, and there are no staircases to them. The two upper chambers were of a good size and fair proportions, and each has a handsome fireplace in. it, with mouldings worked with foliage
236 EXISTING REMAINS.
and the four-leaved flower, all clearly work of the fifteenth cen- tury : the staircase to the chief apartment is tolerably perfect. The keep is said to have been built by Henry de Ferrars in the time of William i., and the gatehouse and outer walls by John of Gaunt, and certain manors are said to have been held by the service of carving for him.
WOLSELEY is in the parish of Colwich, near Rugeley. A licence to crenellate his manor-house here was granted to Ealph Wolseley, " armiger," or esquire, in the 9th Edward iv.
LEICESTERSHIRE.
APPLEBY, on the borders of Derbyshire, has remains of an ancient mansion, called the Moathouse, in which there is a good doorway and a lavatory.
AsHBY-DE-LA-ZoucH has some remains of the castle of Lord Hastings, built in 1474 by licence from Edward iv.
BRADGATE : in the park are the ruins of an extensive mansion of the time of King Henry vin. or Elizabeth, of red brick with stone dressings.
BELVOIR Castle was originally of the time of the Conqueror, and had a round keep, of which there are some remains. The castle was partly destroyed in the wars of the Roses, as men- tioned by Lei and. " Then fell alle the castelle to ruine ; and the tymbere of the rofes unkeverid, rotted away; and the soil betweene the waulles at the last grue ful of elders ; and no habi- tation was there tyl that of late dayes the erle of Rutland hath made it fairer than ever it was. It is a straunge sighte to se how many steppes of stone the way goith up from the village to the castel. In the castel be 2 faire gates ; and the dungeon is a faire rounde towere now turned to pleasure as a place to walk yn, and to see alle the countery aboute, and raylid aboute the round and a garden in the middled"
It was so much altered by Wyatt in the early part of the present century, that very little of the ancient work is left.
KIRBY MUXLOE is the picturesque ruin of a manor-house of the time of Henry VIII. ? slightly fortified, built of brick with stone dressings, and the moat remaining perfect. The ' Itin., vol. :. fol. 114.
DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
ENTRANCE TO
THE MOAT HOUSE, APPLEBY, LEICESTERSHIRE.
LEICESTERSHIRE. 237
lower part of the gatehouse, and the walls of one of the corner towers remain, with fragments of the lower range of building which formerly connected them. The tower is of three stories, the roof and floors destroyed ; there is a fireplace on each floor ; a stair-turret at one corner has stairs of brick : on one side is a garderobe-turret, with a staircase in it from the first floor, but not from the ground; the windows are rather small, of two lights, round-headed ; the chimney-shafts are octagonal ; there are embrasures for cannon on the ground-floor. In the gate- house the ground-floor rooms are vaulted with plain barrel- shaped brick vaults, and here also are embrasures for cannon. Over the archway and the two vaulted chambers there has been a room of considerable importance, with a bedchamber-turret on one side and a garderobe-turret on another. The archway is of stone and four-centred, with a square head over it ; the face of the turrets on each side is octagonal.
There is a tradition that this house was built by Lord Hastings for the residence of Jane Shore.
LEICESTER. Notwithstanding the generally thriving and modern character of this town, there are still considerable ves- tiges of antiquity : a portion of the Roman wall, and the hall of the Norman castle, though much modernized, still exists, and is still the king's court of justice. The Newark is believed to have been originally the outer bailey, added to the Norman castle in the Edwardian period. The gatehouses of this New- work were remaining to a recent period, and within it was the College, with St. Mary's Church and Trinity Hospital, founded A.D. 1332, by Henry Duke of Lancaster and Earl of Leicester. The chapel has four plain lancet-lights, within an arch, at the east end, and cusped windows of the fourteenth century on the sides.
WIGSTON'S Hospital in Leicester, founded in 1513, is a good specimen of plain late Perpendicular work both in stone and timber, and appears to have been very little altered. The building forms two sides of a square ; the principal front is to the east, which has a range of buttresses, and two ranges of windows, the upper square-headed, the lower with depressed arches, but neither seem ever to have had any tracery. At the
238 EXISTING REMAINS.
extreme end is the chapel, pointing north. The altar, or north window, placed between two external niches, has lost its tracery, but the side-windows retain theirs. There is no archi- tectural distinction, within or without, between the chapel and the other buildings. Both stories are divided into cells, by wooden partitions which seem contemporary ; in the lower, the passage between the two ranges of cells leads straight into the chapel; the upper story terminates in a gallery looking into it. The same low roof runs over all. The south side of the hospital is of wood, but exhibits the same arrangement j except that, as there is only one row of cells, the passage forms a sort of cloister, which has plain oriel windows of timber. There is a kitchen in each story, with fireplaces. The external doorways are protected by wooden porches with carved bargeboards, and there is a large and good door with the linen pattern.
ULVERSTOKE Priory. One side and part of the western tower of the church remain, and part of the prior's house of the fif- teenth century, but modernized and used as a farm-house, and not much to be made out of the original work.
§ 6. WARWICKSHIRE, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE, AND HUNTINGDONSHIRE .
COMPTON WINYATE is a very fine brick mansion, chiefly of the time of Henry vin., built by Sir William Compton, who obtained a licence in the eleventh year of that reign, A.D. 1520, to enclose a park of two thousand acres, and the custody of the neighbouring castle of Fulbroke, from the ruins of which a con- siderable part of the materials are said to have been brought. The house encloses an open quadrangle, and has windows on all the four sides. The hall, with its open timber-roof and fine bay-window, is in good preservation. The chapel is also perfect, and there are some very fine chimneys of moulded brick. A part of the house was rebuilt or much altered in the time of Queen Anne. Over the porch are the arms of Henry vin., with his usual badges, the rose and crown, and the greyhound and griffin for supporters.
CHARLECOTE was rebuilt by Sir Thomas Lucy in the beginning
WARWICKSHIRE. 239
of the reign of Elizabeth, and the mansion of that period re- mains very perfect, or carefully restored.
COUGHTON Court, the seat of Sir Robert G. Throckmorton, Bart. Originally a moated house of the time of Henry vin., of quadrangular form, with the entrance through a grand tower-gateway, which is in excellent preservation, although the house itself has been sadly disfigured. The apartment over the archway, with a bay-window in front and towards the court, forms the present drawing-room. The moat is now filled up, and the buildings facing the gateway have been demolished. The other sides of the quadrangle still exist, and present a range of picturesque gables of Elizabethan character, with well-carved bargeboards and finials. The handsomely-moulded entrance to the original hall, on the south side of the court, has been pre- served, and much of the armorial painted glass. Detached towards the north are the remains of various domestic buildings, since converted into stables.
COVENTRY has lost much of its ancient character within the last few years, but is still one of the most interesting cities for the architectural antiquary that we have remaining in England. Of domestic remains the most important is St. Mary's Hall, which was built for the use of the chief guild of merchants in the beginning of the fifteenth century, and finished in 1414, according to the city records. It is the Guild-hall, or Town- hall. This is probably the most perfect house of the period that we have remaining in England, and may be said to be quite complete, though somewhat spoiled, first by neglect, and then by modern improvements. The entrance is through the gate- house, with a rich groined vault to the archway, and an oriel window over it. The hall is, of course, the principal feature of the house : this has three windows on each side with panel- ling between, a long flat window of several lights at the upper end, which has the original painted glass, and under it hangs the original tapestry. The subjects of the glass and the tapestry are connected together, and all relate to the visit of Henry vi. and his court to Coventry, where they were received in this hall, September 21, A.D. 1450. The dais has been levelled, but the bay-window at the end of it remains : it is a half octagon, and
240 EXISTING REMAINS.
has the original sideboard attached to the wall under the window lights. The original throne, or state-seat, is also placed here, and is a good example of the period, — a sort of wide arm-chair, panelled and ornamented with the heraldic badge of the city, the elephant and castle. The roof has a panelled ceiling. At the lower end of the hall part of the screen remains, but the gallery is gone ; the usual three doorways behind the screen remain, those on either side entering into small low rooms, originally the buttery and pantry, with the solar over them : the central doorway leads by a straight steep staircase down into the kitchen, which has the original roof and louvre, fireplace and ovens. The cellar is also original, with a groined vault. The dimensions of the hall are 63 feet long by 30 wide.
Ford's Hospital, founded in 1529, is a remarkably perfect timber-house of the time of Henry viu., with bargeboards and buttresses, and panelling, and window-heads, all of carved oak, in a very perfect state : the buildings surround a small court, which is not square, but a parallelogram : the interior of the rooms has been modernized.
Bablake, or Bond's Hospital, founded in 1506, has been restored, but a good deal of the old half-timber building has been preserved, including a double cloister or gallery, and a good roof of the hall, carried on wooden posts or pillars stand- ing close within the walls.
The Free School is a chapel of the fourteenth century, con- verted to its present purposes after the Reformation. It is said to have been the chapel of St. John's Hospital, and contains some richly carved stall-work.
The White Friars Monastery, in the suburbs of the city, (now the workhouse,) has preserved a considerable part of the ancient buildings, including one side of the cloister of the fourteenth century and the dormitory and bay-window of the fifteenth.
KENILWORTH Castle has been mentioned and slightly de- scribed in our second volume, but the remains of the hall afford so fine a specimen of the Perpendicular style, that they seem to require some further notice. It had a range of cellars under it, with good groined vaults carried on two rows of pillars. The windows of the hall are large and tall, of two lights with
WARWICKSHIRE. 241
two transoms, each light foliated with multifoils, the head divided into four small lights, with two sub-arches from the central mullion, the splays of the windows panelled and hav- ing seats round them. At the lower end are remains of the porch and a very rich arch of entrance. The end wall is de- stroyed, but the cellars under the buttery and pantry remain. The offices and kitchen are destroyed. At the upper end of the hall near the dais are two fireplaces, one on each side, with flat top and panelled splays, forming a sort of shouldered arch. At each end of the dais is a bay-window, connected in a singular manner with a larger bay-window and a passage at the back of the dais, which appears to have led to the chapel, of which the apse only is standing, with its richly-groined vault, in a kind of tower looking into the central court, at a short distance from the hall, and on a level with it. But this part of the castle has been much altered in the time of Elizabeth, and a large range of buildings added. Part of the external wall with two of the old corner towers are of the time of Henry in. : one of these towers is tolerably perfect, with two good windows of two lights with trefoiled heads, a fireplace and chimney; a pigeon- house has been made within it in the time of Elizabeth, it is called the Water-tower, and the exterior is hexagonal. Close to this is a large Elizabethan barn, which has been turned into a stable. From this point the causeway across the lake remains nearly entire, extending to a considerable distance, interrupted by the place of the drawbridge. At the further extremity is another Early English tower.
A series of engravings of details of this castle is published in the second volume of Pugin's "Examples."
MAXSTOKE Castle has been described in vol. ii. p. 246. A licence to crenellate it was granted in the 19th Edward in. to William de Clinton, Earl of Huntingdon.
RAGLEY. A licence was granted in the 5th Richard n. to John Rous to crenellate his manor-house here, and a pardon was granted at the same time for his having previously fortified the gatehouse without permission. The whole was rebuilt in the middle of the last century.
STRATFORD-ON-AVON. The celebrated house which was the i i
242 EXISTING REMAINS.
birth-place of Shakespeare is of the time of Elizabeth, little more than a cottage, with a butcher's shop in the lower part, and this appears to have been always the case. His father is said by Howe to have been a butcher.
WARWICK Castle. Although Warwick Castle has been already mentioned in the previous volume, it is necessary again to refer to it in this, as the parts now remaining were built at an im- portant epoch in the history of domestic architecture, and ex- hibit in a remarkable degree the change from the castle type to that of the dwelling-house.
