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MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.

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Sop lira bert /895—Sebeuany 24, 1894.

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~ TRANSACTIONS

jt S@ x OF THE

ROYAL SOCIETY of SOUTH AUSTRALIA.

V OE CN EL Part 1.

[With ’Two PLATES. ]

EDITED BY PROFESSOR RALPH TATE.

ISSUED JUNE, 1893.

Adelaide :

W. C.. RIGBY, 74, KING WILLIAM STREET.

Parcels for transmission to the Royal Society of South

-Australia, from Europe and America, should be addressed

-*©per W. C. Rigby, care Messrs. Thos. Meadows & Co.,
35, Milk Street, Cheapside, London.

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VOL. MIL Part.-LE. is 1s ‘ Ge

For 1892-93, ON

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CON EE NES.

PAGE.
Lower, OswaLp B.: List of South Australian Rhopalocera .. 1
‘Tepper, J. G. O.: The Flora $f Roebuck Bay, West Australia 13
ErHeripGe, R., Jun.: The ‘‘Mirrn-Yong” Heaps at Nor’.-West
Bend, River Murray 21
Tepper, J. G. O.: The Blattariz of Australia and Polynesia 25
GoyprER, G. A.: Ona New Mineral (Stibiotantalite) ... 127
TEPPER, J. G. O.: A New Parasite of the Black-scale . 129
Buackgeurn, Rey. T.: New Genera and Species of Australian —
Coleoptera... - -... | . 130
-GROUVELLE, E.: Descriptions of a New Genus and Five Species of
Australian Nitidulidz and Colydiide .. 141
Lower, OswaLp B.: New Australian Lepidoptera 140
RENNIE, Pror. HE. H., and Turner, E. F.: Poisonous Constituents
of Stephania hernandifolia . 186
Tarr, Pror. R.: New Species of Australian Marine Gastropoda _
(plate i.) ... ine i oy oa Bae or ... 189
Additions to the List of S. Australian Marine
Gastropoda Real he)
Tate, Pror. R., and Dennant, J.: Correlation of Marine Tertiaries
of Australia (Part I.), Victoria (plate ii.) * BO33;

4

Pe
s

TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS

AND

RK E Eerie

OF THE

ROYAL SOCIETY of SOUTH AUSTRALIA.

IW QOL Se Vine.

For 1892-93.

EDITED BY PROFESSOR RALPH TATE.

Y-
[With Tren Puares. |

Adelaide :

W..C. BEGBY, 74, KING WILLIAM STREET.

~ DECEMBER, 1893.

Parcels for transmission to the Royal Society of South

Australia, from Europe and Americe. should be addressed

‘‘per W. C. Rigby, care Messrs. Thos. Meadows & Co.,
35, Milk Street, Cheapside, London.’

Aoprl Society of South Australia.

ed
Hatron :
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN.
Vice-Patron :
HIS EXCELLENCY THE EARL OF KINTORE, K.C.M.G., &e.

GC) SEO ae EG ae Oe =
[Elected October 17, 1893.]
President :

PROFESSOR R. TATE, F.G.S.,, F.1.8.
(Representative Governor.)
Vice-Dresidents :

REV. THOS. BLACKBURN, B.A.

MAURICE HOLTZE, F.L.S.
Hon, Crevsurer :
WALTER RUTT, C.E.
Hon, Secretaries :
W. L.. CLELAND, M.B. | W. C. GRASBY.

atlembers of Gouncil:

SAMUEL DIXON | W. B. POOLE
WALTER HOWCHIN, F.G.S. | PROFESSOR K. H. RENNIE,
Tee hOYD | DSc¢.3. HC:

H.C. STIRLING, €.M.G.,. SED. MEAS Pisce:

CONT Eas:

PART I. (Issued June, 1893.)

Lower, OswaALp b.: List of South Australian Rhopalocera

Teprer, J. G. O.: The Flora of Roebuck Bay, West Australia

ETHERIDGE, R., JuN.: The “ Mirrn ue Heaps at Nor’-West
Bend, River Murray eis

iimeren.). G. O.: The Blauiante of Pacer and Polymeai

GoypbErR, G. A.: On a New Mineral (Stibiotantalite)

Trrrer, J. G. O.: A New Parasite of the Black-scale

BLACKBURN, Rev. T.: New Genera and Species of Ancteleg
Coleoptera (XIII.) .

GROUVELLE, E. eccipuon of a New rOenue sad Five Species o
Australian Nitidulide and Colydiide

LowkER, OswaLp b.: New Australian Lepidoptera

RENNIE, Pror. E. H., and TurRNER, E. F.: Poisonous @anehieente
. of piephanin hernandifolia ...
TATE, Pror. R. : New Species of Austr alian Marine e Gastropoda

Tate, Pror. R.: Additions to the List of South Australian Marine
G astropoda_ sf :

Tater, Pror. R., and REE ANT, ae Carvelation of Manne ibentineien
of Australia (Part I. , Victoria)

PART II. (Issued December, 1893.)

Stretton, W. G. : Aboriginal Tribes of the Gulf of Carpentaria
Mackintiov, Rey. D.: Aboriginal Tribes of the Daly-river
Trepvrer, J. G. O. : South Australian Brachyscelid Galls

TEPPER, J. G. O. : Notes on South Australian Rhopalocera
Lower, O. b.: New Australian Heterocera

BLACKBURN, Rev. T.: New Genera and Species of Ankiraltan
Coleoptera (XIV.) ..

Pare, PRor. Ry :) The erences of ae Older Reta ae Pyasteulia
(Part V2) A at

HowcuHix, WALTER : ee nina and Mirrabuokinna Ree

Abstract of Proceedings ahs ee ae!
Annual Report

Balance-sheet .

Donations to fhe Tabraee

List of Fellows

APPENDICES.
Proceedings, Aunual Report, and Balance-sheet of the Field Naturalists’
Section ve a8 <8 = 0
Annual Report and Balance-sheet of the Microscopical Section
Annual Report and Balance-sheet of the Astronomical Section

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LIST OF SOUTH AUSTRALIAN RHOPALOCERA.
By Oswatp B. Lower, F.E.S.

[Read February 7, 1893.]

As some ten years have elapsed since the publication of Mr.
Tepper’s list of South Australian Rhopalocera (Trans. Roy. Soc.
S.A., 1881), I have deemed it advisable to write the present paper,
especially as the list has been considerably augmented by the
addition of several interesting species hitherto unrecorded for
this colony. It is usually considered, I believe, that the scarcity (?)
of Rhopalocera in this colony is due to the great dryness during
the season of flight ; also the severe droughts we are subjected to,
&e. But my honest conviction is that the scarcity is due to the
want of systematic collecting. Unfortunately, we possess but
very few energetic entomologists among our members, and until
we have more workers must rest content with slow progress in
this particular branch. It will be gratifying, however, to know
that we have found several species new to the colony. In
Tepper’s list 27 species were said to occur here; in the present
paper I am able to bring the total up to 40 species, chiefly
through the diligent collecting of my two brothers—Messrs.
Harold and Rupert Lower. I have excluded the doubtful species,
a list of which will be found at the end of this paper. All the
species have been taken within a radius of 30 miles of Adelaide,
excepting the Port Lincoln species, and I have no doubt that
when other districts are properly worked our list will be still
further increased.

Papiuio, Linn.
1, Pap. ErirHontus, Cram., var. SrHENELUS, McLeay.

King’s Survey Aust., IT., p. 457, n. 133, 1827; Zepp., Trans.
Roy. Soc., 8.A., for 1881.

Blackwood, Reedbeds, Macclesfield, in October and November;
a scarce species ; larve found at Brighton, feeding on Psoralea
adscendens, in February.

TERIAS, Swain.
2. T. Smitax, Don.

Pap. 8., Ins. N.H., t. 20, f. 3, 1805; Zepp., Trans. Roy. Soc.
S.A., for 1881.

Syn.—T. ingana, Wall, Tr. Ent. Soc., ser. iiiiv., p. 332, n. 10,
1867 ; T. sinta, Wall, l.c., 1867.

Parkside, Belair, Blackwood, and Highbury, from November

2

to February. Most common in October, frequenting blossoms of
Cape dandelion (Cryptostemma calendulacea), the colour of which
agrees so well with the insects as to make it very difficult to
discern them.

Pieris, Schr.

3. P. Treutonia, abr.

Pap. T., Syst. Ent., p. 474, n. 137, 1775 ; Tepp., Tr. Roy. Soe.
S.A., for 1881.

Syn.—Pap. coronea, Cram., Pap. Ex. -1,/t. 68, 1B.C., 1779s
female Pap. Deiopeia, Don., Ins. N.H., t. 21; £ 2, 1é0a¢
P. Clytie, Don., le, t. 19, £. 2, 1805; P. Niseia, Macl., King’s
Surv. Aust., App. 459, n. 138, 1827.

Parkside, Blackwood, Waterfall Gully, &c.; also in the Botanic
Gardens, Adelaide, frequenting Capparis spinosa in November,
and again in March. On November 15, 1889, this species
appeared in hundreds passing from south to north. The following
day scarcely one was to be seen, nor have I observed them in
such numbers since. Its proper food plant is Capparis Mitchell,
but we have reared specimens from the egg-stage by feeding with
C. spinosa.

Egg.—Cylindrical, slightly narrowing at both ends, longitudin-
ally grooved with 8 to 10 furrows. Colour, orange; after the
larva emerge the shell becomes pearly white. The eggs are
deposited on the underside of the terminal leaves in clusters of
from 15 to 26. The imago deposits them at the rate of about 13
a minute, and when examined they resemble miniature ninepins.
They hatch nine days after being laid. Length, 1} mm.

Young larve (on emergence).—Dull orange-yellow, head and
anal segment fuscous. All the segments are furnished with long
hairs, being longest on anterior segment. The young larva on
exclusion begin to feed voraciously on the shell of the egg, after-
wards on the leaf of food plant. Length, 3 mm.

After First Moult.—Head black, body light-brown, thickly
studded with golden yellow spots and whitish hairs, giving the
caterpillar a very pretty appearance. Length, 9 mm.

After Second Moult.—No perceptible difference excepting that
the colour of body is more whitish, and has a somewhat polished
appearance. Length, 18 to 22 mm.

Larve Full Grown.—Head shining black, minutely dusted
with yellowish and covered with rather long, erect whitish hairs.
Body shining dark-brown, with a darker dorsal streak, minutely
sprinkled with short erect hairs. Second and third segments
with a collar of moderate-sized golden yellow spots placed
anteriorly. Fourth and fifth similar. All other segments have
six golden spots about same size as preceding, only instead of

3

being in the form of a collar are placed triangularly. Three
placed each side of dorsal streak, two anteriorly, and one pos-
teriorly ; anal segment blackish, with collar of similar spots, but
rather larger than preceding, a moderate greenish lateral stripe
above spiracles. Spiracles golden yellow, rather prominent.
Belly and sides rather thickly studded with long white hairs.
Colour of abdomen greenish yellow.

Chrysalis.—Sordid ochreous-white, the colours of imago show-
ing through the transparent skin, especially so in the male.
Head case pointed and rugose. Thoracic region strongly elevated
into a roughened ridge, bearing at the junction of abdomen two
spines acutely produced. Abdomen sprinkled with blackish, and
each segment has a pointed protuberance, and on each side of this
two small, whitish shining tubercles. Sides broadly white,
Spiracles dull yellowish. The chrysalis is held in position by a
fine white ligament fastened to the stem of plant. Average
length of chrysalis, 15 mm.; width, about 4mm. The imago
emerges eight days after transformation. The colour agreeing
very well with the white flowers of food-plant.

Deias, Hub.

4. D. AGanrppE, Don.

Pape nst. NH. ¢..29, 13805.;, Zepp. (Pier. Ag.) Ero Roy:
Soc., S.A., for 1881.