It is difficult to trace the plan of the castle as erected by Turkill for William i., which again may have been on the site of still earlier buildings. It seems to have stood nearly two hundred years, but in the time of Hen. in., 1256, it was be- sieged and taken, and a great part of it destroyed. In this state it lay until the time of Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of War- wick, who died in 1369, and who rebuilt it. To this period, therefore, must be referred the whole of the earlier portions of the domestic buildings. He also built the magnificent tower known as Caesar's Tower, and probably the gateway.
His son Thomas continued the building, and erected the multangular tower known as Guy's Tower, which he completed in 1394, the 17th year of Rich. n. He also rebuilt the church of Warwick, of which structure the chancel yet remains.
In the reign of Edw. iv., George Plantagenet, Duke of Cla- rence, resided here, and employed himself in additions to the castle. It is probable that he erected the entrance gateway on the north side, the loopholes of which appear to be intended for artillery. He had other works in hand when his career was cut short by his brother in 1478.
From this time nothing of consequence seems to have been done, until James i. granted it to Sir Fulke Greville, who found it in a very ruinous condition, the principal part of it being used as the county gaol. He expended a large sum of money in repairing and adding to it, and to this period must be referred, amongst other portions, the additions at the east and west ends of the principal building. Various alterations and additions have been made at subsequent periods, particularly the extension
WARWICKSHIRE. 243
of the porch, and the erection of a dining-room in front of the hall, and also of offices outside the wall adjoining the barbican.
Facing page 5 will be found a plan. A very thick and lofty wall connects the east end of the building with a magnificent tower known as Caesar's Tower, which is one of the most valua- ble and perfect specimens in the kingdom, and it remains almost entirely in its original state. Its form, as may be seen from the plan, is that of three segments of a circle, rising from the rock and carried up to a great height, and crowned with a boldly- projecting machicolation, which is almost as perfect as when first built. This is purely military in character, but as such is worthy of careful study.
The gateway is flanked internally and externally with octa- gonal towers, and has besides a very perfect barbican remaining almost in its original state, the portcullis of which is still low- ered and drawn up evening and morning. Exterior to this was a drawbridge over the deep moat, now replaced by a bridge of stone. From the gateway the wall bears a little to the north- east, and conducts to another stately tower of rather later date than the last, known as Guy's Tower. It rises from the bank to the height of about ninety-four feet, and, except the projecting base, has no moulding of any kind until it reaches the machi- colations, which here again are fine and bold, but not equal in effect to those on Caesar's Tower. The plan is multangular, having twelve right sides. It is divided into five stories, the whole of which are groined, and consist of one central apart- ment with smaller ones in the thickness of the wall. This tower and the one just described give an air of grandeur and majesty to the castle of which it is not easy to convey an idea.
From this tower the wall turns nearly due west, but about the middle the original wall has been broken away, and another gateway, of later date and inferior design to the other, has been added. This is flanked by two octagonal towers, and the loop- holes appear to be pierced for cannon. The wall is then carried up the very steep and lofty mound until it reaches the keep, a small part of which remains, but much mutilated and altered. It was probably of the same form externally and the same date as Caesar's Tower.
244 EXISTING EEMAINS.
Proceeding south-west, the wall is strengthened by another tower with octagonal turrets, through the lower part of which a flight of steps led down towards the river. This was therefore a postern, or water-gate. The upper story is connected by a passage with the main building.
We then arrive at the domestic buildings, enlarged plans of which will be found facing p. 92. The orginal portions of the buildings are marked black and the later additions are tinted. The lower or basement story consists, as usual, of a kitchen, cellar, &c., the whole of which are groined. The kitchen is a large room supported by three short pillars, and has fireplaces, ovens, &c. It communicates on the east and west with two rooms, which were probably the larder and pantry, and a newel at the north-west angle communicated with the passage leading to the hall. These rooms, as well as the kitchen, are now divided by modern partitions, but in the plan these have been removed.
The cellar lies to the east of the kitchen, and is supported by a central pillar and corbels. In this cellar is the curious water- drain which is engraved (p. 130), and joining it a garderobe. Near this is a newel-staircase forming the communication between the cellar and hall, and there is a room under the porch, and opening into the cellar, which is used as a wine-cellar. There is also another room under the chapel. The parts at the east and west ends which are tinted in the plan are of later erection and are not groined. That at the east end contains the steward's room, &c.
The principal floor consists of a hall, which is approached by a flight of steps under the porch ; it has a timber roof of a late date, three windows which look down on the river, and a large fireplace on the same side : the tracery of the windows has been altered, and the whole interior modernized, so that it contains little of its original features, except the form. It com- municates on the west with the state-bedroom and with a pas- sage leading to the principal staircase, to the kitchen, and on the east with other apartments and with the cellar staircase. On the north a door has been cut through into a modern dining-room, which was erected about half a century ago, and
NOETHAMPTONSHIRE. 245
at the same time a new piece added to the porch to correspond with it. The chapel, which lies to the north-west of the hall, opens into the passage before mentioned, and it is likewise approached by a staircase from the courtyard which opens to the ante-chapel. The fittings of the chapel are modern. There has been an east window, but it is stopped in consequence of the erection of the dining-room. At the west end are two apartments, with large bay windows, which were probably erected by Sir Fulke Greville, and at the east end are like- wise additions of the same period.
An engraving of Guy's Tower, with a section and plans, is published in the second volume of Pugin's " Examples."
NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.
APTHORPE is an Elizabethan mansion : the timber for the completion of it is said to have been given by James i.
ASTWELL is now a farm-house, but a considerable part of the castellated mansion of the Earls Ferrars, in the fifteenth cen- tury, appears to be incorporated with it.
BURLEIGH House is a magnificent mansion of the Elizabethan style, chiefly built by the Lord Treasurer Burleigh.
CANON'S ASHBY, the seat of Sir Henry Dryden, Bart., is partly of the fifteenth century ; and although the greater part is con- siderably later, the old plan and arrangements are preserved. The buildings surround a small quadrangular court, one side of which is formed by the hall, with the family apartments joined to the upper end, and the servants' offices to the lower.
CASTLE ASHBY, the seat of the Marquis of Northampton, is an Elizabethan mansion, begun by Henry Lord Compton in the 14th Elizabeth, A.D. 1572, and not finished before 1635, which date is introduced in the ornamental open parapet of one of the towers.
DEANE Park, the seat of the Brudenel family, has a castellated mansion, believed to have been erected by Sir Robert Brudenel in the time of Henry vin.
DRAYTON. A licence to crenellate his mansion here was granted to Simon de Drayton in the 2nd Edward in. This
246 EXISTING REMAINS.
house is said by Fuller, in his "Worthies," to have been enlarged by Henry Green in the time of Henry vi. Buck's "View" represents an extensive building of mixed styles, and a considerable part of it is or was recently remaining.
DUDDINGTON. There are remains here of a mansion of the fifteenth century.
EDGCOTE House retains part of the mansion erected by Thomas Lord Cromwell in the time of Henry VTII.
FAWSLEY. A fine house of the time of Henry vn., with many alterations and additions, but in which the original plan can be made out more perfectly than usual. The hall has a good open timber-roof, with windows in the gables at both ends, which light it up well : also a large bay-window, nearly an octagon, with a vault enriched with tracery, and a small room over it, so that on the exterior the bay-window forms a sort of tower covered with panelling. The small upper room is said to have been used as a secret chamber, and had a printing-press in it, for printing political tracts in the time of the Civil Wars. On the opposite side of the hall to the bay-window is a large fireplace, with a very wide arch and a panelled mantel-piece, not projecting. The floor of the bay-window is raised, and forms a sort of dais in itself: there is no appearance of any other dais, but the whole of the lower part of the hall has been so much modernized that it is impossible to see what the ori- ginal arrangement of it has been. The door into the servants' court remains perfect, with good spandrels, but is blocked up, and the principal entrance from the front has been turned into a window. The side-windows are all square, with panelling and tracery, and all, originally, high from the ground : those at the back towards the servants' court have been blocked up, and a second set of windows, in imitation of the old ones, have been introduced under those in the front. At the upper end of the hall the wing containing the family apartments has been entirely rebuilt in the modern Gothic castellated style. At the lower end the buttery and pantry, and the rooms over them, have also been rebuilt, and turned into mo- dern apartments for the family. But the servants' wing, which joins on at an angle to these apartments, is perfect, and nearly
NORTHAMPTONSHIRE . 247
in its original state. The kitchen and back kitchen forms one side of the servants' court, of which the hall forms also another side; the brewhouse, laundry, and other offices a third; and the modern family apartments, or castellated part, the fourth. The whole of this servants5 court is covered over and divided into a number of passages and small rooms in the most inconvenient manner possible. Both the wings containing offices are carried on beyond the line of the quadrangle; that containing the kitchen and bakehouse has had another building added on at the end in 1678. The one containing the laundry has a good oriel window in the gable end over the laundry : the room to which this window belongs has been one of some importance, the use of which is not clear.
The kitchen is lofty, but not the whole height of the house, and has a flat boarded ceiling, with very bold timbers to carry the floor above, serving as ribs to the ceiling ; there is a door- way to the servants' court, and others to the buttery and pantry now blocked up; on the opposite side is the fireplace, which is original, with a very wide flat arch, one end of which rests upon a sort of respond, or pier, with a shaft on the face, and a smaller arch springs from the other side of this pier to the other wall : this arch opens into a short passage by the side of the fireplace, and leading into the back kitchen, where there is a second fireplace at the back of the other, and with a similar arch, and opening to the same chimney-stack. Beyond the back kitchen is the bakehouse, with another large fireplace arch, which has the original ovens under it, the stone pier between them splayed to an edge. Further on in the same direction are other rooms, added in 1678, as shewn by an inscription. The brewhouse and other offices are at right angles to the bake- house, forming another side of the court, and projecting beyond it. The oriel window at the end of this building may be said to be of nine lights, those in the centre boldly corbelled out, one on each side sloping, and two flat in the wall : in the cor- belling is a hollow moulding enriched with foliage and other ornament. There is another oriel window in what must have been the servants' apartments, near the kitchen, but this seems to be part of an alteration of the time of James i , and the room
248 EXISTING REMAINS.
has a handsome coved ceiling. The relative position of the ser- vants' apartments and the family apartments were often changed at that period, probably for the purpose of making a more con- venient small dining-room near the kitchen, when the large hall was no longer required on ordinary occasions.
In the park at Fawsley is the Dowager-house, now a ruin ; the walls nearly perfect, but without floors or roofs. It has fine moulded-brick chimneys, and one wing with the staircase here is also of brick, and of the time of Elizabeth. The other wing is of stone, and may be rather earlier. The rooms are all small and low : there is no hall. Several fireplaces remain, one of which from its size must have belonged to the kitchen, but the other internal partitions and arrangements are destroyed.
HELMDON Parsonage-house has an ancient fireplace, with an inscription over it which formerly gave rise to much dis- cussion. Mr. Denne* read the date as 1533, which seems the most probable.
HIGHAM FERRARS. The gateway and part of the buildings of the College remain; it was founded by Archbishop Chichele, in 1422. The Bede-house, in the churchyard, also built by him, remains perfect, and is a good example of the buildings of that class, with a small chapel or sacrarium at one end, the walls themselves and the passage between them forming a substitute for the nave. In the village there are also some small houses of the fifteenth century, one of which has a good doorway and window-mouldings.
HOLDENBY, the seat of Sir Christopher Hatton, must have been a splendid Elizabethan mansion, judging by the existing remains, which consist of one wing and two gateways, with the terraces.
ST. THOMAS' Hospital, in Northampton, has been turned into a wheelwright's shop within a few years, the inmates removing to another part of the town. In the street it only retains a long row of quatrefoiled circles. It consisted of a single oblong build- ing with a smaller chapel at the east end, opening to the domes- tic part much as at Wigston's Hospital, Leicester. The roof remains in the upper story, divers hatches and monstrous heads
* Archceologia, vol. xlii.
DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FOURTEENTH CENTURY.
HEAD OF A WINDOW
DOOR OF A PASSAGE IN A HOUSE AT
HIGHAM FERRERS, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.
DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
COLLEGE, HIGHAM FERRERS, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.
NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.
249
in the lower. The chapel has an east window with a niche on each side and a piscina. All late Perpendicular.
PETERBOROUGH. The Archdeacon's House has been described in vol. i. p. 164; the other buildings of the Close are also worthy of attention; there is a good gateway-tower of the fourteenth century on the south side, leading to the Bishop's Palace ; the abbot obtained a licence to crenellate a gatehouse and two chambers between it and the church in the 2nd Edward n., A.D. 1319, which may fairly be identified with this building. The entrance-gatehouse, built by Abbot Picton in 1515, is also a good example of the rich Perpendicular panelled work of that period.
Gatehouse, Rockingharn (Jastle.
ROCKINGHAM Castle retains the fine entrance-gatehouse, flanked by two bold round towers, the rest of the house has been almost entirely rebuilt; there is a full account of it by Mr. Hartshorne in the Archaeological Journal, vol. i. p. 356.
RUSHTON. The hall, of the fifteenth century, retains the fine open timber roof of high pitch, with hammer-beams and two collars, and elaborate tracery in the spandrels, arched ribs and pendants ; in the court are other remains of the old mansion, around which a screen of Elizabethan work luis been erected. K k
250 EXISTING REMAINS.
At STOKE ALBANY are remains of a manor-house of the time of Henry vin., over the door of which are two shields of arms, on one of which are three water bougets ; the same arms occur in stained glass in the chancel of the church adjoining.
At SHUTLANGER, in the parish of Stoke Bruern, is a Decorated house of most picturesque outline, but much defaced. It con- sists of a main body, with a large porch, which being nearly the full height of the building, with bold diagonal buttresses, and a broad staircase-turret, forms a pleasing composition. The part to the left of the porch has lost nearly all its ancient cha- racter, but the porch itself is perfect, and vestiges may be made out of the part to the right, which evidently formed the hall. The porch has a tall, well- moulded outer doorway, and a good groined vault, sexpartite, with a beautiful boss.
There is a great deal of rather remarkable Decorated work in Stoke Bruern church, which has some resemblance to the archi- tecture of this house, and was probably built at the same time.
At THORPE, near Thrapstone, is a small house, with a good chimney on the point of one of the gables ; the fireplace is cor- belled out and the chimney carried up externally, square until it arrives at the stage of the roof, the upper part octagonal with a battlement; on each side of the chimney in the gable is a small round window, giving it the appearance of Norman work, but no other part of the building seems to bear out this ap- pearance.
At SOUTHWICK is a very good, small house of the fifteenth century, with a tower and stair-turret at one end, a fine gable- end with a finial, and a kind of short pinnacle at the springing : one of the windows is pointed, of two trefoil-headed lights, with a quatrefoil in the head, having the appearance of a chapel window ; the rest of the windows are square-headed.
Near the church at YARDLEY HASTINGS is a small portion of a manor-house of the fourteenth century. It appears to consist of the apartments adjoining the hall, the hall itself being de- stroyed. The existing portion was divided by a solid wall, pierced in its lower part by four doorways, from the hall (if such it was), which was continued at the same width, the jambs of a large doorway on each side in its inner wall still remaining.
HUNTINGDONSHIRE. 251
The building is of two stories ; the upper, which retains its high- pitched roof, has been divided into three apartments by wooden partitions (or vestiges of them), which appear original. The central one contains a square-headed fireplace. There are several windows, both pointed and square-headed, the latter of the form common in the churches of the district j two of the former are tref oiled lancets, the third has had tracery. The gable is crowned by the remains of a small octagonal chimney, rising from a square base.
HUNTINGDONSHIRE.
BUCKDEN Palace, the residence of the Bishops of Lincoln, was built by Bishop Rotheram in the fifteenth century, and presents a fine group of buildings of brick and stone, the most striking features of which are the gateway-tower and the keep, with its octagonal turrets rising from the ground. It is sur- rounded by a moat.
ELTON Hall was the seat of the ancient family of Sapcott, one of whom, Sir Richard Sapcott, was Sheriff of Huntingdon- shire and Cambridgeshire in the ninth year of Edward iv. Camden mentions a chapel here " of singular workmanship and most beautiful painted-glass windows, that was built by Eliza- beth Dinham, widow of Baron Fitz-Waren, who married into the Sapcott family." The manor-house was rebuilt after the Restoration by Sir Thomas Proby, but the gatehouse was for- tunately preserved, and is a fine example of the fifteenth century, with very bold machicoulis carrying the battlement and alure, and an octagonal watch-turret $ the archway is four- centred, and the windows square-headed.
HINCHINBROOK House is a large, irregular building, partly of stone and partly of brick ; on a broken stone cornice belonging to the small portion which remains of the ancient masonry is the date 1437, but the greater part of the present edifice was built by the Cromwells in the time of Elizabeth. ,
RAMSEY Abbey is almost destroyed, but a portion of the gatehouse of the fifteenth century remains. The manor-house and the church were rebuilt of stone supplied from the ruins of the abbey.
252 EXISTING REMAINS.
§ 7. WORCESTERSHIRE AND GLOUCESTERSHIRE.
BIRT'S MORTON Manor-house is surrounded by a moat, and the house is said to be very curious, partly of the fourteenth century, with wainscoted rooms having carving and armorial bearings.
BROADWAY, a house of the fourteenth century, (now called the old workhouse, from having been so used for a time,) the property of Sir Thomas Phillips, Bart., has been a manor-house, of which the walls and the roof remain tolerably perfect, though in a dilapidated state ; the interior is much divided by partitions and floors ; the most perfect part is the chapel, which is small, and has an opening into the hall. The roof is good open timber-work of the Decorated style, and there are some win- dows of the same period.
DROITWICH. The George Inn here is an old timber-house, with a good chimney of the fifteenth century, and is said to be the same house as is mentioned by Leland, — " Going out of the towne's end I saw a fayre tymbre house longing to Mr. Newport."
DUDLEY Castle is partly in this county, but chiefly in Stafford- shire, and is there described.
EVESHAM. Licences were granted to the abbot and convent in the 6th and 10th of Edward in. to crenellate their house outside the gates of the abbey. There are several remains of old houses at Evesham, but none that appear of sufficient im- portance to have been fortified. The abbey tower is a very fine panelled gateway-tower of the fifteenth century, and so lofty that it served the double purpose of a belfry-tower and gatehouse, although it was not the principal entrance to the abbey.
HOLT Castle is chiefly Elizabethan, but portions of an earlier building are worked in.
HUDDINGTON is a timber-house, believed to be of the fifteenth century.
At MADRESFIELD, Earl Beauchamp's house, the greater por- tion is cinque-cento or later, but some small parts appear fair Tudor. The present house (allowing for more recent addi-
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§ 8
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 253
tions) is an irregular trapezium. The porch, with its gateway and gate, seem ancient, with plain four-centred arches, but are in no way remarkable. There is also a single gable with quatrefoiled bargeboards. Some of the cinque-cento work is extremely fine. The house is surrounded by a moat, and ap- proached by a drawbridge. It is placed near one side of the space enclosed by the moat, which appears needlessly large for the existing building; but the inner side of the moat is formed by a stone wall with buttresses, probably earlier than the brick-work of the present house, and enclosing the outer baily of a castle of much greater extent : the house has been inhabited from an early period.
GREAT MALVERN. The Abbot's Hall has been described and engraved in vol. ii. pp. 35 and 258, it is now entirely destroyed. The abbey gatehouse is a fine example of panelled work of the fifteenth century, with an oriel window over the archway.
STRENSHAM, or STRENGESHAM, has still some portions of the old castellated mansion for which a licence to crenellate was granted to John Russell in the llth Richard n.
WEOBLAS Hall is partly Elizabethan, and the porch bears the date 1611, but part is earlier. The hall, with its screen and music-gallery, and the chapel, which is in an upper story, are probably of the fifteenth or early part of the sixteenth century.
WORCESTER. A licence was granted to the prior and convent in the 43rd Edward in. to enclose with a wall and crenellate the buildings of the Priory then existing. The Guesten Hall, or Strangers' Hall, built in 1320, has been described in vol. ii. p. 257. The refectory of the monks, now the Grammar-school, is a good building of the Decorated style, and there are other remains of this period, and some earlier. The gatehouse, called Edgar's Tower, probably belongs to the time of the fortifi- cations.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE.
In BERKELEY Castle the buildings are of several periods. The keep is Norman, circular in plan, with turrets attached, and an external staircase. Over the latter a room has been built at a subsequent period, in which Edward n. is said to have been murdered, but the tradition seems a very uncertain one.
254 EXISTING REMAINS.
The hall retains a late Norman wall on one side, but on the other are some good and rather peculiar square-headed windows. The screen and gallery have been destroyed. The doorways of the porch and of the hall itself are of the peculiar form which occurs over tombs in Bristol Cathedral, and is shewn in the engraving. At the end of the hall are the doorways adjoining and leading to the kitchen and other offices. The centre one, which is the largest, and is now blocked up, led directly to the principal door of the kitchen, but the present entrance is by the door on the north.
The kitchen, the north wall of which forms part of the line of wall of the courtyard, is of an irregular hexagonal form, three of its sides being longer than the others. It occupies the whole height of the building, and has a heavy timber roof, but without any architectural character. This roof is said to have been added by Henry vu., who had for some time possession of the castle, and is said to have brought it from Wootton. The kitchen does not, as is frequently the case, stand detached, but is included within the walls of the other offices, and is lighted by two windows opening into the courtyard, as seen in the view of the hall. It has one large fireplace between the windows, and has cooking apparatus on two of the other sides. It has three doorways, but the one which now leads to the hall is not original, and has been cut through one of the fireplaces. It communicates with the hall by a short passage, on the north of which is the pantry. The south door of the kitchen has been the principal entrance, and is on a line with the centre door of the hall, now blocked up. The third door of the hall leads into a room which is now used as the housekeeper's room, but which would originally be the butler's pantry, at the door of which would be the buttery-hatch.
The eastern doorway of the kitchen leads into what is now called the scullery, but which, from the ovens, &c. it yet contains, was doubtless originally the bakehouse. It is a very irregularly-shaped room, and has a vaulted roof supported by two very strong ribs. It contains a large oven and other con- venience, and has steps leading down to a well. Between this room and the outer walls are other rooms, some modern, which
GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 255
are used as dairy, larder, &c., but all of irregular shapes, on account of the angles of the outer wall.
At the west end of the hall a large and spacious staircase was constructed in the seventeenth century, by which the original communication between the hall and the cellar and solar has been destroyed, and very probably the dais window also. A modern covered passage from the porch to the cellar and ser- vants' hall has been constructed outside the hall, but the ori- ginal entrance to the cellar still remains, and seems to have communicated with the north-west angle of the hall. From the entrance a vaulted passage at right angles leads to a wide newel-staircase, which opens into an ante-chamber, in which are the doors of the chapel and solar.
The cellar is a little below the level of the hall. It is of a triangular shape, regularly groined and supported by pillars, one of which has a good Norman capital, shewing that this cellar is of the same date as the south wall of the hall. Owing to the mass of masonry which has been added on the exterior, the walls are immensely thick, measuring in the windows thir- teen feet. Leading out of this cellar, on the north side, is the wine cellar : it is entered by a square-headed trefoil doorway, and lighted by a small window, and appears to be of the same date as the larger one.
Over this is the chapel, which has already been mentioned at p. 178. The windows are deeply recessed, apparently through a Norman wall, with a passage in the thickness of the wall, but the arches are all of the Decorated style. The roof is of good timber-work of the same period, resting on carved stone corbels, with an apse at the east end. The west end of the chapel is divided by a floor into two stories, as shewn in the engraving already given. Besides the entrance to the lower and upper rooms, there is a third entrance to the sacrarium from a small room, probably the priest's room.