Parkside, Blackwood, Petersburg, Fullarton, Teatree Gully,
and Highbury, from September to January ; feeds on Loranthus
linophyllus ; most common during January at Highbury. Mr. R.
Lower took a specimen at. Unley in June.

The female of this species is figured in Tepper’s paper as Delias
(Pieris) Harpalyce, Don., although the median discal dot is not
shown. The fig., however, does not represent “ Harpalyce.”

CALLIDRYAS, Bdi.

6. C. PYRANTHE, Linn.

Pap. P., Syst. Nat. 1, p. 469, nm. 66, 1758.

Syn.—Pap. Chryseis, Dru., Ill. Ex. Ent. 1, t. 12, £. 3, 4,1778 ;
Pap. Gnome, /ab., Syst. Ent. App., p. 808, 1775; P. Gnoma,
Fab., Syst. Ent. App., p. 828, n. 152, 153, 1776 ; P. Alcyone,
Cram., Pap. Ex. L., t. 58, A.-C., 1779 ; P. flavocinerascens, Goeze,
Ent. Beyt.. IIT. I, p. 183, n. 86, 1779 ; P. Phillipina, Cram., Pap.
ix EV, t. 361, C.D 17825) 2. nephte, Fab., Syst. Ent. IT. 1,
p. 190, n. 588, 1793; P. Tlea, Fab., l.c., Supp., p. 426, 1798 ;
E- Minna, Herbst., Nat. Schm., V:; +. 89, fig. 1, 2, 1792; C. This-
erilla, Bdv. (nec Wall), sp. gen. I., p. 609, n. 3, 1836; C. Evan-
gelina, Buitl., Tr. Ent. Soc., p. 11, n. 6, 1870.

+

T have seen a specimen of this insect, taken by Mr. E. Guest
at Balhannah. It was hovering over apple blossoms when dis-
covered. It is a fairly common Queensland species, but hitherto
unrecorded for South Australia.

Danats, Latr.
6. D. preritia, Séol/.

Pap. p., Supp. Cramer’s Pap. Ex., p. 132, t. 28., £. 3, 1787-91.

Parkside, Waterfall Gully (rather common), Mount Gawler,
Blackwood, &c., from November to May. Most common during
April, but never very abundant.

Tepper calls this D. Chrysippus, Linn., in his list, a widely
different species, and not known to occur in Australia.

D. Erippus, Cramer.

Pap. E., Pap. Ex., I, t. 3, A.B., 1775 ; Guest, Tr. Roy. Soe.
SAL, vol VIIL, p: 61, 1886.

Syn.—D. plexippus, Linn. (Papilio), Mus. Ulr. p. 262, 1764 ;
D. Archippus, Zinn. (Papilio), Syst. Nat. 1, 2, p. 767, 1767 ;
D. Archippe, Godé., Enc. Meth., [X., p. 184, n. 28, 1819 ; Anosia
megalippe, #b., Samml. Ex. Schm., 1806-24.

Waterfall Gully and Brighton, two specimens. This species is
now very plentiful at Waterfall Gully, frequenting its food-plant
(Gomphocarpus fruticosus) during April and May. The larva is
too well-known to need description, but I may state, so far as my
experience goes, the bred specimens cannot compare with those
caught on the wing for size or colour. The species is greatly sub-
jected to the attacks of a parasitic dipter (the name of which I
have been unable to find). It is our tinest species, sometimes
measuring 54 inches in expanse.

Xenica, West.
8. X. ACHANTA, Don.

Pap. A., Ins. N. H., A.22,f.2,,1805;

Syn.—Tisiphone Achanthe, Hub., Zutr. Ex. Sch., f. 267, 268,
1823; Lasiomata ocrea, Guest, Tr. Roy. Soc. 8.A., V., p. 385,
1882.

Common during December and January at Waterfall Gully ;
also taken near Balhannah. Not mentioned in Tepper’s 1881
list.

9. X. Kiuen, Guer. .

Sat. Ki, Voy. Coq., t. 17, fig. 2, 1829; Tepp., Tr. Roy. Soe
S.A., for 1881.

~

a

Syn. —Satyrus Singa, Bdv., Voy. Astrol. Lep., p. 145, n. 3,
1832 ; Las. philerope (pars), Westw., l.c. 19, 1851.

Blackwood, Waterfall Guily, Belair, &c.; most common at
Belair during November and December.

HeETERONYMPHA, Wallen.
10. Her. Meropg, /'ad.

Ran. Mi, Syst. Ent:, p. 495, n. 226) 1115 Tepp.,, Erumoy. Soc:
S.A., for 1881.

Syn.—Oreas Nubila Ginomais, #b., Samm. Ex. Sch., L, t. 94,
figs. 1-4, 1806; female, Pap. Themis, Dalm., Anal. Ent., p. 42, n.
10, 1823; male, Sat. Archemor, Godt., Enc. Meth., LX., p. 500,
Meeoa LO lo:

Woodside, Belair, Mount Gawler, Teatree Gully, Blackwood ;
common during November, December, and January. I have
noticed that the male insects appear earlier than the female.

PyrameEIs, [1wb.
eR tania.

Pap. Itea, Syst. Ent., p. 498, n. 238, 1775; Tepp., Tr. Roy. Soc.,
1882.

Parkside, Blackwood, Yorketown, Mount Gawler, Belair, We. ;
common September to March. Feeds on stinging nettle (Urtica
wrens). I have bred them from the chrysalis in November, and
also in March, so that it would appear to have two broods during
the year.

12. P. Kersuawi, McCoy.

Oynuhia, Koann., IN. iE, ser; 4, 1p: 16, 1868. P. Cardin,
Tepp., Tr. Roy..Soc., for 1881.

Common at Parkside, Petersburg, Yorketown, Waterfalls, &e.
I have bred this species in December, the chrysalis being found
under dry clumps of cowdung. It is ou the wing from August
to May.

JuNONIA, /Hb.
13d. VEELIDA, fab.

Pap. V., Mant. Ins., p. 35, n. 366, 1787; Tepp., Tr. Roy. Soc.,
PVC ass2.

Common at Parkside, Woodside, Waterfall Gully, Belair, &e.,
from September to March, frequenting dry ground, especially
those of a red-clay nature, the colour of which no doubt pro-
tects the species from observation. Sometimes they are very
dwarfed in appearance. I have specimens less than one inch in
expanse. In Tepper’s list the name is incorrectly spelt as
‘ Junonisa.”

6

Lucia, Swain.
14. Lucta Lucanus, Fab.

Hesp. L., -Ent. Syst., [i13.4, py 3225.0 221571793.

Syn.—L. limbaria, Sevain (nec Blanch), Zool. Ill. Ins., I1., t
135, 1833; Chrysophanus discifer, H. S., Stett. Ent. Ziet, p. 72,
n, 21, t. 4, f. 21, 1869 5: Tepp. (uyexna; Dap ir, Koy. soc. mea
TV., 1882.

As Miskin rightly points out, this species has been confused
with Chrysophanus aurifer, Blanch, a very dissimilar species, and
to my knowledge not taken here, although said to be, the mistake
no doubt being caused by wrong identification.

Woodside, Black Forest (South-road), Parkside, &c., not
common, frequents stinkwort (mula graveolens) during October
to May.

Lamprpes, //wb.
15. L. Baticus, Linn.

Pap. B., Syst. Nat., 12 ed., I, 2, p, 789, n. 226, 1767 5 age
(Cupido B.), Trans. Roy. Soc., IV., 1882.

Syn.—Hesperia Beetica, Fab., Ent. Syst., I1I., 1, p. 280, n. 77,
1793; Pap. Coluthex, /wess, Schweiz. Ins., p. 31, n. 594, f. 2,
1775: Pap. Dameetes, Yab., Syst. Ent., p. 526, n. 350, 1775;
Pap. Dameetas, Esper., Ges. Eur. Schm., t. 28, f. la, 16, t. 29,
f. la 1b, 1806-18; Pap. pisorum, Fowrc., Ent. Paris, IT., p. 242,
n. 25, 1785; Pap. Archias, Cram., Pap. Ex., 11,4. 131) fete

A cosmopolitan sp. Parkside, Woodside, &c., &e. Common
during December, November, to February.

Lycana, ab.
16. L. sBrocetnata, Feld.
Reise Novara, Lep., II., p. 280, n. 352, t. 35, f. 14, 1869.
syn.—Cupido adamapuncta, Vepp., Tr. Roy. Soc. 8.A., IV.,
1882.
Parkside, Blackwood, Waterfall Gully, from August to
February. Most common at Blackwood in August.

17. L. tasrapus, Godart.

Poly. L., Enc., Meth., [X., p. 680, n. 197, 1819.

Syn.—Lyc. communis, H. 8., Stett. Ent. Zeit., p. 72, n. 36,
1869; Lyc. Alsulus, H. 8., Le, 1869, p. 75; female, Poly.
Diogenes, Blanch, Voy. Pole Sud., IV., Ins., p. 397, t. >, ft. boy
1855; Lyc. Phebe, Murray, Ent. Mo. Mag., X., p. 107, 1873 5
Cupido delicata, Tepp., Tr. Roy. Soc. 8.A., IV., p. 30, t. 2, fz
1882 ; Lycena pervulgatus, Guest, l.c., V., p. 36, 1882.

a
(

Common from December to March. Waterfall Gully, Wood-
side, Belair, Parkside, &c.

18. L. serpentata, H. 8.

Ent. Zeit., p. 74, p. 32, 1869.

Syn.—Cupido molybdena, Gwest, Tr. Roy. Soc., 8.A., IV., p. 36,
S82.” C. fasciola, Tepp., lic. p: 30; 278113, 18éss.

Waterfalls, Parkside, &c. Common. On the banks of the
River Torrens (at the back of Police Barracks) we have taken
this species in abundance during January and February, frequent-
ing a weed.

[oe TE PAGEIComA, 3). -Facand. We

Lucia A., Gen. D.L., IL., p. 496, note t. 76, f. 4, 1850-2; Zepp.,
inlays Soe) Sac WNe sp. 29) t..27, 2.851882:

Belair and Blackwood, not uncommon during October and
November.

Houocui.a, Feld.
20. H. Hearut, Coz.

L. Heathi, Ent., IV., p. 402, 1873.

Syn.—Lyc. paradoxa, G'uest, Trans. Roy. Soc. 8.A., 1882.

Waterfalls, Belair, Blackwood, &c. October to January, most
common at Belair in January ; frequenting flowers of Bursaria
spinosa, the colour of which agrees remarkably well with that of
the insect, 7.¢., the underside.

21. H. ERinus, Fab.

Pap. E., Syst. Ent., p. 525, n. 348, 1775.

Syn.—H. anita, Semp., Mus., Godf., Lep., XIV., p. 163, 1878;
male, H. hyacinthus, Sp., lc. 162, 1878; Scott, Mss. liye.
bimaculosa, Leach, Mss.; Cupido simplexa, Tepp., Tr. Roy.
SOc, SA, leo Lyc: Morens, dios, Ann: Hf. WS. ‘ser, 5,
XVI, p- 377, L680 ;' Pol. subpallidus, Lucas, Pro. BR. Soc. Q.,
ANE Apeye3

Cherry Gardens, Woodside, Belair, Blackwood. September to
February, very common at Blackwood in February.

Our species appear to be the var. (?) Mw@rens, Rosen, but I think
it 1s a good species, and not a variety.

Hypocurysops, /e/d.
22. Hyp. IGNITA, ceach.
liye. I, Zool. Mise, 1., p/ to6;%: 60, fig. 1-3, 1814.

Port Lincoln and Blackwood. Very scarce, taken during
November and December. Beaten from Acacia pycnantha,

8

which is in all probability its food plant; as an allied species
H. delicia, Hew., feeds on “ Blackwood” (Acacia melanoxylon).
This beautiful specimen has not been recorded previously for S.A.

Tatmenus, Huw.