The following extract from Smyth's manuscript " History of the Hundred of Berkeley," preserved in the castle, as quoted by Bigland, will shew that the chapel had fallen into disuse before 1361, and that it was then refitted for divine service : —
" In this Castle were of late years (not yet wholly ruined or de-
256 EXISTING REMAINS.
formed) two beautiful chapels or oratories, endowed with divers privi- leges from the Bishops of Eome. The one of them in the keep with a goodly well of water under (now destroyed) ; the other at the upper end of the great hall stairs leading to the dyning chamber : and for the devout keeping of the ornaments thereunto belonging, divers allowances were by the lords yearly made, as from divers accompts and deeds in the Evidence House in this Castle appears. Maurice Lord Berkeley (4th of the name), 38 Edw. HI. (1364), obtained of Pope Urban 11. by his papal bull and power, to the end his two chapels, the one of Our Lady the blessed Virgin, the other of St. John the Baptist, founded in the Castle of Berkeley, might be renewed and frequented with due honors ; forty days of pardon and release of the penance enjoyned, to every one who should in the said chapels on the festival days of the year heare masses, or say kneeling three Ave Marias, or give any vestments or chalices, or any other aids of charitie to the said Chappels. And who- soever shall there pray for them that obtained these presents, and for the life and good estate of the noble Lord Maurice de Berkeley and the Lady Elizabeth his wife, and for their children, and for the soule of Lord Thomas his father, being in purgatory, shall bee also released of forty days of the penance enjoyned them. And this faculty, grace, or instrument for the infallibleness, is alsoe under the seales of eleven of that Pope's Cardinals ; perhaps alsoe somewhat the rather procured by that Lord's wisdome through the great schisme of three Popes at once that then raigned in the Church."
The whole arrangement of the domestic buildings in this castle is so good, and has been comparatively so little disturbed, that though mostly of a date prior to the fifteenth century, it is here given as an example of the manner in which domestic con- veniences were adapted to the requirements of a castellated residence where security had been the primary consideration.
BEVERSTONE Castle is the picturesque ruin of a fine house of the fourteenth century, with an Elizabethan house built on part of the site, and a more modern house added. The Elizabethan house stands on the site of the original ball, the vaulted cellars of which remain, together with the towers at each end. One of these is large, and seems to have been a sort of keep ; it con- tains two chapels, one nearly over the other, but not exactly. The lower or principal chapel, on the first floor, is a very good specimen of a domestic chapel of the Decorated style, and must
GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 257
have been intended to contain the whole household, never a very large one, from the small size of the castle ; there is no other room communicating with it, and there is a separate division for the sacrarium, with the piscina and two sedilia, with crocketed ogee canopy, finial and pinnacles, and shafts ; the piscina has the basin perfect. The whole chapel has a good groined vault, with ribs and bosses.
The upper chapel, or oratory, is quite small, it retains a piscina in the angle, with a Decorated ogee canopy and finial, the basin and shelf; the east window has been altered in Elizabethan work. On each side of this chapel are squints through the walls from the chambers on either side, the roof is not vaulted, and the size of this whole chapel is not larger than the sacrarium of the principal one. The chamber on the south side appears to have been the solar, or a dwelling-room of some importance and considerable size, but has been much altered, and an Elizabethan window introduced. The other chamber on the north side is much smaller, and on rather a higher level, even with the oratory, which is two steps above the solar ; this was probably the priest's chamber. There was also a small chamber over the oratory, in a sort of turret ; at the back of the oratory is a garderobe closet, with a passage to it from a corner of the solar. Under the principal chapel is a vaulted cellar, and on the south side of it are two vaulted store-rooms. The old newel-staircase from the hall to the chapel can be made out, though an Elizabethan staircase has been added- Another straight staircase in the thickness of the wall at the back of the hall, leads down to the lower end of it, and towards the kitchen. Under the hall was a series of vaulted chambers or cellars, a considerable part of which remain. The other tower at the lower end of the hall has a large, wide, four-centred arch of construction, and seems to have been added in the fifteenth century, standing diagonally from one corner of the hall. There is an Elizabethan fireplace in the hall, and remains of earlier windows. There are ruins of the gatehouse, in the inner archway of which is the groove for the portcullis, and it was protected by two round towers. The courtyard is small. The moat washes the foot of the walls, which are so covered
Ll
258 EXISTING REMAINS.
with ivy that nothing can be made out of the exterior. There is a Decorated barn outside the gatehouse, in the outer court or farm-yard, which was protected by an outer moat. Leland gives the following account of it : —
"Thomas Lord Berkeley was taken prisoner in Fraunce, and after recovering his losses with French prisoners and at the batail of Poy- tiers, builded after the castelle of Beverstone thoroughly, a pile at that tyme very preaty.
" The lordship of Beverstane was first in the Berkeleys, now in Hickes's, Barts. There is a quarry of good stone at Beverstane, by which it received its name." (Camden's Britannia.}
A castle existed at Beverstone as early as the Norman Con- quest. It exchanged hands and came into the possession of the Berkeleys. The battle of Poictiers was fought in 1354.
BOTYNGTON, or BODINGTON, is described by Leland as "a faire maner place and a parke ; it came to one Rede, servant to the Lorde Beauchampe, that married his lord's daughter, the eldest of 3, and the Redes have it still." A licence to crenel- late his mansion here was granted in the 8th Edward in. to " Johannes de Bures et Hawisia uxor ejus." The house appears to have been rebuilt since that time, but is still ancient, and surrounded by a moat.
BUCKLAND Rectory-house was rebuilt about 1520, by William Grafton, rector, whose device, a graft issuing from a tun, is or was in the window of the hall.
At CALCOT is a fine barn of the Decorated style, with good gables having finials, and buttresses, and transepts in the form of low square towers. The following inscription records the date of its erection, — "ANNO MCCC. HENRICI ABBATIS xxix. FUIT DOMUS HJEC ^DIFICATA." This is cut on a stone in the wall of one of the doorways. Another inscription records a re- building after a fire in 1729, but this evidently refers only to the roof and a part of one side.
CAMPDEN, or CHIPPING CAMPDEN, contains several ancient houses ; the street is nearly a mile long and of a fair width, in the middle of which stands the Market-house, built in 1624, and the Court-house, part of which is of the fourteenth century, with panelled buttresses. There are also two houses of the
DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
CORNER- POST, NORTHGATE STREET,
GLOUCESTER.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 259
fifteenth century nearly opposite to each other, one of which is a " capital mansion, supposed to have been the residence of the wealthy family of Grevil, great wool- staplers, who rebuilt the church." It has a good panelled bay-window of two stories, which agrees in style with the tower of the church. The other house had a fine oriel window, the exterior has been muti- lated, but within there is a fine arch and a piece of groining, with part of the roof and a fireplace.
CIRENCESTER. There is a singular sort of town-hall built over the south porch of the church in the time of Henry viu., it has three good oriel windows of two stories ; there are also two gatehouses and a large barn belonging to the abbey buildings.
CoALEris an ancient mansion of stone, with wooden windows, and framed and panelled partitions on both floors, of the latter end of the reign of Henry vui.
DOWN AMNEY House was erected by Sir Antony Hungerford, in the reign of Henry viu., but has been so much modernized that very little ancient character remains. The gateway, flanked by embattled towers, has crocketed gables and domed turrets.
At DURSLEY there is a small house of the Perpendicular style, about the middle of the fifteenth century ; the walls are washed by a spring of water called the Broad Well ; it has a tolerably good doorway and windows, and a small chimney on the point of the gable ; the interior is modernized. The Post-office is also of the fifteenth century, but much altered.
GLOUCESTER. The Crypt Grammar-school House is a plain building of late Perpendicular work, the walls perfect, with the doors and windows, but the interior and roof are modern.
There is a timber-house of the fifteenth century, with a very rich corner post ; the end of the house is modernized ; it stands at the corner of Northgate-street. In the same street is a mag- nificent gateway of oak, with carved spandrels and brackets. The castle has been entirely destroyed to make room for the County Gaol. There are some remains of the abbey buildings, with a small cloister, where probably was the Infirmary, re- built in the time of Henry viu., and the abbot's house, now converted into the Deanery.
260 EXISTING REMAINS.
The ruins of Llantony Abbey consist only of part of the gatehouse, the walls of a fine large Perpendicular barn, cruci- form, with good buttresses, and long narrow slits for windows ; a stable, also of the fifteenth century, with some other offices joining on to it, the lower part of stone, with plain doors and windows of the Perpendicular style, the upper part of wood, which may be original, but hardly appears so early. A small modern house has been built in the ruins, and joins on to these offices.
HORTON Manor-house : this house is in the form of the letter E, a common form of houses built or modernized in the reign of Elizabeth. The northern side of the structure is in the Norman style of architecture, and was probably built when Agnes, wife of Hubert de Rye, made this manor the corps of a prebendal stall in the church of Salisbury. It was subsequently annexed to the see by Rich. Poer, Bishop of Sarum 1222. The re- mainder of the structure was added by the Paston family in the period of Elizabeth or James T.
The course of descent which this manor has pursued seems to point to the reason why we find, in the manor-house, styles so widely separated in point of date as those of the Norman and Elizabethan. The manor having become Church property temp. Hen. i., its lord necessarily remained a celibate, and therefore the moderate structure of those simple days was sufficient for his wants. Accordingly, we find, in the northern limb of the building, the hall of the date of Henry i. This room, appa- rently, was open up to the roof, as no traces of windows appear on the ground floor, while a Norman window, now stopped up, is to be seen in the upper part of the wall. The hall is entered by two doors opposite each other, one on the south side, the other on the north, both decorated by the zig-zag, and in good preservation. The columns also and their capitals still remain uninjured. In the south-western angle of the hall is seen the projection containing the staircase to the gallery for music; the door to this staircase is now walled up.
ICOMB : an extensive and picturesque pile of stone, of the time of Henry vi.
LECKHAMPTON Manor-house is partly of the time of Hen. vu.,
GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 261
with four chimneys and the hall windows remaining, but the rest of the house is modernized.
NEWENT : in this small border-town a house is, or lately was, standing, called the Boothall, which, Leland says, was originally called the New Inn, and built when a communication was first opened by this road to Wales. There was a priory here, of which the gatehouse and some other fragments are still in existence.
At NIBLEY, near the church, is a small house, probably that of a chantry-priest, now a school-house. It was restored in 1853, with new windows and doorways in the Perpendicular style. Two of the original fireplaces remain, but both altered ; one was in the hall, the other in the solar; the latter has a rich mantelpiece of panelled work. The walls are old, with remains of the strings and buttresses.
RODMARTON Manor-house is in part of the fifteenth and six- teenth centuries, occupying three sides of a quadrangle. A view of it is published in Lysons' " Gloucestershire Antiquities."
RUARDEAN : a licence was granted in the 4th Edward iv. to Alexander de Bykenore, clerk, to crenellate his mansion here. A few fragments of it are still standing.
LITTLE SODBURY Manor-house, built probably by the Walsh family, who by marriage obtained the manor in the 1st Henry viii., contains a hall, which ascends to the roof, and possesses decorations of that period in its timber-work, and some carved heads. The windows are high in the wall, and the music-gallery remains. The fireplace has been altered, and is of the age of James i. There is a handsome porch to this house, from which a passage is conducted, as usual, through the house, leaving the hall on the left hand. On the right were, doubtless, the offices ; these, however, are now modernized, and form dwelling-rooms. Above these is a small but elegant oriel, which probably orna- mented formerly a state bedchamber. These remains are of the date of the hall.
SOUTHAM House, near Cheltenham, is thus mentioned by Le- land : — " There dwelleth Sir John Hudleston, and hath builded a pretty mannuor-place. He bought the land of one Goodman." This house is still standing, and is the seat of Lord Ellen- borough, but it has been much altered and has many additions
262 EXISTING REMAINS.
in imitation of the old style. Of the original work there re- mains a good bay-window of two stories, and several smaller oriel windows; the other windows are square-headed and not remarkable, and the interior is modernized. The tower is modern.