23. 1. Inuiper1, Lucas.

Proc. Royal Soc. Queensland, p. 156, f. 1-2, 1889.

Parkside and Highbury. Common in larval state, but more
scarce in the wing. Not previously taken here.

In Miskin’s Catalogue for 1891 I notice that this species is
quoted as synonymic with ictinus, Hew. Now, I am always
amenable to reasonable queries, but I think Miskin goes a little
too far. There is as much difference, if not more, between the
two above-mentioned than between Lyc. agricola, D. H. and W.,
and serpentata, H.S. If they are the same as Miskin says, how
is it that we do not get “ictinus” down here? And _ how is it
that our larve are green, whilst the Brisbane and Victorian
forms are brown ? The typical “ Illidgei” differs very little from
our species, and is immediately recognisable by the absence of
black markings on underside, which are so prominent in the true
‘ictinus.” Larva full fed. Length, 26 mm. Moderately stout,
tapering at both ends. Head small, shining black, with a few
whitish scattered strigula. Body bright yellowish-green, sides
more yellowish ; second segment with two curiously raised wart-
like protuberances of a dark crimson colour, which are thickly
covered with moderately long hairs ; third and fourth segments
with somewhat similar protuberances, but not hairy, like second.
Segments from seven to ten inclusive are marked with curious
uninterrupted wedge-shaped spots on dorsum. On each side of
these spots is a deep crimson blotch, corrugated at sides, the pos-
terior portion being raised in the form of an erect projection—
those on anal segment much larger—sparsely furnished with
hairs. Spiracles ochreous-yellowish, margined with brown. Be-
neath each spiracle is a tuft of scattered hairs, generally about
six. Anal segment is densely covered with short blackish hairs.
Belly light green, sides densely clothed with short whitish hairs.

Chrysalis pitchy-black, shining. Abdominal segments marked
with ochreous-yellow lines. A similar line placed dorsally from
head to base of thorax, and continued round the wing-covers.
Spiracles orange-yellow. Length, 13 to 15mm. Feeds on Acacia
pycnantha, the larva being covered with small ants. The
chrysalis is usually found at the foot of the tree, and the perfect
insect emerges in from six to nine days, males predominating.

24. I. 1nous, Hew.
Ill. D. L., p. 54, n. 3, t. 24, fig. 1-2, 1865.

9

Syn.—l. icilius, Hew., l.c., fig. 3; Cupido cneus, Zepp., Trans.
ne poce Ae LV 3, p, 29, t..2, f 9) 1882:

Parkside (rare), Blackwood, Highbury, Belair, &c., November
to January. Most common at Belair in January.

Oayris, Westw.
25..O. oTaNneEs, eld.

Reise Nov. Lep., IT., p. 217, n. 234, t. 28, f. 1-3, 1865 ; Zepp.,
ivemtuoyossec.. S.A., 1 V.,2p- a2, ti, eal 68253 Teno, male,
Q. halmaturia, male, Nat. Ins. 8.A., part IT., p. 12, 1890.

Victor Harbor, Kangaroo Island, Yorketown. December to
February. Most common at Yorketown (frequenting ‘“ Mallee,”
£. oleosa) in February. Miskin thought this might be a small
form of ‘“Genovera,” Hew., but this is wrong.

As will be noted above, the male is described as the male
“‘halmaturia.”

26. O. 1pMo, Hew.

Gat. Liyc., B. MM; p:i2, ns 7, t. 1, £. 3,4, 1850-52.

Syn.—Male, O. halmaturia, Tepp., female, Nat. In. 8.A., pt. IL,
p- 12, 1890,

Pt. Lincoln, two specimens, taken by the Rev. T. Blackburn,
also at Kangaroo Island, where Mr. Tepper informs me it is
common.

As will be seen above, the male of this species has been de-
scribed as the female of O. halmaturia, Tepp., the description of
which tallies exactly with 7dmo, so that 'Tepper’s name must rank
as synonymic.

27. O. or#TES, Hew.

Female, Cat. Lyc., B. M., p. 3, n. 12, t. 1, f. 12, 13, 1862; male,
Tepp. Tr. Royal Soc. 8.A., 1886 (O. amaryllis).

Yorketown, Moonta, not uncommon, frequenting Hucalyptus
oleosa in February. I once obtained during November at Belair
chrysalides of this species under the bark of Zucalyptus rostrata,
but was unable to rear them.

27. O. AMARYLLIS, Hew.

Female, Cat. Lyc., B. M., p. 3, n. 11, t. 1, f. 5, 6, 1862 ; Tepper,
Tr. Roy. Soc. 8.A., 1886; Miskin, male, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S. W.,
1890.

Five specimens from Yorketown ; frequents Hue. oleosa.

This and the previous species have been confused by Mr.
Tepper in his paper of 1886 (Tr. Roy. Soc. S.A.) inasmuch that
after quoting Hewitson’s (Newman’s !) description of the female
he proceeds and describes the male oretes, Hew., as the male of
the present species. For further reference see Miskin’s able
paper in Linn. Soc. of N.S.W. Proc., ser..2, V., p. 26, 1886.

10

28. O. OLANE, Hew.

Cate Lives Bo Me. -p. 2, ntOrtaicvnie, TOS abs62:

One male of this species was recently captured at Kent Town
(near Smith’s brewery) by my young friends the Messrs. Angel.
Not previously recorded from here. Whilst writing on this
genus, it may be interesting to state that the young larve are
usually found covered with ants, which are said to feed on the
sweet secretion which this (and other genera) usually emit. My
valued correspondent, Mr. F. Spry, of Melbourne, is of opinion,
however, that the ants use the bodies of the larva to clean them-
selves, like a doormat, as he puts it; this is more noticeable in
one species, 7.e., O. abrota, which is covered with short stiff hairs,
making his argument more conclusive. Another curious fact he
mentions is that in breeding the different species the ants, when
placed in confinement with the larve, rapidly die. One would
think, however, that if the ants feed on the secretion emitted
they could live as well confined as in natural conditions, but such
it seems is not the case, so that it remains for those who have the
opportunities to settle the question satisfactorily. I may mention
that the above-named gentleman has bred several of the genus,
and can speak with a certain amount of authority; and in con-
cluding his remarks he mentions that the larve are greatly subject
to the attacks of parasitic hymenoptera, diptera, and fungoid
diseases, which no doubt accounts for their rarity; and states
that some of the species use the empty gall-cases of diptera, We.,
to live in. This is more noticeable when the eggs are laid on the
close-barked Fucalyptus melliodora, as the larve, instead of
wasting their energy by endeavouring to get under the tough
bark, adapt themselves to circumstances, and take possession of
the gall-chambers.

PAMPHILA.

29. P. GRACcILIS, Z'epper.
Hesperilla gracilis, Trans. Roy. Soc. S.A., IV., p. 34, t. 2,
ty 1, 1682.
Six specimens taken in December at Henley Beach.

Apaustus, /b.

30. Ap. AGRAULIA, Hew.

Ancyloxypha agraulia, Hew., Desc. Hesp., p. 45, n. 3, 1868.

Syn.—Pamphila sunias, /eld., Sitzb. Ak. Wiss. Wien. Math.
Nat. bl., XI., p. 462, n. 54, 1860.

Not previously recorded from South Australia. Slape’s Gully,
two specimens, and Botanic Gardens, Adelaide, in February and
March ; not uncommon frequenting blossoms of Gomphrena

11

officinalis (Globe Amaranth) and Centranthus ruber, flying
swiftly in sunlight.
TRAPEZITES, L/w.

31. Trap. PHILLYRA, Jfiskin.

Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, p. 152, 1889.
One fine specimen of this beautiful species at Blackwood in
October, not previously recorded from South Australia.

32. TRAP. PHIGALIA, Hew.
Hesp. p, Desc. Hesp., p. 32, n. 23, 1868.

I have a specimen doubtfully referable to this species from
Port Lincoln.

33. TRAPEZITES LUTEA, Tepp.

Hesperilla lutea, Tr. Royal Soc. 8.A., IV., p. 23, t. 2, £. 6,
1882; Trap. petalia, Misk., Ann. Q. Museum, I., 1891, p. 78.

Two specimens, Slape’s Gully, in December.

Miskin in his 1891 catalogue makes this species synonymous
with 7. petalia, Hew., while Tepper himself considers his Hes-
perilla quadrimaculata identical with it (7.¢., petalia). 1 have
received a specimen of a male “ petalia” from Mr. R. Ilhdge,
of Brisbane, which is certainly distinct from any taken here.
My opinion is that Tepper’s Hesp. trimaculata is the male of his
guadrimaculata, but in the absence of proper literature I cannot
decide the question satisfactorily. The whole of the Hesperidz
are in a very unsatisfactory condition, and when my promised
literature is at hand, I will give my deliberations to our Society.

34. TRAP. TRIMACULATA, Tepp.

Hesperilla I.) Trans. Roy. Soc. S.A., FV., p. 32, t. 2, f. 4, 1882.
Several specimens, a// males, at Belair, frequently dry rocky
ground in November.

35. TRAP. QUADRIMACULATA, Z'epp.

line Roy) SO¢weeaely wp: Oo: t.22, fig 2, 1Ser.

Two femaies at Blackwood, 11th November, also from Bal-
hannah. As before stated, I am of opinion that this and the
preceding are sexes of the same species. Not having taken the
opposite sex in either case seems more convincing.

HESPERILLA.

36. Hesp. Donnysa, Hew.

Male. Desc. Hesp., p. 39, n. 3, 1868.
One sp., from Port Lincoln, in December. Not previously
recorded from here.

12

37. HeEsp. ATRALBA, Zepp.
Trans. Roy. Soc. 8.A., 1V.,ip: 33, t. 2, £. 5, 1882:
One sp., from Port Lincoln (Rev. T. Blackburn).
38. Hesp. DacryLiota, Meyr.
Telesto D., Tr. Linn. Soc. N-S.W,, ser27 Op. -Gol aleoe:

I have not seen this species. In the original description it is
stated to occur at Port Lincoln and to be common in West
Australia ; but Mr. Meyrick writes that the species is unique in
his collection.

TARACTROCERA, Jutler.

39. T. Brrascrara, Zepp.

Hesp. bifasciata, Tr. Roy. Soc: \S.A:, 1V:, p. 32, 4.)23aees
1882; Tar. flavovittata, Miskin, Cat., 1891.

One sp., Lyndoch (Zepper). Miskin is under the impression
that this is 7’. flavovittata, Satr., and as the type (bifasciata) is
lost, the question must be left in abeyance for the present.

40. T. papyria, Bdv.

Hesp. »p., Voy. Astr: Lep., p.' 166, 1832.

Syn.—Hesperilla fumosa, Gwest, Tr. Roy. Soc., 8.A., V., 1882;
Apaustus minimus, JJIisk., Proc. R. Soc. Q., p. 153, 1889.

Parkside, Woodside, Balhannah, December to March, fre-
quenting stinkwort (Jnula graveolens).

The following are reputed South Australian species :—
41. Detias Harpatyce, Don., Tepper’s list.
42. ‘© ArRGENTHONA, /’ab., Tepper’s list.
43. CHRYSOPHANUS AURIFER, blanch.
44, HoLocuinta acasta, Coz.
45. I[ALMENUS EVAGORAS, Don.*
46. HrESPERILLA DirpHia, //ew.
47. TARACTROCERA CEL@NO, Coz.

Not having seen or taken specimens in South Australia, I omit
them for the present.

* On reference to Tepper’s Common Native Insects of 8.A. part II., I
find that his description applies to izous, Hew., so that evagoras, Don., can
be struck off the list.

THE FLORA OF ROEBUCK BAY, WEST
AUSTRALIA,

By J. G.-O. Tepper, FLL.
[Read February 7, 1893.]

The species of plants of which the following list is an enumera-
tion were collected by my son (J. W. O. Tepper) during the
exceptionally dry years 1889 to the close of 1891. They were
submitted to Baron Sir Ferd. von Mueller, F.R.S., &c., for
identification; many of them were kindly determined by him; of
the rest the genera only were indicated. In the latter case T
have endeavoured by careful comparison with the descriptions to
fix the species. Where there is any doubt remaining on account
of insufficiency of the material obtainable, a note of interroga-
tion follows the name.

The collector, with many other duties to attend to, and rarely
leisure for extended excursions, procured most.of the plants within
the immediate neighbourhood of Roebuck Bay; the others were
obtained at a visit to Hancock‘s Cattle Station, about 25 miles
inland, an excursion to a part of the coast some seven to ten
miles southward, and on a telegraph-line-repairing trip of about
30 miles towards Derby. Want of time prevented him also to
attend to the matter systematically, and to supplement the speci-
mens occurring at some considerable distance; hence the doubt
attaching to some of the species. Incomplete as the list is, yet it
affords a good illustration of what constitutes the flora there in
very dry seasons. At the end of 1891 my son wrote that not
only did the majority of shrubs or plants fail to put forth
flowers or truit, but remained or became nearly leafless! There
existed then neither flowing nor stagnant water(fresh or brackish)
at the localities examined, excepting the sea; and grasses or
grass-like plants were rare or wholly absent. The locality must,
therefore, be considered as belonging to the great Central Aus-
tralian Desert, and its flora becomes very interesting as
representing the extreme north-western extension of that
region.

Roebuck Bay, or Port Broome, as it has been named recently,
is situated on the north-west coast of Australia, in longitude
122° 12’ 36” E., and latitude 10° 0° 15” 8. It was sighted by the
earliest Dutch navigators, and visited by Dampier about 1688,
who named it after his vessel. The bay is formed by the main-
land on the south, and by a narrow peninsula (five miles long by

14

two miles wide) on the north, the latter extending in a southerly
direction, and separating Roebuck from Gantheaume Bay. The
coastline exhibits low, steep cliffs of red sandstone at the base,
12 to 20 feet high, and overlain by sand or arenaceous clays,
from 40 to 80 feet in thickness. The former, however, retreat
sometimes for miles inland. The sea margin at the head of the
bay is covered by mangrove (Avicennia officinalis, L.), succeeded
by open grassy flats several miles wide, gradually passing into
gentle rises and undulating hills (covered more or less thickly
with scrubby vegetation) and more elevated grass lands. Roebuck
Bay is, and has been for many years, one of the chief harbours
of the pearling fleets, and has become the starting place of the
West Australian submarine cable, as well as one of the ports of
approach to the Kimberley gold-diggings, hence a small township
has sprung up since 1890. The climate is extremely hot and
dry, the maximum temperature being above 100° F. in the shade
for many months in succession, and sinks rarely as low as 60° F.
During the three years 1889-91 the rainfall was extremely
scanty and insufficient, and appears to be uncertain, intermit-
tent, and of short duration usually, though sometimes is heavy
and accompanied by violent thunderstorms.

As informed by Sir Ferdinand v. Mueller, the locality had
remained botanically almost unknown, notwithstanding its early
discovery. Messrs. King and Gregory collected some plants
there, but the former only near the coast, while most of the
specimens of the latter proved unsatisfactory. Thus it is almost
the first time that the locality has been extensively examined in
regard of its botany, and my best thanks are due to my son for
spending much of his scanty leisure in the collection and prepar-
ing of the specimens which form the subject of this paper, not-
withstanding his other arduous duties and the unfavorable nature
of the climate. There are enumerated 143 species (besides one
wholly undetermined) comprised in 100 genera and 44 orders.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF ROEBUCK BAY PLANTS.

[The months are those attached by the collector, and denote
the flowering season, unless stated otherwise. |

Capparideae.

Cleome tetrandra, Banks. January, 1890.
———— viscosa, L. July, 1889.
Capparis lasiantha, &. Br. August, 1890.
——— spinosa, Z. July, 1889.

Violaceae.
Hybanthus sutfruticosus, 7. v. VW. December, 1889.

15

Droseraceae.
Drosera petiolaris, #. Lr. February, 1891.
Byblis linifolia, Salisbury. February, 1890.

Polygaleae.
Polygala Tepperi, /.v. M. January, 1890.

Zygophylleae.

Tribulus hystrix, &. Br. September, 1889 (badly affected by a
black, aphis-like insect).

Malvaceae.
Sida virgata, //ooker. February, 1890.
subspicata?, Fv. M. July, 1889; February, 1890.
Abutilon graveolens?, W. and 4. July, 1889.
Cunninghami?, Lentham. December, 1889.
Hibiscus rsicrolaenus, /. v. MW. January, 1890.
—— leptocladus, Bentham. January, 1890; December, 1889.
panduriformis, Burmann. March, 1890.
Gossypium australe, /. v. M. September, 1889.

Sterculiaceae.
Brachychiton diversifolius, &. Br. May, 1890.
Melhania incana, Heyne. August, 1889.
Commergonia loxophylla?, /. v. W. December. 1889.
Seringea corollata, Steetz. August, 1889.

Tiliaceae.
Grewia breviflora, Bentham. October, 1889.
Corchorus fascicularis, Lamarck. February, 1890.
sidoides, /. v. M. July, 1889.

Euphorbiaceae.
Euphorbia Mitchelliana’, Boiss. July, 1889; September.
Phyllanthus ramosissimus ?, 7. v. M. November 1889 (‘ With-
out fruit ; perhaps new,” F. v. M., in Jitt).
Securinega obovata, /. v. M. February, 1890.
Adriana tomentosa, Gaudichaud. April, 1890.
Mallotus aff. nesophilus, 7. v. WZ. July, 1890.

Sapindaceae.
Atalaya hemiglauca, /. v. MZ. September, 1889.
variifolia, /. v. M. September, 1889.
Distichostemon phyllopterus, /. v. M. October, 1889.

Staeckhousiae.
Stackhousia muricata, De C. March, 1890.
————-— viminea, Smith. February, 1891.

16

Portulaceae.
Portulaca bicolor, /. v. MW. February, 1891.
sp. January, 1890. ‘Different from all known
forms.” —F. v. M.

A low spreading herb, probably annual, 3 to 4 inches, branches
numerous, opposite or alternate, basal leaves soon lost, stipular
hairs numerous, very short, more persistent than the leaves ;
leaves opposite or alternate, narrow oval, oblong or almost
obovate, + to # inch, in the specimens nearly all crowded at and
near the apex of the branchlets. Flowers terminal, solitary,
sessile between four or more floral leaves. Sepal broadly ovate,
about } inch. Petals pink (?), 3 inch or more, broad, fugaceous.
Capsule and seed not seen. The provisional name, P. dubia, is
suggested.

Claytonia (Calandrinia) polypetala, /. v. Mf. January, 1890.

Caryophylleae.
Polycarpaea corymbosa, Lamarck. July, 1889.

Amarantaceae.
Gomphrena canescens, #. Br. August, 1889.
Ptilotus alopecuroides, /. v. MZ. September, 1889.
-_— exaltatus, Vees. March, 1890.
—_.+-— Schwartz, Fv. M. - August, 1839:
——-— Cunninghami, Bentham. September, 1889, in fruit ;
March, 1890, in flower.

Amarantus pallidifiorus, /. v. WZ. January, 1890.

“Used like cabbage by the natives as a_vegetable.”—

Ja eiOe 0.

Salsolaceae.
Salsola Kali, Z. November, 1889.
Ficoideae.
Trianthema pilosa, /. v. 7. January, 1890, in flower ; August,
1889, in fruit.
Phytolaecceae.
Gyrostemon cyclotheca, Bentham. September, 1889, male flowers ;
February, 1890, femate, in fruit.

Nyetagineae.
Boerhaavia diffusa, Z. September, 1889; January, 1890.
repanda, Willd. July, 1889.
Leguminosae.
Isotropis atropurpurea, /. v. WM. July, 1889.
Crotolaria crispata, Ff. v. M. April, 1890.
linifolia, Zinné fils. April, 1891.

in

Crotalaria Cunninghamii, &. Br. September, 1889.
medicaginea, Lamarck. Small variety July, 1889 ;
large variety March, 1890.
Psoralea Archeri, /. v. 1. September, 1889.
Indigofera linifolia, Hetziws. March, 1890.
: viscosa, Lamarck. January, 1890, in flower ; fruit in
PPL LooO.
hirsuta, Linné. February, 1890.
enneaphylla, Zinné. February, 1891.
Tephrosia filipes. Bentham. January, 1890.
remotiflora, /. v. M. February. 1890.
purpurea, Persoon. September, 1889; flowers and
fruit.
Zornia diphylla, Persoon. February, 1890; September, 1889,
in fruit.
Uraria cylindracea, Lentham. February, 1891.
Alysicarpus longifolius, Wight and Arnott. 2-3 ft. high. Novem-
ber 19, 1890.
Galactia tenuiflora, Wight and Arnott. February, 1891.
Canavalia obtusifolia, De C. May, 1890. Flowers and fruit.
Abrus precatorius, Linné. February, 1890.
Caesalpina (Guilandina) Bonduc, ZLinné. December, 1889.
Flowers and fruit.
Cassia notabilis, /. v. M. July, 1890. Flowers and young
fruit.
——— pruinosa, /. v. M. End of December, 1889. Flowers
and fruit.
oligoclada, /. v. WZ. January, 1890.
—concinna, Bentham. March, 1890. Flowers and fruit.
Bauhinia Leichhardtii, /. v. J. August, 1889, in flower; Sep-
tember, 1889, in fruit.
Acacia lycopodifolia, Cunn. July, 1889.
— holosericea, Cunn. Shrub 4 to 6 ft.; September, 1890.
tumida!, #. v. MZ. August, 1889.
——— acuminata’, Bentham. August, 1889.
——-— bivenosa, De C. Four to five feet. October, 1891.
Flowers and fruit.
signata?, /. v. M. August, 1890.
——— impressa?, /. v. Wl. May, 1890.

Combretaceae.
Terminalia petiolaris, A. Cunn. Flowers, December, 1889 ;
fruit, January, 1890.
latifolia, /. v. M. January, 1890.
Native name, ‘“ Yamanarrie,” fruit edible and slightly acid.—

ea AO, 2.
B

18

Gyrocarpus Americanus, Jacquin. December, 1889,
“Tree 30 to 40 ft. high; leaves, though bright green when
alive, always drying black.”

Myrtaceae.
Calycothrix microphylla, Cunn. September, 1889.
Melaleuca leucodendron, Linné March, 1890.
Eucalyptus clavigera, Cunn. December, 1889.
terminalis, /. v. M/. December, 1891.

Rhamnaceae.
Ventilago viminalis, Hooker. July, 1890.

Santalaceae.
Santalum lanceolatum, R. Br. Middle of November, 1889; fruit.
Exocarpus latifolius, &. Br. Tree, 10 to 15 feet; November,
1890.
Loranthaceae.
Loranthus amplexifolius, /. v. WZ. September, 1889.
bifurcatus, Bentham. July, 1890.

Proteaceae.
Persoonia falcata, R. Br. October, 1891.
Grevillea refracta, R. Br. February, 1890.
~— mimosoides, &. br. July, 1889.
Hakea macrocarpa, A. Cunn. July, 1889.
arborescens, &. Br. December, 1889; February, 1890.

Rubiaceae.
Oldenlandia trachymenoides, /. v. M. February, 1890.
Gardenia Pantoni, /. v. M. October, 1889.
Txora tomentosa, Roxburgh. November, 1889.
Canthium oleifolium, Hooker. Flowers, end of December, 1889
fruit, December, 1890. <A tree 15 to 20 feet high.
Spermacoce pogostoma, Bentham. Flowers, July ; fruit, Novem-
ber, 1889.
Compositae.
Vernonia cinerea, Lessing. End of December, 1889 ; flowers and
fruit.
Pluchea tetranthera, F. v. M. April, 1891; flowers and fruit.
Pterigeron macrocephalus, Bentham. September, 1889; flowers
and fruit.
Pterocaulon sphacelatus, Bentham. September, 1889; flowers
and fruit.
Goodeniaceae.
Calogyne Berardiana, #. v. WM. January, 1890; seeds orbicular.