STANLEY PONTLARGE, near Winchcombe. A licence to crenel- late his manor-house was granted to " John le Rouse de Rag- geley," in the 15th Richard n., and a pardon was granted at the same time for his having fortified a part of the said house without a licence. A part of this house is standing, mixed up with modern work, and is now a farm-house. A very good window from it is engraved from a drawing of Mr. Petit in the " Archaeological Journal," vol. vi. p. 41.
CHURCH STANWAY House: an Elizabethan mansion which retains on the east front a traceried window, and other vestiges of fifteenth-century work.
STROUD. The Town-hall is probably of the fifteenth century, but much modernized.
SUDELEY Castle is more fully described by Leland than usual : —
" The Castle of Sudeley is about a mile from Winchecombe. . . . Boteler Lord Sudeley made this castle a fundamentis, and when it was made it had the price of all the buildings in those dayes. . . . The Lord Sudeley that builded the castle was a famous man of warre in K. H. 5. and K. H. 6. dayes, and was an admirall (as I have heard) on sea ; whereupon it was supposed and spoken, that it was partly builded ex spoliis Gallorum; and some speake of a towre in it called Potmare's Tower, that it should be made of a ransome of his. One thing was to be noted in this castle, that part of the windowes of it were glazed with berall. There had been a manor-place at Sudeley before the building of the castle, and the plot is yet seene in Sudeley Parke where it stoode. K. E. 4. bore no good will to the Lord Sudeley, as a man suspected to be in heart K. H. 6. his man : whereupon by complaints he was attached, and going up to London he looked from the hill to Sudeley, and sayd, Sudeley Castle, thou art a traytor, not I. After he made an honest declaration and sold his castle of Sudeley to K. E. 4. Afterwards K. H. 7. gave this castle to his uncle, Jasper Duke of Bed- ford, or permitted him to have the use of it. Now it goeth to ruine, more pittyeV
h Itin., vol. iv. pt. ii. fol. 170 a.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 263
Queen Catherine Parr afterwards resided here with Sir Thomas Seymour, and part of the house was restored at that time, and is still inhabited, having been again restored at great expense within the last few years ; the remainder is still a picturesque and interesting ruin, probably much the same as it was in Lelaud's days. The walls of the chapel are perfect, with a very good and remarkable tower bell-cot.
THORNBURY Castle was built by Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham in the time of Henry vin., on a very magnificent scale, and although it was never finished, the works having been stopped when he was beheaded in 1522, the walls are nearly perfect, and one of the finest examples we have of the period, with details, machicolations, and chimneys of moulded brick.
Leland thus describes it : —
"Edward late Duke of Bukkyngham likeynge the soyle aboute and the site of the howse, pulled doune a greate parte of the old howse, and sette up magnificently in good squared stone the southe syde of it, and accomplished the west parte also with a right comely gate-howse to the first soyle : and so it standeth yet with a hafe forced for a time. This inscription on the front of the gate howse : —
'Efjts gate toas fcegon in tlje nere of our Hortt ffiotr I5ll,tl)c 2 pere of tl>e reignc of ISgnge Ijenrt) tlie TJE3IJE. b» me lEtitoarB Suke of ISukfepngfyam, ISrle of ^creforti, StaforU, anH Northampton.'
The Duke's motto Dorene Savant (Dorenavant.) The foundacions of a very spacious base courte was then begun, and certayne gates, and towyres in the castell lyke. It is of iiii. or v. yerdes nighe, and so remayneth a token of a noble piece of worke purposid. There was a gallery of tymbre in the bake syde of the howse joinynge to the north syde of the paroche churche i."
A very full and accurate survey of this castle, made in the fifth year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, A.D. 1582, is printed in Leland's Collectanea, v.ol. ii. p. 658, and reprinted in Britton's " Architectural Antiquities," vol. iv. p. 127.
The following survey, made immediately after the execution of the Duke of Buckingham, has been recently found in the Public Records, and a transcript of it kindly supplied by T. D. Hardy, Esq., the Assistant Keeper of the Records : —
1 Itin., vol. vii. p. 75 a.
264 EXISTING REMAINS.
" A loTce of the Surveye of the late Duke of Buck landes, Sfc.
" T'honor of Gloucestre.
" Thornebury.
" The Lordesliip of Thornebury next adjoynnyng to the Kingg's great lordeship of Barkelay is, ccxxxviijZi. xjs. vd. ob. qa.
" Ther is a wood called Filmor conteynnyng by estimacon an hon- dreth acres, the acre at xiijs. iiij^., — IxvjZ/. xiijs. iiijj.
" The manor or castell ther standeth on the north side of the pisshe churche, having an ynnerwarde and an utterwarde iiij. square; the com- myng and entering into the said ynnerwarde is on the weste side. The south side is fully fynisshed w* curious warkes and stately loggings. The said weste side and north side be but buylded to oon chambre height, all thees warks being of fair assheler, and so coverde w* a fals roove of elme, and the same coverde with light slate.
" The este side conteynnyng the hall and other houses of office is all of the oolde buylding and of an homely facon.
" The utterwarde was intended to have bene large w* many loggings, wherof the foundacon on the north and weste side is taken and brought up nigh to laying on a flor. The windowes, jawmes, and cewnes, with other like thinggs, ar wrought of fre stoone, and the residue of rough stoon caste with lyme and sande.
" On the south side of the said ynnerwarde is a propur garden, and aboute the same a goodly galery conveying above and beneth frome the principall loggings booth to the chapell and pisshe churche, the utter parte of the said galery being of stoone enbatelled, and the ynner parte of tymbre coverd w* slate.
" On the este side of the said castell or manor is a goodly gardeyn to walke ynne, cloosed w* high walles enbatelled. The covey aunce thider is by the galery above and beneth, and by other prived waies.
"Besides the same prived gardeyn is a large and a goodly orcharde full of yonge graffes well loden w1 frute, many rooses and other plea- sures. And in the same orcharde ar many goodly aleis to walke ynne oppenly. And rounde aboute the same orcharde is conveid on a good height other goodly aleis w* roosting places coverde thoroughly w* white thorne and hasill. And w'oute the same on the utter parte the said orcharde is encloosed w1 sawen pale, and w^ute that diches and quik- set hegges. From oute of the said orcharde ar divers posterons in son- dery places at pleasur, to goe and entre into a goodly parke newly made, called the newe parke, having in the same noe great plenty of wood, but many hegge rewes of thorne and great elmes.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 265
"The same parke conteynneth nigh upon iiij, myles, aboute and in the same be vijc. der or more.
" The herbage ther is goodly and plentioous, and besides finding of the said vij°. dere by estimacon, being noon otherwised charged, woll make ten poundes towardes the repars, wages and ffees.
" The late Duke of Bukkingham haith encloosed into the said parke divers mennes landes as well of freehoolde as copyhoolde, and noe re- compence as yet is made for the same. And lately he haith also en- cloosed into the same parke ij. fair tenements, w1 barnes and other houses well buylded w* stoon and slate, with vc. acres of lande, and as yet the tenants contynue in the same. Wherin of necessite some redresse muste be aither in amoving the said tenants from oute of the parke w* convenient recompence, or elles in taking ynne the pale as it stode afore, &c.
" Thomas Bennet is kep of the said parke, and lately sent thider by the kinggs grace, as appereth by a bill assingned, wherin his wage is appointed iiijJ. by the daie, and the herbage and pawnage, &c. as shall pleas the king.i
" Item, there bene withynne the said parke xiij. propur poundes well watered with a spring, being encloosed with a pale.
" Nigh to the said newe parke there is an other parke called Marie- wood, noething being betwene thaym but the bredeth of an high waie, whiche parke is propur, and a parkely grounde, conteynnyng aboute nigh iij. myles. And in the same parke at the leiste be iijc. dere.
" Therbage there is good, and competent plentioous, and by estimacon woll make yerely v. marks towardes the repars, wage, &c.
" John Hontely is keper ther, late sent thider by the kinggs grace, as appereth by a bill assingned. Wherin his wage and fee is appointed iiijj. by the daie, and therbage and pawnage, &c., as shall pleas the king.
"Itrh, there is a conyngry called Milborowe Heth, graunted by the king to the said John Honteley, wherof ther is great exclamacon for cloosing ynne of ffreehooldes and copyhooldes, nowe being sette by the said John for iiijfo'., and by the oolde presidente was but at iijs. iiije?."
In the above, few particulars relate to the existing remains, but the double corridor should be noticed, embattled and slated, a common feature in the larger medieval houses, but of which there are but few examples remaining. In Queen Elizabeth's Survey this corridor is described more at large : —
" Next adjoyning to the same is a fair cloyster or walk paved with brick paving, leading from the Dutches lodging to the privy garden, M m
266 EXISTING REMAINS.
which garden is four square, containing about the third part of one acre, three squares whereof are compassed about with a fair cloyster or walk paved with brick paving, and the fourth square bounded with the principal parts of the castle, called the new building ; over all which last recited cloyster is a fair large gallery, and out of the same gallery goeth one other gallery leading to the parish church of Thornbury aforesaid. At the end whereof is a fair room with a chimney and a window into the said church, where the Duke sometimes used to hear service in the same church."
And although there was this facility for hearing the Church service, there was also a private chapel, and as the extract illus- trates what has been said in the earlier part of the volume as to the double chapel, with a single sacrarium, it is here given : —
" The utter part of the chappel is a fair room for people to stand in at service time, and over the same are two rooms or petitions with each of them a chimney, where the Duke and Dutchess used to sit and hear service in the chappell."
An engraving of the fine lofty bay-window will be found at p. 54 of the present volume, and also a specimen of one of the chimneys at p. 120.
A beautiful series of engravings of the details of the castle is published in the second series of Pugin's " Examples."
TEWKESBURY. Here are remains of several old houses, but they are not of any importance. Here and there a few details may be found worth attention. On the opposite pageJ is en- graved a doorway with some good wood carving in the span- drels.
WANSWELL Court is surrounded by a large and wide moat, which enclosed the house and farm-buildings, garden, orchard, &c., the drawbridges over which are now replaced by two com- mon bridges leading into the fields.
The house is an excellent specimen of a small manor-house of the fifteenth century, and though a good deal mutilated in its details, retaining its essential features almost without alteration, the only addition being a wing erected in the seventeenth cen- tury at the west end.
i On the same page occurs a detail have simply been placed on the same from the timber-house already engraved page for convenience in printing, and opposite p. 225. These two engravings have no connection with each other.
DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
DETAILS OF TIMBER HOUSE.
NEWARK, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.
•"*• -id
DOOKWAT.
TEWKESBTJRY, GLOUCESTERSHIRE.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE.
267
The original ground-plan of the building consists of a hall, which is entered by a porch, and has a room at each end, a cellar, and a kitchen. The hall occupies the whole height of the building, and is almost square, measuring about 25 feet by 22. It is lighted by two windows on the south side, which are
answell Court.
square-headed, of two lights, and transomed, the one at the upper end of the hall having the usual stone seats. Between these windows is the fireplace. It is large, and has very good details ; the upper part is panelled, and it has a bold cornice. The arrangement of the mouldings on the jambs is singular. The roof consists of four bays, one of which is cut off from the hall by a modern partition ; it is a collar-beam roof, with arched braces springing from wooden shafts, which rest on carved stone corbels; it has two purlins, and three pairs of arched braces in each bay.
This hall is interesting from its marking another step in the march of refinement. There is no dais, plainly shewing that the master of the mansion no longer dined with his retainers in the hall, but in its place is a room cut out of the hall by a wall carried half way up, and finished with an embattled wooden cornice, and covered with a flat ceiling supported by moulded beams, the space above being originally open to the hall roof, though at present cut off by a modern lath and plaster partition.
268
EXISTING REMAINS.