19

Velleya panduriformis, Cwnn. End of November, 1889; June,
1890.
Leschenaultia sp. May, 1890.

Intricately and dischotomously branched under-shrub. Leaves
minute, sessile, acute. Flowers not seen. Fruits obovate,
gradually narrowed to the base; apex rounded or subtruncate,
one-third to one-half inch long, about one-eighth inch thick ;
peduncle very short, apex thickened. Branches and _ branchlets
very slender, nodes distant.

Loganiaceae.

Mitrasacme lutea, 7. v. WM. February, 1891.
—n. sp.? November, 1889.

Small herb. Leaves radical linear, narrowed at the base into
a very short pedical, apex truncate or obtuse. Peduncle slender,
erect or ascending, about two inches, with one or two short
branches above the middle. Flowers rather large terminal.
Sepals broadly ovate, acute, about one line. Petals pale pink or
white, about one-third of an inch. Fruit not seen. There is a
minute, scale-like bract below the branches, and another near the
middle of the latter, but none on the main peduncle beyond the
bifurcation. The bracts terminate in a short recurved bristle.

Jasmineae.

Jasminum aff. didymum, G. Foster. November, 1889.

“The leaves are much narrower than of any other form of
J. didymum. The fruit may be different, and if so, the species
would be new for Australia.” —/. v. W., in littercs.

Apocyneae.

Carissa Brownii, /’. v. W/., var. angustifolia. November, 1889.
Wrightia saligna, /. v. WM. December, 1889.

Aselepiadeae.

Gymnema stenophyllum, A. Gray. December, 1889.
Marsdenia aff. velutina, A. Br. February, 1891. Flowers and
fruit.
Convolvulaceae.

Convolvulus parviflorus, Vah/. March, 1890.

Ipomaea diversifolia, &. Br. April, 1891.

———— heterophylla, &. Br. April, 1891.

——- aff. eriocarpa, A. br. February, 1890.

Polymeria angusta, /. v. 1. February, 1890.

Evolvulus linifolius, Zinné. September, 1889; December, 1889

20

Solanaceae.
Solanum diversifolium ?, /. v. Jf. December, 1891.
“Growing near water, 40 miles south of Roebuck Bay.”—
Ie WE OL.
— quadriloculare, /. v. Mf. December, 1889.
— esuriale, Lindley. September, 1889.

Serophularinae.
Buechnera gracilis, &. br. April, 1890.

Bignoniacae.
Dolichandrone heterophylla, /. v. JZ. April, 1890.

Acanthaceae.
Hypoéstes floribunda, #. br. September 24, 1889.

Asperifoliae.
Ehretia saligna, &. Br. November, 1889.
Heliotropium paniculatum, #. Lr. October, 1889.
Cunninghamii ?, Bentham. September 24, 1890.
Polichia Zeylanica, /. v. M. August, 1889.

Verbenaceae.

Premna integrifolia, Zinn. January, 1890.

Clerodendron floribundum, F#. Br. Flowers, November, 1889 ;
fruit, April, 1890.

tomentosum, #. 4r., var. September, 1889;
March, 1890.

Avicennia officinalis, Zinné. End of December, 1889. In fruit
only.

Myoporineae.
Myoporum Dampieri, Cunn. July 6, 1889.

Orchideae.
Cymbidium canaliculatum, &. Br. November, 1891.
“Rare. Only found growing on large galls or swellings affect-
ing Eucalyptus clavigera.”—J. W. O. T., in litt.
Commelineae.
Aneilema gramineum, &. Br. January, 1890; February, 1891

Cyperaceae.
Cyperus eragrostis ?, Vahl. December, 1889.
-— (Mariscus) conicus, Boeckel. End of December, 1889.

Gramineae.
Spinifex longifolius, &. Br. November, 1889.
Eragrostis eriopoda, Bentham. April. 1890.

THE ‘‘ MIRRN-YONG” HEAPS AT THE NORTH-
WeEsT BEND OF THE RIVER MURRAY.

By R. ErHeripGe, Jun., Paleontologist to the Australian
Museum, and Geological Survey of New South Wales.

[Read March 7, 1893.]

Sir T. L, Mitchell, Surveyor-General of New South Wales in
the early days, described* the aboriginal method of cooking food
in general “by digging a hole in the ground, making a fire in it,
and heating stones about.” This may be accepted as a perfectly
accurate statement couched in very general terms, and is more or
less applicable to almost every part of the Continent, for what-
ever modification may locally exist, stones, in one way or the
other, enter into the operation.

For the purpose of more precise description, the cooking or
feasting-places of the aborigines may be arranged under four
sections :—

1. Kitchen-middens, or shell-mounds of the coast line.
2. Mirrn-yony heaps.

3. Native, or Blackfellows’ Ovens.

4. Cave-shelter, or Gibber-gunyah hearths.

This classification, like so many others in different branches of
Natural Science, is but artificial and provisionary, for it is pos-
sible without much difficulty to select a case in which the condi-
tions partake of those of more than one of the above sections.

The Mirrn-yong heaps of the Murray, of which it is intended
to give a short description in the present communication, are a
case in point. They are not strictly identical with similar heaps
to be met with in many parts of Victoria, or with the Black-
fellows’ Ovens of the same colony, but in a greater or less degree
combine the characters of both.

It is hardly necessary to refer to the other section just now,
but perhaps it may be as well to explain the limit attached to the
use of the terms. The term Kitchen-midden is restricted to the
large shell-heaps occurring at intervals around the coast-line,
exhibiting a rough stratification, and composed of whatever
species of shelis the natives of any particular neighbourhood may
have been in the habit of existing on. Native, or Blackfellows’
Ovens appear usually as stony irregularities of the surface, more
or less circular, often of large size, and grassed with great luxuri-

* Three Expeditions Int. E. Australia, II., p. 343.

22

ance and wealth of colour. Hach mound consists of a collection
of wood-ashes, charcoal, and stones, and is of a depressed conical
shape. The diameter varies from a foot or two up to eighty, and
two feet high in the centre. The distribution of these ovens is
limited, being recorded only from Central and Western Victoria,
and across the Murray into New South Wales as far as the
Lachlan.

Cave-shelter, or Gbber-gunyah hearths are deposits, of tenin
the form of a talus, at the mouths and entrances of the semi-
caverns formed by overhanging ledges of rock, and are particu-
larly common throughout the Hawkesbury Country of New
South Wales, when contiguous to saltwater creeks or arms of the
sea. These shelters appear to have been continuously inhabited
for long series of years. ‘The tali consist of stratified ashes,
burnt and unburnt shells, charcoal, and other débris, with here
and there a few stones.

Lastly Mirrn-yong heaps are usually found contiguous to
rivers, lakes, or marshes, and in a sheltered situation. They con-
sist of oval, or at any rate, longer than broad depressed mounds,
often of considerable extent, as much as one hundred feet long,
made up of soil, burnt clay, wood-ashes, charcoal, burnt fresh-
water shells, burnt and unburnt bones, tomahawks (whole or
fragmentary), chips of other rocks, and works of industry, such
as bone awls, bone nose-ornaments, and the less perishable articles
of aboriginal everyday use. Within these heaps the scattered
cooking places, composed of stone, occur, each site having been
used by generation after generation of blacks, and the entire
mass slowly heaped together, thus representing the work of a
long period of years.

It is to this section that I believe the refuse heaps at the
North-West Bend are referable.

Under the excellent guidance of Prof. R Tate, and with Mr.
H. Y. L. Brown, I was able to visit what remains of a large series
of cooking places near Morgan, on the north bank of the Murray,
about two miles east of the town. From the long continuation
of broken shelly matter, ashes, and rubbish around these “ovens,”
the whole must have formed a midden of no mean dimensions
previous to its disintegration by the depasturing of sheep, and
other causes of a like nature. The escarpment of the river here
forms perpendicular cliffs, from sixty to eighty feet high, with
here and there a short, broken, and more or less precipitous gully
leading down to the water’s edge. On the sides of such a gully,
and along the cliff top, at about the point mentioned, the surface
consists of a large quantity of broken and even comminuted
shell-fragments, mixed with dark carbonaceous matter and soil.
The deposit occupies a depression on the cliff top, the rising

23

of the ground beyond tending to form a small and shallow
amphitheatre, in which it occurs, perhaps about one to one and
a half acres in extent, and ranging at least for 150 yards
along the cliff. The shelly débris is composed of Vivipara
Hanleyi, and valves, whole or fragmentary, and at times highly
comminuted, of the river Unio. The fraginents and minute par-
ticles into which the shells have been broken, from their nacreous
lustre, particularly those of the Unio, readily assist in defining
the extent of the deposit. Quartz chips may also be picked up
in abundance here and there, and have evidently been used.
Professor Tate says that no deposit of quartz is known for many
miles round. Scattered irregularly over this area, frequently in
close proximity to one another, are a number of small, circular
ovens, usually about three feet in diameter, seldom more. The
stones, about the size of the clenched fist, or rather larger, are
firmly bedded in the made soil, but all show, more or less, the
traces of fire, possessing a blackened, and in some places a greasy
look, whilst in others a semi-fused appearance seems to indicate
that they had been subjected to a considerable amount of calorific
influence. Black nuclei to the concretionary travertine not un-
frequently found on the Murray Cliffs, and about the shores of
St. Vincent’s Gulf, are ascribed* by Professor Tate to the
carbonisation of the fatty matter of animals, which has pene-
trated into the stone in the process of cooking @ Paborigine. Some
such process has, no doubt, taken place in the present instance.

The former greater area of this midden is proved by the fact that
the cliff edge now cuts across some of the ovens, the action of the
river at this particular spot undermining the cliffs, and bring
down large masses. No doubt many similar middens might be
found on other parts of the river, for on the opposite, or south
side, about half-way between Morgan and Fossil Cliff, where
the bank is gently inclined, is a deposit of black carbonaceous
soil and comminuted shell fragments, extending up from the
water’s edge, which, although no stones were observed in heaps,
represents, I have no doubt, another large midden. How like is
the material composing these heaps to the soil of the middens
seen on so many of the small promontories jutting out in Middle
Harbour, Port Jackson ; the Hawkesbury and its branches ; and
other inlets on the east coast. Hardly a point along these waters
but has its heap, consisting of carbonaceous matter, charcoal,
soil and humus, intermingled in various states of disintegration
with cockle, mussel, limpet, and other common shells of the coast,
and here and there oysters. Many of these must be very ancient,
and have taken years to accumulate. The soil observed on the

* Trans. Phil. Soc. Adelaide for 1878-79 [1879], p. 115.

24

Murray is very similar in all but its accompanying species of
Mollusca. In these Murray middens it seems to me we have a
combination of Sections 2 and 3, Mirrn-yong heaps and native
ovens previously described. There is the fine carbonaceous soil
and comminuted shelly matter of the former, and interspersed in
it the small circular cooking places answering to the more
isolated native ovens of Central and Western Victoria, and the
Murray country, extending some little distance into New South
Wales along the course of that river.

The shells found throughout the deposit were clearly used as
food, and as regards the Unios this is interesting, for Grey sayst
that in South-western Australia the natives would “not touch
fresh-water mussels,” very abundant in the rivers there ; but that
in the north-western part of the continent “they form a staple
article of food.”

* North-west and West Australia, 1841, II., p. 280.

bo
ol

THE BLATTARL4 OF AUSTRALIA AND POLYNESIA,
By J. G. O. Trepprr, F.L.S., &e.
[Read March 7, 1893.]

INTRODUCTION.

The Buiatrar1® form a section of the heterogeneous order of
the Orthoptera, and are now usually placed as the second in
the series, the Forficularie or Earwigs preceding them. They
have been so designated by Latreille, Serville, and Fisher, while
Burmeister calls them Biarrina, Stephen terms them Buiarripa,
and Brunner van Wattenwyl in his ‘“ Prodromus of European
Orthoptera” modifies the term to BiarropEa. Popularly they
are called Cockroaches or Black Beetles by the English ; Schaben
by the Germans, and Aakerlaks by the French. Palontologic-
ally the cockroaches appertain to the most ancient insects known,
impressions of wings, &c., having been found in the Carboni-
ferous (7.e., true coal-bearing) strata of Europe and America.
At the present time they are distributed over the whole earth,
except the polar and alpine regions, and embrace numerous species
arranged by Brunner into eleven families, to which I have added
another.

The affinities and differences of the suborders of Orthoptera,
as summarised by modern authors, are best indicated by the
following synopsis :—

1. Organs of flight in normal position during the larval stage-
Legs, inclusive of posterior femora, fitted for running;
rarely for burrowing). Ovipositor concealed by a sub-
genital lamina. All voiceless.

2. Wings, when present, folded tranversely in the middle
of the anterior margin. Tarsi with three joints,
arolia none. Cerci corneous, resembling and
acting as forceps. Lorficularia.

2.2. Wings, when present, folded longitudinally from the
base. ‘Tarsi five-jointed, with arolia. Cerci soft,
more or less distinctly jointed.

3. Body depressed. Head retracted. Pronotum
shield-like ; transverse. Legs compressed.
Cerci articulate. Insects fitted for swift-
running, rarely for burrowing. Blattarie.

26

3.3. Body elongated. Head free. Pronotum elon-
gate. Legs slender, terete. Cerci articulate
or the joints scarcely distinct. Insect fitted
for walking.

4. Forelegs raptorial. Cerci distinctly articu-

late. Mantodea.
4.4, Forelegs not raptorial, simple, mostly very
much elongated. Phasmodea.

1.1. Organs of flight inverted during the larval state. Hind-
femora fitted for leaping. Ovipositor free, corneous.
Organs of voice and sound-production present.

Acridiodea, Locustodea, Gryllodea.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS.

Porm, Size, Colour, &c.—The outline of the body throughout
the whole section of the Blattariz is very uniform, varying only
from subhemispherical in Cassidodes to compressed elongate-oval,
the intermediate grades being the most common. In size the
adults vary from less than a quarter of an inch to about three
inches in length ; but the extreme sizes are comparatively rare.
The colours are usually sombre, mostly some shade of brown,
reddish, or yellowish, beside black ; bluish, greenish, and metallic
tints, however, occur in the genus Polyzosteria. The markings,
when defined, are fairly constant as well as the general ground-
colour; the eyes of the living insects are perhaps invariably
black, and the variations recorded by Walker are in the case of
Australian species scarcely anything else than the discolouration
produced by drying, putrescence, &c., or the effects of alcohol
and other chemicals. In the larval state the general colour is
often much paler and the markings much more definite and
decided than with the adults, although exhibiting the same
general type.

Habits, Food, &e.—The habits of most species are nocturnal
or crepuscular, the remainder—sometimes all the species of large
genera—are entirely diurnal, notably of Apolyta and Polyzosterva
as limited by me. The majority appears to be wholly carnivorous,
their food consisting of other insects, eggs, larve, &c., or their
dead bodies, even of their own kind; the comparative im-
munity of our native shrubs, &c., from attack of injurious insects
is probably owing to a considerable extent to the silent hunting
of the formerly very numerous cockroaches, which, like the ants,
are not preyed upon by birds, on account of their disagreeable
scent. A smaller part, however, are decidedly less particular in
their diet, almost omnivorous, such as Periplaneta orientalis and
P. americana. It is this minority which has brought discredit
upon the group, by making human habitations their almost ex-

bo

=
4

clusive residence, and attacking man’s stores. But even these
limit themselves in vegetable diet to ripe or prepared fruits, or
other vegetable food substances suitably altered by cooking or
decay, and I have not met witha single case of living plants
having been attacked by them. The greater proportion of
species is therefore beneficial to man and Nature generally, not-
withstanding their repulsive exterior.

As far as known hitherto the Blattariz choose as hiding-
places during periods of inactivity any dark, secluded spaces,
under logs of wood, stones, bark, vegetable debris, or anything
_ offering shelter and protection, and without constructing them-
selves any burrows or individual homes. The individuals of the
genera Lpilampra and Oniscosoma, especially the females, how-
ever, are known to bury themselves in loose soil or dust, and
their fore tibie accordingly exhibit a somewhat modified struc-
ture, enabling them to displace the loose particles, being incras-
sated, and the spines long and stout, though still unmistakably
on the normal type. None appear to have been known of truly
burrowing habits, like the crickets, until the discovery of a large
wingless species near Broken Hill, and subsequently at Renmark,
the fore tibie of which are sufficiently modified to enable it to
burrow in ordinary soil, e.g., red clay. Differing in this direction
so much, and correspondingly in other details, I have formed a
new family—Geoscapheusidee—for this singular species.

Owing to their voracity and cannibalistic tendencies, the car-
nivorous species lead more or less solitary lives, and one meets
rarely several together in close proximity; they are not at any
time very numerous, on account of the stronger devouring the
weaker in lack of other prey, and thus their number is strictly
limited by the food supply. It is only such that have developed
tastes for amylaceous fare in preference to animal diet which
trouble man by invading his habitations in large numbers, and
living gregariously and peacefully together, as long as absolute
want of food does not force them to extremes, when they do not
hesitate to eat each other, nor will they leave the body of a dead
comrade undevoured if discovered before quite dry. On the
whole cockroaches belong to Nature’s best scavengers in wood,
field, and garden.

Distribution.—Some of the omnivorous kinds are almost cos-
mopolitan, being only restricted by the extreme limits of tem-
perature bearable for them. Many species are, however, limited
to more or less restricted areas, and disappear with the flora of
the regions they inhabit, notably those that are destitute of the
power of flight in one or both sexes. Being very shy, swift of
motion, and usually endowed with repulsive smell, their habits
are difficult to study, and therefore little is known of the vast

28

majority. It is to be hoped that the present attempt to define
and describe our known species may induce others to take up this
promising subject.

[In the present state of our knowledge, it is impossible to state
even an approximate number in respect of defined species. One
of the causes is that several authors have been simultaneously
and independently at work, with the result that the same species
has received different names, which can only be rectified by a
thorough revision in Europe by some one with means and leisure
to compare the types.

Brunner van Wattenwyl (Nouveau Systeme des Blattaires,
1865), the highest authority on the suborder, describes 378
species in 56 genera, distributed all over the world, many of
which occur in two or more continents, but only two species are
wholly cosmopolitan, viz., Periplaneta orientalis and P. americana.
The following table will give a general idea of their distribution
as known at the date of Brunner’s work :—

Species com-

mon to two or
more regions.

Total of Endemic
Species. Species.

Europe 18 14 4
Asia and Malay Ar chipelago 89 62 Li
Africa, Madagascar, ke... 72 59 13
North uaees, Mexieg W.

Tudia ... 52 4] 1.
South and Central Ameri ica 141 129 LZ
Australia, New Zealand, and

Polynesia ses ihe 48 38 10
Habitat unknown 7 — <=

The number of endemic species is 343, and 35 are of wide dis-
tribution out of the total of 378.

In Walker’s British Museum Catalogue (1868) and the Supple-
ment (1869) a much larger number is recorded, but owing to
duplication of names, and absence of appreciation of some of
the most essential characters, great confusion has resulted, and
many of his species are quite uncertain. Since his time some
additions have been made by Saussure, Stal, and Bormans, com-
prising a moderate number of Australian forms (chiefly from the
eastern colonies and islands). Of the later publications of
Saussure, recorded by Walker, or of those of the two other
writers I have not been able to obtain sight, but expect to get
copies in the course of the year, when possible corrections will be
duly noted.

In the present paper 193 species are recorded, being comprised
in 33 genera and 10 families, of which 1 family, 9 genera, and 55
species are new. The Periplanetide are the most numerous with

29

94 species (or nearly one-half) in 8 genera. The total number of
species referred to, unaccompanied by descriptions, is 33, three
of which belong to monotypic genera. As only two or three of
this species inhabit parts of Australia from which species are
described as new by me, scarcely any clashing of my work with
that of the older authors is anticipated.

The Characteristic Organs.—The various external organs of
the Blattarie are constructed on so uniform a plan that it
appears almost impossible to mistake a cockroach for any other
kind of insect, even upon a most cursory inspection ; the system-
atist has therefore to resort frequently to minute variations in
order to insure ready recognition of his species. Fortunately
these small differences appear to be remarkably constant, and are
therefore the more valuable.

The Head is always more or less retracted, the face flat, the
vertex prominent, and the mouth directed rearward, the whole
being either entirely concealed under the forepart of the
thorax, or only a small portion exposed. The eyes are large,
oval or kidney-shaped, and placed more or less obliquely ; during
life they appear to be always black. The ocelli are mostly only
indicated by two pale coloured spots in front, are sometimes wholly
absent, and in the Heterogamide alone are they developed to any
extent. Their form, colour, Wc., afford sometimes good subsidiary,
specific, or varietal dasunenione: Such are Pieertas offered by the
face (frons), labrum, clypeus and palpi, occasionally notable in
their colour markings, although their structure varies little or
irregularly. The antenne are always slender, and mostly filiform
or setaceous (sometimes sub-moniliform or ciliate), varying in
length from less than half that of the body to more than doubly
exceeding it. As in other Orthoptera, the mouth parts are not
employable for general classification on account of their great
uniformity of structure, and are only occasionally made use of.

The Organs of Flight consist of an anterior pair of more or less
leathery or horny elytra, and a posterior pair of much more
delicate membraneous wings. One or both pairs may be rudi-
mentary, lobiform or entirely absent, and either perfect in both
sexes, or only in the male. The absence or more or less rudi-
mentary state of them are especially prominent in the Australian
insects, and favours the localisation and multiplicity of species.
They supply most important distinctions.

The Elytra, when present, exhibit a system of veins analogous
to that of the other genuine Orthoptera. The costal or mediastinal
vein is very short, usually terminating within the basal-third
of length of the fore margin (costa), and is always branchless ;
in some genera it shows a more or less tumid keel beneath.
The radial or scapulary vein is free from the base, and emits

30

branches only towards the costa, except in Hetobza, where such are
also emitted on the opposite side. The inframedial or winary vein
is only separated by a very narrow space at the base from the
preceding, which gradually widens during its subsequent course;
it mostly separates into an anterior and posterior branch from
the start, both branching out towards the border, the inter
space being more or less crossed by transverse veinlets. The
dividing or anal vein is the last ; it proceeds in a more or less
pronounced, generically distinct, curve (often very short), and is
unbranched. By it the anal area is bounded, which contains a
varying number of straight or reticulating veinlets. The left
elytron usually covers the right one, but in rare cases have I
observed the reverse. These organs afford most important dis-
tinctive characters by the arrangement, curvature, &c., of the
veins for the separation of families and genera, and it is the
neglect of these which renders the descriptions by Walker and
some others so unsatisfactory.

The Wings present homonymous veins, but present a different
arrangement in respect of the areas bounded by them, the anal
vein being straight, dividing the wing nearly in equal halves, and
terminating in an angular emargination of the exterior margin,
or in some genera cut off by a triangular area, which folds fan-
like, and in some cases is more or less largely produced beyond
the ordinary outline of the border. The costal vein turns usually
midway towards the fore margin, emitting some straight branches
inte the same. The scapulary vein emits oblique branchlets into
the apical half of the costa, and a stouter branch from about the
middle towards the apex. In some genera, as Ectobia and
Phyllodromia, it is also connected by short transverse vein with
4 spurious one proceeding from the border towards the middle
without a terminal connection. The wlnary (inframedial) vein
is mostly separated by a narrow hyaline space from the foregoing,
and usually emits more or less numerous branchlets rearward, but
in some cases, as in Eetobia and Phyllodromia, remains simple.
The anal area contains a number of nearly straight radiating
veinlets, more or less connected by transverse reticulations. Im-
portant distinctions are often supplied by the wings.