This room was the " privee parlor" mentioned in Piers Plow- man, where the lord and lady dined, for in the hall
" The lord ne the lady lyketh not to sytte. Now hath eche ryche a rule to eaten by himselfe In a privee parlour . . . and leave the chief hal."
This parlour, which is about 26 ft. by 9^, was furnished with a fireplace, now broken and mutilated, and has a double window of four lights occupying nearly the whole south end of the room. Near this window was doubtless the place where the master usually sat, for on each side of the window is a small opening, like a miniature window, which has evidently served as a look-out, one of them com- manding the open window of the porch and the other the eastern entrance over the moat, so that no one could pass in or out either way without being seen. The parlour communicates with the hall by a door at the north-east angle, close to which is the door into the cellar, which is on the same level, and is a large room, which has been lighted by very narrow windows, Lwdwmt, ftom th though larger ones have since been inserted. At the north- west angle is the stone staircase leading to the upper rooms, and near it the entrance to what appears to have been originally the kitchen before the addition at the west end was made, as it still retains a mass of masonry, which includes the fireplace, &c. At the west end of the hall is a small room, to which a bay-window has been added, and which is now used as a parlour, and on the opposite side of the passage is a small larder. The porch, which is not vaulted, has an open window on each side and a room over ; it still retains the original hall door, with its ironwork. In one of the upper rooms is a fireplace with a cor- nice of excellent grape and vine-leaf foliage. The seventeenth century addition to the house consists of only two rooms, a dairy and a kitchen, with a small porch.
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GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 269
The history of the building is given as follows : — In the time of Henry in. it belonged to the De Wanswells. In the reign of Edward i. it belonged to Robert de Stone, and passed by marriage to John Swonhonger in the time of Edward in. In the early part of Richard n. it again passed by marriage with the heiress of Swonhonger to John Thorpe, a citizen of Bristol, and continued in that family until the reign of Elizabeth, and after passing through various hands, is now the property of Earl Fitzhardinge.
It must have been during the time that the Thorpes held the manor that the ancient mansion was pulled down and the pre- sent one erected, and from the costume of the heads on the label
Corbel-heads, Wans-well Court.
terminations of the window of the " privee parlour," which is that of the time of Henry vi., the date of the building is pro- bably about 1450 or 1460.
This manor is said to have been held by the Thorpes by the tenure of " castle guard." In the keep of Berkeley Castle is a square tower called Thorpe's Tower, and it is said that the owners of Wanswell held their manor, or part of their land, by knight service, " by keeping and defending the fairest and most important tower of the castle of Berkeley against any assault or invasion." This is denied by Bigland, but there seems good reason, both from the name of the tower and from a deed made by Thomas, second Lord Berkeley, to Thomas De Stone, to believe that such was the tenure.
It was the residence of the celebrated antiquaries, Daniel and Samuel Lysons.
270 EXISTING REMAINS.
§ 8. — OXFORDSHIRE, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, AND BERKSHIRE.
BROUGHTON. Licence granted 7 Henry iv. "quod Thomas Wykeham armiger possit kernellare manoriiim manerii sui de Broughton." Very considerable remains of the fourteenth cen- tury have been already described, but to the date of the licence may be referred the outer works, such as the offices, gatehouse, &c. There are two views in Skelton besides vignettes ; it is also described and engraved in our second volume, p. 261.
BURFORD. This town has remains of many houses of the sixteenth century, and some earlier. Of the fourteenth cen- tury a chimney is engraved in vol. ii. p. 90.
CHIPPING NORTON. Extensive earthworks of a Norman castle remain on the north side of the churchyard. There are several old houses in the town, one, with a doorway of the thirteenth century, is mentioned in vol. i. p. 180. The town-hall is of the fifteenth century, but modernized.
COMBE rectory-house is partly of the fifteenth century.
COTESFORD : a mansion of plain character, with cusped win- dows and chimneys of the fifteenth century.
DEDDINGTON. A fine rectorial house, of the sixteenth cen- tury, is engraved in a vignette in Skelton.
ENSTONEk. An ancient granary remains, with an inscription. This granary was founded and built in the year 1382.
EWELME Hospital is a remarkably fine and perfect specimen of a brick and timber building of the first half of the fifteenth century. It was founded, built, and endowed by William de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk, and Alice his wife, A.D. 1437, in which year the Duke obtained a licence from the crown " to found an almshouse for the support of two chaplains, and thirteen poor men." The first master was Sir John Saynesbury, who was also rector of the parish, and was buried in the church, with a brass plate to his memory, in 1454. He was appointed "for his long continuance, service, and attendance that he had in the building of the church of Evvelme and the house." The church is a very fine one, in the Perpendicular style, and is supposed by
k An elaborate history of this parish has been published by the Rev. J. Jordan.
OXFORDSHIRE. 271
Mr. J. Clark to be copied from that of Wingfield in Suffolk, where the De la Poles had another seat. The character bears more resemblance to the Suffolk churches than to those of Oxfordshire generally. The Hospital is joined by a covered way to the west end of the church, and the school-house, of the same period and style, is joined on to the Hospital on the other side. The buildings of the Hospital enclose a small quadrangular court, with a wooden cloister round it, and very rich barge- boards to the dormer windows. There are views of this quad- rangle and of the school-house in vignettes in Skelton's " An- tiquities of Oxfordshire," and in Napier's "History of Swin- combe and Ewelme."
GARSINGTON. A licence was granted 11 Edward n., "quod Willielmus de Monte Acuto possit kernellare manerium de Ker- sington." Portions of the old manor-house are remaining.
GODSTOW Nunnery. There are ruins of the domestic chapel and other remains of the fifteenth century, mentioned in vol. ii.
HAMPTON GAY. A fine manor-house of the sixteenth century is engraved as a vignette in Skelton.
HANWELL. A fine gatehouse of the fifteenth century, exhibit- ing a good specimen of brickwork temp. Henry vn. Leland calls this " a very pleasant and gallant house." A general view of the castle is engraved in Skelton, as it was when perfect.
HEYFORD, UPPER, has a house and barn of the sixteenth century.
HOOK NORTON : a small house at the south-east corner of the churchyard, with a stone chimney, ornamented with shields bearing the letters 3&. J¥t. and the sacred monogram i. f). C.
LITTLEMORE. Parts remaining of buildings of the sixteenth century, called " the Mynchery."
MAPLEDURHAM House is a fine example of Elizabethan archi- tecture, with handsome ceilings of onamental plaster. There is a priest's " hidinghole " on the upper floor. Some portions of the offices are of earlier date.
MINSTER LOVELL. There are considerable remains of the manor-house of Lord Lovell, of the fifteenth century. A vig- nette of part of the ruins is given in Skelton. The church,
272 EXISTING REMAINS.
which is a very remarkable one, seems to have belonged to the castle, and to have been rebuilt at the same time.
NEITHROP. A fifteenth-century window remains in a house in Boxhedge-lane.
NORTHMOOR has an Elizabethan house near the church, formerly the parsonage.
OXFORD. The Castle and Mills are described in vols. i. and ii. Wolsey's Almshouses and the remains of Bishop King's House and Kettel Hall are also worthy of notice.
We have frequently referred to the COLLEGES of Oxford and Cambridge as affording the most perfect examples of the larger houses of the fifteenth century; for any detailed account of them we must refer to the various works on the history and the buildings of these two great Universities. Of Oxford, Dr. In- gram's " Memorials" give, on the whole, the best account ; of Cambridge, Le Keux's " Memorials" is at present the best, but a more complete and systematic work is promised by the learned Professor Willis. The University of Paris seems to have served as a general guide in the formation of other Universities ; and the numerous buildings which it contained, such as the colleges of Navarre, Evreux, Lisieux, &c., were probably also the models of our English colleges l. It may be noticed that the Univer- sity of Alcala, in Spain, founded by Cardinal Ximeues, shews in its ground-plan (engraved by Verdier) a very remarkable coin- cidence with the plan of the buildings of Christ Church, founded by Cardinal Wolsey.
The name of college is used in so many different senses, that considerable caution is necessary in investigating this subject. In the middle ages a college often means only a community of priests, perhaps a foundation for three or four priests to serve a particular church or chantry ; on the other hand, a college in France at the present day means only a school for boys; in our usual sense of the word, as a place for lodging, boarding,
1 A good deal of information on this Parisiensis, 4 vols. folio. (Paris, 1665—
subject will be found in the Sistoire 68.) There is also a short account of
de I' Instruction publique en Europe, each of the colleges of Paris in Sauval's
par Vallet de Viriville, Paris, 1849, 4to. ; Histoire et Secherches des Antiquites de
and in Du Boulay, Historia Universitatis la Ville de Paris, vol. ii. pp. 372—381 .
OXFORDSHIRE. 273
and educating a certain number of poor scholars attached to a University, the earliest college known is believed to have been that of the Sorbonne at Paris, founded by Louis ix. in 1250. The example was soon followed by various eminent per- sons, both in Paris itself and in other countries. In Paris, the next of any importance was that of Navarre, founded in 1304, for seventy poor scholars ; but in the course of the two following centuries the number increased to an extraordinary extent, as many as eighty-eight colleges are enumerated in Paris alone, and the whole of the " Pres aux Clercs " and the " Quartier Latin" was occupied by the University. Many of these colleges were, however, of short duration, and there was never anything like that number existing at the same time. Many of them were evidently more of the nature of halls or hotels in the English Universities, and before the great Revolution of 1789, which swept the remains of them away, the number had dwindled down to ten.
The earliest college in England was founded by Walter de Merton, about 1270, and a small portion of the original build- ing remains, and is described in our last volume. Such a foundation for secular priests, as distinguished from the regu- lars, or monks, evidently supplied a want of the age, and here, as in France, the example was speedily followed, several colleges having been founded both in Oxford and Cambridge within a few years afterwards; but no other collegiate buildings were erected in either University until near the end of the fourteenth century, when we have the magnificent foundation of William of Wykeham, emphatically called New College, because it was, to a great extent, on a new system.
Previous to the foundation of colleges the academical halls were very numerous, both in Oxford and Cambridge, but these were merely houses for the reception of students, either under a Master of Arts who was licensed by the Chancellor, and of course such halls had no permanence, or attached to some of the great monasteries for training a due supply of monks. There were sometimes larger and more important structures and establishments, such as Canterbury Hall, belonging to the monks of Canterbury, now absorbed in Wolsey's great foundation, and N n
274
EXISTING REMAINS.
Durham Hall, now Trinity College, where the hall and the Pre- sident's house and the library belong to the old foundation, and shew it to have been as important as some of the colleges. Of the smaller halls there are also several remaining in Oxford, especially the old buildings of Worcester College, which form part of a group of small halls which went by the general name of Gloucester Hall, probably from the most important of them hav- ing belonged to the monks of Gloucester. The existing buildings on the south side of the quadrangle consist of four distinct halls, each with its separate walls, roof, and staircase, and the arms of the monastery it belonged to cut in stone over the door. There are also remains of several old halls about the town, mentioned in the " Oxford Guide," the most perfect of which was called White Hall, near the church of St. Peter-le-Bailey, opposite the
WLite Hall, Oxford.
Public Baths; this is partly of the fourteenth century and partly of the fifteenth, or it may have been originally two halls, though if so, they could have been little more than cottages. It will be seen that many of these smaller halls could not contain more than ten or twelve scholars.