The venation of rudimentary or abbreviated organs of flight is
mostly quite distinct in both pairs, and the border is either entire
(Periplaneta) or jagged (Panesthia australis). When lobiform,
the bases only of the principal veins are more or less discernible.
The presence of either of these forms, when free, denotes adults ;
while in the advanced larval stage, and preceding the final moult,
both pairs (or one) are made manifest by elongation of the hind-
angles of the meso- and meta-notum, and their being more or less
plainly discernible, although covered over completely by a thin

31

contiguous membrane. Adults, when quite wingless, are recog-
nised by the complete development of the genital appendages
and the much greater rigidity of their integument.

The sternal segments of the thorax are almost concealed by the
broad, flat cove, which are either concolorous, striped darker and
paler, or bordered by pale exterior margins.

The Legs are strong, and all fitted for swift running, except in
the family Geoscapheuside, in which the anterior pair is con-
spicuously modified for burrowing. The trochanters are usually
large, and the apex, in some cases, produced as a short spine.
The femora are much compressed, and either all simple or hairy,
or provided with two rows of longer or shorter spines on the inner
side, or, in a few instances (Ataxigamia, Gynopeltis), the fore
femora alone are spined. The character of being thus armed or
not is used to divide the Blattariz into two main divisions. The
tibie are either slender, incrassated, or, in Geoscapheus, dilated
and flattened anteriorly, and are all armed with four rows of
spines, which are more or less developed, but afford no reliable
distinctions. The tarsi consist of five joints (one sometimes
obsolete), are slender and compressed ; each joint has usually a
pulvillus or pad beneath, while in some cases an arolium between
the two claws is present. The first joint is always the longest,
sometimes very long, and its comparative length distinguishes
some families or genera.

The Abdomen consists of nine segments and the anal appen-
dages. The first segment is more or less obliterated and amalga-
mated with the metanotum, especially in the winged species,
while in the wingless it appears dorsally as a very narrow ex-
tended are of a circle, projecting from beneath the hindmargin of
the metanotum, and does not attain the lateral margin. The
following six segments are well developed, their texture, colour-
ing, vc., and the form of their hind angles afford some useful
specific distinctions. Tho eighth segment is usually entirely
covered by the preceding one, and only denoted laterally by its
produced posterior angles. The ninth is still more reduced, and
bears the articulated cerc2 and the supra-anal lamina between them.
The size, &c., of the former supplies important characters for the
distinction of families, genera and species, while the latter is still
more important in this respect. On the ventral side the males
exhibit usually 7—8 zonal segments, the female six ; to the last
are appended the subgenital lamina with the styles of the males,
and the divided or united valvules of the females ; the genitalia
proper of both sexes are quite concealed by these organs, which,
in most instances, are very important for classification or ident-
ification.

The ova are not deposited singly, but collectively in an egg-

32

case, which remains attached to the female by a membrane
connected with the subgenital valvules or plate until containing
the normal number of ova fixed for each species. Although of
similar type, specific or generic differences appear to be devel-
oped, but our knowledge in this direction is still very meagre.
The cases are very elastic, and consist of a double row of cells,
each with one egg; they are marked laterally by slight furrows,
and the keel above by notches, crenulations, or teeth; the cells
open valvularly to permit the escape of the young when hatched,
but close again and appear intact.

SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES.

1. Femora spined.

2. Abdomen of female with last segment large, flat ; subgenital
lamina obsolete. :

3. Supra-anal lamina of both sexes very narrow, transverse.
Wings, when developed, with an apical triangular area.

I. Ecrosip2.

3.3. Supraanal lamina more or less produced, triangular,
incised, or lobed. Wings without apical triangular area.

I]. PHYLLODROMIDA.

4.4, Supra-anal lamina of male more or less quadrate, of female
incised, lobes rotundate or broadly rounded and entire. Cerci
scarcely as long as lamina, or very little exceeding the same.

5. Body flat, or moderately convex. Males winged, females
wingless. Fore legs gressorial, fore tibize clavate, spines in double
series. Supra-anal lamina of male more or less quadrate, of
female incised, lobes rotundate, or rarely entire. Cerci long,
articulate. IIT. EprLaMPrRipz&.

5.5. Body thick, broad. Both sexes wingless. Fore legs
fossorial, fore tibize flat, spines palmate, in single series. Supra-
anal lamina of both sexes broadly rotundate, entire. Cerci very

short, joints indistinct. IV. GEOSCAPHEUSID, fam. nov.
2.2, Abdomen of female with free valvules, or these rarely
united by a suture. V. PERIPLANETIDE.
a. Cerci as long as supra-anal lamina, or scarcely longer. Elytra none,
or lobiform. POLYZOSTERIN &.
b. Cerci much longer than lamina. Elytra perfect or rudimentary,
rarely lobiform or absent. PERIPLANETIN 2%.

1.1. Femora not spined, or rarely only the anterior ones.

2. Claws with arolia (excepting the females of Heterogamide).

3. Forepart of wings rounded, or with plicate apical triangular
area. VI. CHoRISONEURID.

3.3. Forepart of wings rounded, without triangular apical
area.

4, Wings with anal area flabellate. Pronotum glabrous (except
in some species of Derocalymma and Perisphaerva.)

33

5. Abdomen of female with supra-anal lamina quadrate, in-
cised, or entire; hind angles of abdominal segments produced.
VII. PANcHLoRIDA.
5.5. Abdomen of female with supra-anal lamina rotundate,
dorsal segments truncate, hind angles not produced.
VIII. PERIsPHAERID.
4.4. Wings with anal area not plicate. Pronotum ciliate.
5. Supra-anal lamina of female rotundate. Extra Australian.
(CHORYDID#).
5.5. Supra-anal lamina of female quadrate, incised.
IX. HETrEROGAMID4.
2.2. Claws without arolia (except the females of Heterogam-
ide ).
3. Supra-anal lamina of both sexes quadrate, incised. Elytra
flat, much exceeding the abdomen (Extra Australian).
(BLABERID2).
3.3. Supra-anal lamina of both sexes transverse, entire, rotun-
date. Elytral abbreviated or constricted in the middle, and
exceeding the abdomen. X. PANESTHID.

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS.

The following works were principally consulted and availed of
to a considerable extent :—

C. Brunner van Wattenwyl, Systeme des Llattarres, 1865 ;
Burmeister, Handbuck der Entomology, Vol. I1., 1838 ; Walker,
British Museum Catalogue of Blattarie, 1868 ; and Supplement,
1869. Also the “ Zoological Record,” and several minor publi-
cations.

I. ECTOBIDA.

Body of male elongate, of female dilated. Penultimate joint
of the palpi not exceeding the last by more than one half.
Wings horny, or leathery, or lobelike, and leaving the scutellum
uncovered. Radial vein united at the base with the ulnary, and
either emitting branches to the sutural margin, or the veins
divide, and if not themselves forked, emit forked branches
towards the apex. Wings, when present, with the anal (dividing)
vein dichotomous at the apex including a pellucid triangular
membrane readily folded between the branches, radiating veins
united by a single transverse veinlet. Legs slender, femora
spined. Supra-anal lamina of male very narrow, transverse.
Subgenital lamina of male oblong triangular, styles rarely pro-
vided. Last ventral segment of female ample, or produced,
emarginate.

Ectrosia, Westwood.

Phyllodromia, Serv. ; Phyllodromica, Fieber; Blatta, &c. (Br.,

Syst., pl., fig. 1).
Cc

34

Wings perfectly explicate, apical triangular area _ small.
Femora moderately spinose. Supra-anal lamina of both sexes
transverse, very narrow. Male without styles. Female with
last ventral segments large.

The genus comprises only small-sized insects. The costal vein
is short, straight, and cuts off a broad area ; the radial and ulnar
veins are united (or rather the latter is obsolete), and emit
branches on both sides, which is not the case in any other family.
The anal vein curves convexly towards the hindmargin, and
near it turns outward and meets the margin obliquely. The anal
area is comparatively broad, and it and the radial area are pro-
vided with transverse veinlets.

EcTosia Livipa (Fabr.), Brunner, Syst., 59.

‘Body pale. Head brown, vertex ferruginous. Pronotum
large, margin of disk slightly reddish. Elytra flat, broad, as long
as the abdomen or longer, with brownish dots along the radial
vein, sometimes obsolete. Legs pale brownish. Abdomen black,
margins and apex pale.

Male Female
Length of body ... peu bO oS Inia, 8 mm.
Length of elytra sh Od BL Bela Oo ye
Length of pronotum Bek Dlg ye a
Width of pronotum AeA dalge 2 5 Ne Fo i:

Habitat.—Europe, Africa (Brunner), Australia ( Walker).”

Ecrosia MARCIDA (Hrichson), Br., Syst., 61.

“Body pale. Disk of pronotum clouded with testaceous.
Elytra sparingly veined, interstices brownish. Abdomen piceous,
margins pale. Neither measure nor sex recorded.

Habitat.—Tasmania.”

Ectopia Lucipa, Brunner, Syst., 62.

‘Body chesnut-coloured, shining. Pronotum with lateral
margins and median streak scarcely distinct. Elytra with costal
area sometimes testaceous, acuminate; radial and ulnar veins
separated at the base, emitting parallel branches towards the apex,
none to sutural margin.

Male
Length of body ... es a, , soe aE
Length of elytra aa ais Sean gs ps
Length of pronotum ..... ae HS ILA Mey
Width of pronotum ay ae Sues, Aiton ee

Habitat.—Australia.”

39

Ecropta aPIciFERA, Walker (Blatta), Br. Mus. Cat., 110.

Greyish-white and brown. Head very broad, vertex forming
a transverse ridge. Face pale, except a brown semi-elliptical
spot between the antenne and eyes with white margins and
median line. Antenne as long as the body, hairy, pale-greyish.
Pronotum wider than long, rounded laterally and in front,
straight behind, anterior and lateral margin broadly whitish,
former narrowly bordered with black above the eyes, disk brown,
with a fine, pale median line and a deep triangular sinus on each
side anteriorly. Elytra elongate oval, deep brown, costal and
anal margins broadly pale, showing two broad, brown stripes
when at rest. Wings pale. Abdomen pale yellowish above,
segments bordered dark behind. Underneath pectus and legs
pale, abdomen dark with pale margin, last segment and apex

partly blackish.

Male.
Length of body ... i. * she -? Ox ganar
Length of elytra... aa ie aoe Ore Ge
Length of pronotum ... a ha bo cle
Width of pronotum site e Pee c On

Habitat.—Mount Lofty Range, South Australia. 8. A.
Museum ; one adult male.

An imperfect specimen, referred to this species, has the blackish
stripes of the elytra continued over the pronotum, and the black
spot of the face more indistinct, but was taken at another place
and time. The species, although here recorded under Walker's’
name, is re-described from the specimens.

II. PHYLLODROMID 4.

Wings, when present, without apical triangular area. LElytra
and wings perfect or rudimentary ; radial vein without posterior
branches or only a single branch emitted towards the apex ;
branches of ulnar vein oblique; anal vein similar to that of pre-
ceding family. Abdomen of female with last segment large,
without subgenital lamina. Supra-anal lamina of both sexes
more or less produced, triangular, incised or lobed. Cerci more
than twice the length of the lamina.

Lopoprera, Brunner, Syst. 79, fig. 5.