Antony Wood says that in the thirteenth century there were more than three hundred halls in Oxford, and 30,000 scholars. It has always appeared to us that one of these O's was a slip of the pen, as an average of ten scholars to each hall is far more
OXFORDSHIRE. 275
probable than a hundred, and 3,000 scholars more probable than 30,000. The buildings of the existing colleges are, for the most part, simply a repetition of a nobleman's house of the same period, excepting that the chapel is a little more conspicuous and important in proportion to the other buildings. As these colleges have been carefully preserved and kept up, and in some instances are entirely unaltered, they are now the most perfect specimens of the large houses of the fifteenth century that we have anywhere remaining. Such houses as Haddon Hall, or Knole, or Penshurst might almost change places with some of the colleges. At Haddon Hall, for instance, the dining-hall separates two courts, or quadrangles, just as at a later period in Brasenose and Jesus Colleges in Oxford, and Trinity College, Cambridge; in the latter instance the back court is of later date, but probably replaces an earlier one. In Oxford, the most perfect college buildings are New College, Magdalen, and All Souls. At New College, the buildings containing the chambers round the quadrangle have been raised a story, which has destroyed the original character, but the hall with its staircase and tower, the kitchen, offices, and cellar, and the necessarium are original, and well worthy of careful study; the manner in which the staircase to the kitchen is corbelled out shews great boldness and skill in execution.
At Magdalen a great part has been rebuilt, and considerably altered. The hall is original and very good ; the offices are also in a great degree original, but the back staircase leading to the kitchen has been stopped up. The chambers over the gate- way for the use of the head of the college have been most carefully and sumptuously restored, the old tapestry being pre- served and repaired only. Similar chambers remain at Corpus Christi and at Balliol.
PYRTON Manor-house, Elizabethan. In the Rectory there is a wooden doorway of the fifteenth century, with quatrefoils and cusped panels.
RICOT House. A small portion remains of the mansion of the sixteenth century. Distant view in Skelton.
ROWSHAM has a fine Elizabethan mansion.
SHERBORNE Castle. Licence 51 Edw. HI,, "quod (M)arti-
276 EXISTING REMAINS.
nus de Insula possit kernellare mansum suum de Shirburn." The towers and outer walls are perfect, also the moat. There is a good view of the house in Skelton. It is mentioned in vol. ii. p. 267.
STANTON HARCOURT. The remains of the manor-house of the fifteenth century are considerable, and very interesting. The buildings originally enclosed a quadrangle, with the gate- house on one side, which remains perfect, but of later date than the rest ; one of the corner towers remains perfect, and is popu- larly known as Pope's Tower, that poet having been a frequent visitor here, and had his study at the top of this tower; the ground-floor of this tower is fitted up as the chapel. But by far the most interesting part of this house that remains is the kitchen, of which we give two views of the exterior and a plan ; the section of the interior has been already given at p. 151. It occupies a square tower, and has a battlement at the top, with a stair-turret at one corner leading to the alure behind the battlement, at the springing of the roof. The louvre-boards for the escape of the smoke and steam open on the alure, but there are fireplaces and ovens with chimneys in the thickness of the walls. The roof is pyramidal, and a very fine piece of carpentry; it is surmounted by a vane with the family crest. The arms of Harcourt and Byron occurring on the tower, shew that this house was built or rebuilt in the time of Edward iv. The gatehouse has the arms of Harcourt and Darell, shewing that it was built by Sir Simon Harcourt, who died in 1547.
This manor has belonged to the Harcourt family for six hundred years, but it does not include the whole parish. There is a second manor-house in the village, rebuilt about the time of Queen Anne ; and it is probably to this second manor that we must refer the licence to crenellate granted A.D. 1328, 1 Edward m., — "Quod Johannes Wyard dilectus vellettus noster possit kernellare mansum manerii sui de Staunton Har- court, co. Berks." There is no such place in Berkshire, but this is close to the borders, and the scribe probably mistook the county, or John Wyard may have had a manor on the other side of the river, although the house was in this village.
DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
A Plan of Parapet. B Below the Parapet, shelving the squinches.
PLAN OF ROOF.
C Locker, or Cupboard. D Ovens. E Door blocked up. F Fireplace. GROUND-PLAN.
KITCHEN, STANTON HARCOURT, OXFORDSHIRE.
DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
NORTH-WEST VIEW.
NORTH-EAST VIEW.
KITCHEN, STAN TON HARCOTJRT, OXFORDSHIRE.
BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. 277
STEEPLE BARTON Manor-house, of the sixteenth century, is given in a vignette in Skelton.
STUDLEY PRIORY. The present house is Elizabethan, but remains of the abbey have been traced.
SWALCLIF. The parsonage-house, with a fireplace and barn, are of the fifteenth century.
THAME. The present mansion is chiefly modem, with one wing of the time of Henry vin. ; there is a vignette of it in Skelton. The Grammar-school, 1569, is given in a vignette in Skelton. The Prebendal-house is of the thirteenth century, but excepting the chapel, the rest is modernized. See vol. i. p. 180.
WATER EATON House and chapel are good Jacobean.
WESTON-ON-THE-GREEN. The manor-house retains a doorway of the fifteenth century, and a shield charged with two bendlets in one of the foliated spandrels.
BUCKINGHAMSHIRE.
BORSTALL. Licence 6 Edward n. to Johannes de Handlo " quod possit kernellare mansum de Borstall juxta Brehull." The gatehouse remains, and is of the fifteenth century, with good moulded brick chimneys.
CHEYNIES, the palace of the Duke of Bedford, has part of the mansion of the time of Henry vin., with fine moulded brick chimneys and stepped gables.
ETON College. The ancient part is a fine specimen of brick- work of the time of Henry vn. ; it consists of two quadrangles, with a gateway-tower and a fine chapel of stone, chiefly re- markable for being of two stories, the upper one only being now used. A great part of the buildings are modern.
GAYHURST : fine manor-house of the time of Elizabeth.
LISCOMBE House is a mansion with cross-stepped gables and plain octagonal chimneys of Queen Mary's time. On one side of the court is the chapel, built in the fourteenth century.
MARLOW, GREAT : houses here are described in vol. ii. p. 268.
MEDMENHAM Abbey was a ruin in the time of Henry vin., of which some portions remain, but other parts were added in the last century, merely fo? picturesque effect.
NOTLEY Abbey. There are some very beautiful remains of the chapel of the thirteenth century, with details richly carved,
278 EXISTING REMAINS.
now turned into a barn. Other portions of the domestic build- ings of the fifteenth century also remain.
BERKSHIRE.
ABINGDON ABBEY. Licence 4 Edward in., " quod abbas et conventus de Abyndon possuit kernellare totum situm abbatiae, videlicet tarn domum sancti Johannis quam ecclesiam beati Nicholai infra precinctam ejusdem abbatise existentis muro," &c.
There are some remains of the buildings of the abbey, but none of the church or cloister; a small part of the remains belongs to the thirteenth century, with a fireplace and a chim- ney, of which we have given engravings in our first volume, p. 83. Other parts are of the fourteenth century, with a good window and double doorway of that period, on the triangular plan, one outer doorway leading into two rooms, an arrange- ment which is not common. Another part is of the fif- teenth century, with some fine, tall, octagonal chimney-shafts. The entrance-gatehouse from the town is also of the fifteenth century, and a fair example ; the north side of it joins on to the small church of St. Nicholas, which was the chapel or church at the abbey gate for the use of strangers and the dependants of the abbey.
ASHBURY Manor-house, fifteenth century.
DONYNGTON. Licence 9 Richard n. " quod Ricardus Abber- bury Senior, possit kernellare quoddam castrum de Donynton." The gateway is remaining, and is described in vol. ii. p. 269.
HENDRED, EAST, a curious domestic chapel of the fifteenth century, is described in the present volume under ' Chapel.' It belonged to the Carthusians of Shene, on whom the principal manor was bestowed by Henry v.
In an old house of timber and brick-nogging, with quatre- foils sunk in solid verge-boards, is preserved a panelled stone chimney-piece of the fifteenth century.
OCKWELL'S House, fifteenth century. This is now converted into a farm-house, and in a dilapidated state, but is nearly a perfect timber-house of the time of Henry vn., with re- markably rich barge-boards to the dormer windows of the front. The hall remains, with its roof and bay-window, and all one side of the room is one large panelled window, the lower
DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE : FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
OCKWELLS, BERKSHIRE.
PANELLED GABLE,
OCKWELLS, BERKSHIRE.
BEDFORDSHIRE. 279
part of which is bricked up; part of this window has been altered in Elizabethan work. The small courtyard is surrounded by buildings, of which the hall forms one side, and has a double wooden cloister, one over the other.
SHEFFORD (LITTLE) : the hall, of the time of Henry vin., is used as a barn.
WADLEY House. In the attic is a fine roof of the fifteenth century, with curved struts handsomely cusped.
WYTHAM. Part of the house of the Earl of Abingdon may be ancient, but it is thoroughly modernized. The church was rebuilt in 1820, partly of the materials of the Hall at Cumnor, some of the windows and details of which are thus preserved.
§ 9. BEDFORDSHIRE, HERTFORDSHIRE, AND MIDDLESEX.
BEDFORD has lost almost all traces of antiquity. There are some slight remains of the Grey Friars Monastery, consisting of the refectory, now a barn, and a small part of the cloisters, in a very mutilated state. The enceinte of the castle may be traced by the earthworks, but no portion of the building re- mains. Grose gives two plates of the old bridge, but it has since been rebuilt.
BUSHMEAD Priory was in the parish of Eaton Socon, and the refectory exists, though converted into a stable ; it is engraved in the " Ant. and Top. Cabinet," vol. ix,
DUNSTABLE Priory : scarcely anything is left excepting the fine church ; the entrance-gate and a vaulted chamber of late date are built in as part of a modern house. There was a royal palace here, but it is entirely destroyed.
LEIGHTON BUZZARD has a fine market cross of the fifteenth century, which has been frequently engraved.
NEWENHAM Priory was in the parish of Goldington ; a brick turret and a portion of wall mark the site.
ODELL Castle : a plain edifice, with few traces of architecture besides buttresses and battlements.
PUDDINGTON Manor-house : the moat remains, and some vestiges of the mansion in a farm-house on the site.
STEVINGTON. In the 9th Edward i. a licence was granted, " Quod Baldewinus Wake possit kernellare cameram in Sty-
280 EXISTING REMAINS.
venton, co. Bedf." The house has been destroyed, but a large barn of the fourteenth century remains.
SUMMERIES, or SOMERIES Castle, was in the parish of Luton, and a brick building of the time of Henry vi. ; the gatehouse is still in tolerable preservation, the rest has been destroyed.
At WILLINGTON there is a curious pigeon-house of the fifteenth century; it is oblong in plan, the work quite plain, but with remarkable corbelling, and the gables divided in corbie-steps, while the roof has openings for the birds to pass in and out. It is admirably calculated for its purpose, but would require a series of engravings to illustrate it properly. There is a modern building adjoining.
HERTFORDSHIRE.
ST. ALBAN'S Abbey was fortified under a licence granted in the 31st Edward in., but scarcely any of the buildings of the abbey are now in existence, excepting the magnificent church, and the gatehouse built in the time of Richard n. as part of the fortifications begun a few years earlier.
ASTON Place, originally ASTON-BURY, was rebuilt by Sir John Boteler in the time of Henry vin., and part of that structure is still existing; it is of brick, with ornamental chimneys of moulded brick.
CASHIOBURY House was originally built by the Morisons in the time of Henry vin., but " it has since been greatly altered and improved"
CHESHUNT Manor-house was built by Cardinal "Wolsey, "but has been much modernized" In the same parish are some fragments of the nunnery.
GORHAMBURY House was built by Lord Bacon, and some portions of that mansion are preserved ; there is a view of them in the "Beauties of England," vol. vii. p. 115.
HATFIELD House was built by Robert Cecil, first Earl of Salisbury, between 1605 and 1611. There are considerable remains of the palace built in 1478, by John Morton, Bishop of Ely, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury and Cardinal.
HEMSDEN House was built by Henry vin. ; the greater part has been pulled down, but a portion is preserved, and is sur- rounded by the moat.
HERTFORDSHIRE — MIDDLESEX. 281
HITCHIN : the basement of a house of the fifteenth century, with arched doorway, and a window of nine lights, in triplets, with cusps.
KNEBWORTH is a quadrangular brick building surrounding a small court, with a castellated gateway-tower in the centre of the principal front, which seems earlier than the rest. This part probably belongs to the mansion built by John Hotoft, treasurer of the household to Henry vi., who also built the church ad- joining, and his arms are on the tower.
The RYE House " was originally built under a licence from Henry vi., granted to Andrew Ogard and others, to impark the manor of Rye, and to erect thereon a castle with battle- ments and loopholes." Some remains of this structure, con- sisting chiefly of the gatehouse, with bay-windows, and a boldly wreathed chimney of moulded brick, are standing.
STANDON Lordship, rebuilt by Sir Ralph Sadleir, knt., in the reign of Queen Mary. In ruins.
THEOBALDS, in the parish of Cheshunt, was built by Lord Burleigh in the time of Elizabeth.
WALTHAM Cross is too well known by engravings to need any description here. In the town are some timber buildings of the time of Henry vm., with arched doorways of wood in the base- ment, which is of timber framework filled in with nogging; the first floor has an open gallery conducting to the several rooms, with a range of arched windows.
MIDDLESEX.
This county has long been too wealthy and flourishing to allow many old houses to continue standing, nevertheless there are a few interesting remains, and traces of many others. The Tower of London and the history of the City have been re- peatedly mentioned in our first and second volumes.
The Guild Hall, built in 1411, has a fine crypt under it of the same age as the rest of the building. It is a fine, large, and lofty crypt, with two rows of arches carried on clustered shafts, the capitals of which are alternately round and octagonal, and have good mouldings ; the vault is enriched with numerous ribs of a complicated pattern. The lower part of the hall itself also
282 EXISTING REMAINS.
is original, though the upper part of the walls and the roof are modern ; the walls are panelled, and there are fine Perpendi- cular windows at each end : there is a modern dais, higher than the original one. The entrance is in the centre of one side of the hall, with another door opposite to it ; and there is no ap- pearance of there ever having been the usual arrangement of a screen at the lower end, with a passage behind it for the servants.
The Crypt, known as Gerard e's Hall, was described and en- graved in vol. ii. p. 185. Crosby Hall is a very fine example of the hall of a merchant's house in the fifteenth century, built by Sir John Crosby between 1466 and 1475. It was carefully repaired and restored a few years since, and has been frequently engraved ; there is a series of fine plates of it in Britton's "Archi- tectural Antiquities," vol. iv., and a separate history of it has also been published and fully illustrated by engravings. It is situated near the railway station of the Eastern Counties in Bishopsgate-street, but so surrounded by modern buildings, that some enquiry is necessary to find it. There is a fine tomb of the founder and his lady in St. Helen's Church, Bishopsgate.
WESTMINSTER. Of the old Palace the only remnant is the magnificent hall: the splendid timber roof is of the time of Richard n., the lower parts of the walls are Norman, but en- tirely cased over and concealed ; it had originally two rows of arches like the nave and aisles of the church, as in other Norman halls, but these were removed when the present wide- spanned roof was erected. Of the domestic buildings of the abbey scarcely any have retained their ancient character, the state of the once beautiful chapter - house is a disgrace to the authorities and to the country. Of the School some of the buildings are original, especially the hall, of which an en- graving is given at p. 58.
HAMPTON COURT Palace still retains the grand gateway and quadrangle of the time of Henry vin., including the magnificent hall and the dining-chamber at the upper end of it, which seems to have here taken the place of the dais for the high table; the walls both of the hall and of this chamber are hung with fine tapestry, part of which is original ; the gallery and screens re-
EASTERN COUNTIES. — INTRODUCTION. 283
main at the lower end of the hall, with a flight of steps up to the principal entrance at one end of the screens; at the opposite end is a similar flight leading down to the kitchen and offices, which have been sadly spoiled by modern alterations within the last few years, but can still be made out. The stables are on the opposite side of the green, they are original, and form a small quadrangle, the lofts over them being turned into dwelling- rooms. A large part of the palace was rebuilt by Sir Chris- topher Wren. Cardinal Wolsey's part of the work was finished in 1526, but the diniug-chamber and the chapel seem to have been added by the king about ten years afterwards. The ini- tials H. and J., tied together by a true-love knot, occur several times in the ornaments. Jane Seymour was married to Henry in 1536, and died in the year following.
EASTERN COUNTIES. — INTRODUCTION.
THE want of stone in this district led to the frequent use of brick at all periods. These were made after the Roman fashion, large and flat, more like modern tiles than the usual Flemish shape which we are accustomed to call bricks; the earliest example known in England of these is Little Wenham Hall, of the time of Henry in. Previous to that time the Roman form was used, as at the Norman Castle and St. Botolph's Priory, Colchester, and hundreds of arches over the doors and windows of churches. In the south of France and other districts where stone was scarce, brick was used at all periods, and the Roman fashion of making them was continued to as late a period. The earliest use of moulded brick has not yet been investigated ; it is commonly assumed as a proof that a building belongs to the time of Henry vm. ; but Mr. R. C. Hussey has demonstrated that it was used as early as the fourteenth century, if not earlier, as in the remains of Coggeshall Abbey in the thirteenth. Pro- bably when the matter has been investigated, it will be found that there are many examples of all periods. There seems reason to think that at Falkbourn Hall they occur early in the fifteenth century.
284 EXISTING REMAINS.
§ 10. NORFOLK, SUFFOLK, CAMBRIDGESHIRE, AND ESSEX.
BEAUPRE Hall is the ruin of an extensive mansion of brick and stone, of the time of Henry vin. The gatehouse with octagonal turrets, the porch, and some other fragments are preserved.
BLICKLINO Hall was rebuilt by Sir John Hobart in 1626, and is a fine brick mansion of that period in a very perfect state. It contains some finely carved spandrels of stone, of the fifteenth century, brought from Caister Castle.
CASTLE ACRE. The remains of the castle are mere picturesque ruins of the flint walls of a circular Norman keep. The priory has still the beautiful west front of the church, and extensive ruins of the domestic buildings, chiefly Norman flint-work, with portions of later date, especially the entrance gatehouse of the time of Henry vin., and the prior's house, which is attached to the south-west corner of the church, and is in a ruinous state, though parts of it are sufficiently perfect to be made out. The lower story is chiefly Norman ; in the first floor is a chamber of the fourteenth century, which seems to have been the prior's chapel, and has the eastern part, or sanctuary, vaulted, and has a large Decorated east window. To this has been added a late Perpen- dicular wing, probably immediately after the Dissolution, form- ing the whole house into three sides of a quadrangle.
CAISTER Castle, near Yarmouth, is an interesting ruin of a brick mansion built by Sir John Fastolfe, who died in 1459. The moat remains, and one wall with a round tower at the angle in a ruinous state, and a small arched recess, with windows on two sides, called the chapel, but having more the appearance of the bay-window of the hall. The dressings are of stone; the parapet was carried on a corbel- table, which probably formed machicoulis.
COSTESSEY, or COSSEY Hall, the seat of Lord Stafford, was built in the time of Queen Mary, with stepped gables, oc- tagonal turrets, and plain chimneys, all of brick. The original chapel was in the roof. In the adjoining mansion, built in 1826, from a design of Mr. J. C. Buckler, a chamber is fitted up with
NORFOLK. 265
the finely carved wood-work of an entire room of the fifteenth century, brought from the Abbey of St. Amand at Rouen.
DEREHAM Abbey. The gatehouse remains : it is a fine square Perpendicular tower, with an octagonal turret at each corner.
EAST BARSHAM Hall was begun by Sir Henry Fermor in the reign of Henry vu., and completed by his son in the time of Henry vni., but nearly forty years elapsed before the whole was finished. It is considered one of the richest specimens of brick- work. There are engravings of it in the Vetusta Monumenta, vol. iv. ; Britton's " Architectural Antiquities/' vol. ii. ; and Pugin's "Examples," vol. i. It is sometimes called Wolterton Manor-house at East Barsharn, and this is the name used by Pugin.
FELBRIGG Hall, the seat of the Windham family, is partly of the time of Henry vui., but the greater part is modern.
HUNSTANTON Hall, the seat of H. Styleman Lestrange, Esq., was built in the time of Henry vu., but has been almost entirely destroyed by fire at a recent period.
ELMHAM was a seat of the bishops of Norwich, and a licence to crenellate it was granted to the bishop in the llth Richard ii. " It stood on a small hill, surrounded by an entrenchment, which is still remaining, and includes about five acres of land." The inner keep was also encompassed with a deep foss, which comprehended about two acres. The few remains of this palace are now overgrown with briars and thorns.
At LYNN REGIS there are numerous domestic and civil anti- quities. The Town-hall, formerly that of the Trinity Guild, is a fine Perpendicular building, with a large window towards the street. This lights the lower end of the hall itself, which has been longer than it is at present : it has stone seats at the sides, and blank arches against the wall. The roof is of a canted form, rising from shafts with octagonal capitals, their bases standing on the stone seat. The tie-beam is original; the canted part has been tampered with, but that something of the same kind was the original arrangement is shewn by the height of the great window, which rises some way above the tie-beam. Beneath the hall is a long range of vaults, in two
286 EXISTING REMAINS.
series of bays, which must have had a range of pillars, but the vaults having been made into cells for prisoners, every single pillar is now imbedded in the wall. The vaulting-shafts are octagonal, (this seems the local form, in Somerset they would be round) ; the vault quite plain quadripartite.
An addition to the hall, which, except perhaps the angle tur- rets, has been remodelled in rich cinque-cento, and exhibits the name and arms of Queen Elizabeth, makes part of the same fa9ade in the street. The whole is a good example of the Nor- folk flint-work, but arranged merely in alternate squares, with- out any more elaborate pattern.
Near St. Margaret's Church, running parallel with it on the south side, are some remains of the adjacent priory. Probably the two were connected by a cloister, but as the nave has been rebuilt, there are now no traces of it.
At Lynn there is also a very curious structure called the Chapel of our Lady of the Mount, or the Red Mount, which indeed contains a chapel for the exhibition of some celebrated relics of our Lady, and a crypt for their preservation, but was clearly also, in part at least, a domestic structure for the accom- modation of pilgrims or residence of clergy. It was built after 1482, but it appears that fragments of an earlier structure were wrought up in the walls. Its general appearance is that of a massive octagon of brick, with domestic windows, at the top of which rises a miniature cross church of stone, of extremely fine Avorkmanship. The building contains three stages; the lowest is a crypt with a plain barrel-vault, this seems also to have been a chapel; the central one can be approached from the outside by a door of its own. The upper stage contains the main chapel, a beautiful piece of late Perpendicular work with a rich groined vault; the space between the cruciform chapel and the room under it, and the octagonal external wall, is chiefly taken up by the staircase and passages, but in one corner a distinct small room is found. In the chapel are squints from the surrounding passage to view the altar and the relics on those days when they were exhibited upon it.
The town is also rich in remains of more strictly domestic architecture, there being many traces of what seem to have
NORFOLK. 287
been the residences of the principal merchants. Their remains are very fragmentary, but by comparing several together, we may form a general idea of what they were ; they were quad- rangular, one side being in the street, and the rest forming a court behind it. A passage led from the street into the court, opening into the former by a doorway, which was often elaborately enriched; of these many remain, chiefly late Perpendicular, sometimes of timber, sometimes of stone, often with finely en- riched doors ; several good specimens are found in Nelson- street, and an early Decorated example in St. Nicholas'-street. The lower part of the street front was, sometimes at least, open with wooden arches, as a shop.
In Bridge-street is a grand house of later date, 1605, of brick built into timber herring-bone fashion. One of the rooms is enriched with a series of religious paintings and inscriptions on the walls. An inscription with I.R. shews them to be con- temporary, but they look very medieval.
In King-street is a large building called St. George's Hall, that namely of St. George's Guild ; it is in a very dilapidated condition, though nearly perfect. Its general design was the same as that of the Trinity Guild, the street front having a large window with two doors below.
Lynn