Body oblong ovate. Pronotum oblong, or transverse. Elytra
abbreviated or lobiform, wings absent. Femora thickly spined,
compressed, dilated, also the tibiz. Abdomen flat in both sexes,
sometimes wider in the female than the male. Supra-anal
lamina triangularly produced, emarginate in the female. Sub-
genital lamina of male triangular, obtuse, without styles, or very
minute and slender.

36

LOBOPTERA TRIVITTATA (Hrichsoi).

Brunner, Syst., 82; Arch. f. Nat. vim., 248.
“Yellow. Body at three black stripes, brownish posteriorly,
the middle one obliterated anteriorly.
Length of body (sex ?) a! -.2 9-12 ame

Habitat.—Tasmania.”

LOBOPTERA HALMATURINA, Sp. 20.

Pale yellowish. Male oblong, female dilated behind. Two
broad piceous stripes from the eyes to the middle of the cerci or
rather beyond. Face with a piceous stripe widest between the
antenne, and there nearly severed by a pale transverse line or
triangular spot. Pronotum with the pale space in the middle
much wider behind and marked by a black spot resembling the
conventional “ Broad Arrow,” and repeated on the disk of the
mesonotum, but extending quite across it. Metanotum with a
median line much wider behind, sometimes reduced to a
triangular dot on the hindmargin and two dots or short trans-
verse bar, also a short, very fine line on either side. Abdomen
with a more or less defined median line or stripe of variable
form (almost obsolete in some female specimens). Underneath
the pectus and coxee are pale, the latter with two black dots ;
the legs pale, tibiee with black dots along the exterior margin
and black apices ; abdomen piceous to black ventrally.

Male. Female.
Length of body... AP epiane 8 mm.
Length of pronotum sean eo) oe 27 te
Width of pronotum BS LED! Ast oo Ge

IHabitat.—Near head of Western Cove, Kangaroo Island, cap-
tured by myself on Callitris verrucosa (Native Cypress—Pine).
Six specimens (S.A. Museum).

LOBOPTERA DUODECIMSIGNATA, sp. Ov.

Flat, fusiform. Brownish or reddish-yellow, dusky. Margins
of pronotum, elytra, and meta-notum pale, hyaline ; disk pale
brownish. Abdomen with posterior segments bordered broadly
brownish, lateral margin with six sen blackish bars on each
side, legs and cerci pale yellowish, posterior part of abdomen
darker. Egg-case cylindrical, whitish, with a very fine dark
ridge, scar cely serrate.

Female.
Length of body Aly nae ». 10 anmer
Length of pronotum ... Py: LE fil 1) weteoe ie
Width of pronotum ... 2b ¥ 4 et

Habitat.—Vicinity of Adelaide, South Agee alia. Two females.

O4

(S.A. Museum). Under bark of Eucalypts in scrub-lands. The
barren female was captured in April; the other, with egg-case
undetached, in July.

LOBOPTERA CIRCUMCINCTA, Sp. nov.

Pale dusky-yellowish, banded with dark-brown, and pale lateral
margins. Head blackish-brown, ocelliform spots, and mouth
parts pale; also the antenne. Pronotum with disk and _ hind-
margin brown, enclosing a pale subrhombic spot ; foremargin
dark-brown, sometimes obliterated. Elytra lobiform, much
exceeding the meso-notum ; disk brown. Abdomen with anterior
segments pale, their hindmargins dark ; posterior segments dark,
except the last, which has a pale hindmargin. Supra-anal lamina
of male very short, rounded; of female acutely triangular, com-
pressed. Cerci long, terete, hirsute. Underside pale dusky-
yellowish, legs whitish.

Male. Female.
Length of body .... 7) ao OU MIM: 9 mm.
Length of pronotum fet, as Ten
Width of pronotum ee woe HB $¢

Habitat.—Kangaroo Island (Lepper, April, 1884); Riverton
(May, 1887); Mount Bryan East (September, 1887). Two males,
two females (S.A. Museum).

The males only appear to possess lobiform elytra, the females
to be wholly wingless.

Lospoprera uNnDULIvITTA, Walk. (Brit. Mus. Cat., 144).

“‘Testaceous, fusiform, smooth, shining. Head with two black
stripes dilated towards the vertex. Antenne piceous, base
testaceous. Pronotum with two undulating black stripes not
extending to foremargin. (Elytra’?) Abdomen with two black
stripes, apical part black, or almost wholly black. Supra-anal
lamina of male bilobed, emarginate, sides deflexed. Cerci long,
flat, lanceolate, tawny. Styles distinct.

Length of body (male and female) <<, LDomm,

Habitat.—New Zealand.”

This and the following species have been removed from the
genera under which they were placed by Walker, on account of
their general characters, as apparent by his descriptions, which
agree much better with Loboptera than any other, notably the
striped pronotum and rudimentary wings.

LOBOPTERA MARGINIFERA, Walk. (ibid).

“ Yellow, fusiform, smooth, shining. Head with a piceous
band on the vertex. Pronotum pale, hyaline, yellow, bordered
in the disk by two irregular black stripes, and externally by two

38

yellow lines. Meso- and meta-notum, also abdomen, bordered pale
yellow, with two black stripes laterally. Elytra rudimentary,
pale yellow, hyaline. Abdomen piceous beneath, angles acute,
hyaline. Supra-anal lamina acutely angular laterally.
Length of body (male and female) os, AUS She
Habitat.—King George’s Sound, West Australia.”

Lopoprera PLATYsomA, Walk. (ibid, 111).

‘“‘Testaceous, elliptical. Head broad, exceeding the pronotum.
Antenne stout, setulose. Pronotum rounded in front, hind-
margin straight, sides pellucid. Elytra much shorter than the
body, costa much rounded; transverse veinlets few. Wings
pellucid, rudimentary.

Var. B. Abdomen with a black patch on each side near the
base. Cerci lanceolate, rather long and slender.

Male.
Length of body ... mm.

ae ri
Length of elytra... ee i as) Dee
Habitat.—West Australia.”

TEMNOPTERYX, Brunner (Syst. 83, fig. 6).

“ Body oblong. Antenne longer than the body. Pronotum
flat, semicircular, leaving the head free. Elytra half the length
of the body, truncate, touching in a straight line; scutellum
largely exposed, veins not very distinct. Wings as long as the
elytra. Tibi very spiny, very broad behind, especially with the
males. Supra-anal lamina of male transverse, rounded; of
female triangular. Cerci eight-jointed.”

TEMNOPTERYX OBSCURA, Sausswre.
Mel. Orth. in Memoirs Soc. Phys. de Genéve, xx., part II., 1870.
Habitat.—India, Samoa. Description not seen.

PARATEMNOPTERYX, Saussure (loc. cit.).

Resembles Vemnopteryx, but the tarsi are not provided with
plantuli (arolia).

PARATEMNOPTERYX AUSTRALIS, Sazss. (loc. cit.)
Habitat.— Australia. (Zool. Record, Vol. VI., 459, 1870.)

TEMNELYTRA, gen. nov. (= truncated elytra).

Body oblong. Antenne as long as the body. Pronotum flat,
semiorbicular. Head free. Elytra subcorneous, semihyaline,
extending slightly beyond the metanotum ; veins undeveloped,
except the main ones, unbranched. Wings none or scale-like.

39

Femora shortly spined, tibiz slightly incrassated. Abdomen very
flat, nearly alike in both sexes, dorsal segments 8—9. Supra-
anal lamina large, almost as long as wide; of the male subtrun-
cate, broadly emarginate, angles rounded; of the female much
narrower, subtriangular, arched, triangularly emarginate. Sub-
genital lamina with long filiform styles. Cerci ten-jointed.

The genus appears to form an intermediate link between
Aphlebia and Temnopteryx, the structure of the elytra appertain-
ing to the former and the general form of body, legs, and genital
appendages to the latter. The following synopsis denotes the
affinities of this to Temnopteryx and the succeeding genus :—

Elytra abbreviated. Wings rudimentary or none.
1. Veins more or less distinct and complete.
2. Elytra truncate, subquadrangular. Veins complete,
simple, more or less parallel.

TEMNOPTERYX, Br.

2.2. Elytra ovate, rounded. Veins incomplete, sinuate.
BALTA, gen. nov.

1.1. Veins almost obsolete, or very indistinct. LElytra

truncate, subquadrangular, transparent.

TEMNELYTRA, gen. nov.

TEMNELYTRA HARPURI, sp. nov.

Pale brownish-yellow. Integument of pro- and meso-notum
almost transparent. Pronotum rounded in front, straight behind,
angles rounded, margin broad, whitish, hyaline, disk brownish,
showing outline of body beneath, and marked by a slender
brownish line, the hindmargin overlapping the mesonotum con-

siderably.

Elytra of male quadrilateral, truncate, exceeding the meta-
notum, with numerous impressed dots, with radial and anal vein
distinct, latter terminating apparently in the posterior apical
angle, margins pale yellowish, disk pale brownish ; female wing-
less. Abdomen of both sexes pale yellowish, above with a paler
margin, an interrupted piceous stripe, including black dots ;
of male beneath black towards the margin and apex, paler
elsewhere ; of female quite pale with two dark marginal stripes.

Male. Female. Larva.
Length of body oar LOLs. nom. 15 mm. 10 mm.
Length of elytra... Lo ili — *« Sis
Length of pronotum... nae aes 4:5 « Pata st
Width of pronotum ... 6 ay Deaf 4 «

Habitat.—Cygnet River, and Karatta, Kangaroo Island.

Two males, one female, and one larva (S.A. Museum).
The insects are diurnal in habit, and were captured on Acacia

40

bushes in March in November respectively, and were very swift
in their movements. The half-grown larva is almost concolorous.
The specific name is given as a slight token of gratitude to and
in honour of the late manager of the Karatta Station, Mr. W.
Harpur, whose ready and disinterested help and hospitality alone
enabled me to examine the south-western part of the island
(otherwise uninhabited) for several weeks.

BALTA, gen. nov. (Anagram).

Body oblong. Antenne as long or longer than the body.
Pronotum flat, semicircular, wider than long, and not covering
the head. Scutellum free. Elytra abbreviated, extending to the
fifth or sixth segment of the abdomen, costal margin very much
rounded, hindmargin nearly straight, apex obtuse; costal vein
indistinct or obsolete ; radial vein distinct, sinuous, with five
branches (one or two forked); ulnar vein with two branches ;
remainder wholly absent. Wings very rudimentary or none.
Tibiz compressed, not dilated, with long spines. Supra-anal
lamina of male transverse, subtriangular, emarginate and deeply
incised, lobes rounded; of female much reduced. Cerci long,
ten-jointed.

BALTA EPILAMPROIDES, sp. nov.

Size small. Obscurely pale yellowish. Pronotum smooth,
lateral margin broad, pellucid ; disk with medium line indistinct,
a short, oblique streak on each side, and several minute brownish
dots. Elytra with the veins and reticulations whitish, inter-
spaces brown. Abdomen of female with six undefined brown
stripes, hindmargin of several segments with black dots (Epi-
lampra-like), male paler than female, and scarcely marked. Un-
derside pale, lateral margin of abdomen with blackish spots, or
wholly dark. Cerci banded with piceous.

Male. Female.
Length of body ... iusy foe Unite, 8-5-9 mm.
Length of elytra... eer cual 3°3-3'9 “
Length of pronotum ... 2°3 “ 2°3 ee
Width of pronotum Scie Pood. 3°D “f

Habitat.—Kangaroo Island (1886), Murray Scrub (1887).
One male, three females (S. A. Museum).

The insect are diurnal, and were captured by me in November
on Acacia shrubs.

Batra piscaLis, Walker, sp., Brit. Mus. Cat., 111.

“Black. Head and pronotum thinly punctured. Base of
antenne, a dot between them, and a patch on each side, extend-
ing to the border, yellow. Pronotum with anterior and lateral
margin rounded, yellow, hindmargin straight. Elytra tawny,

4]

not exceeding half the length of the abdomen. Underside
tawny. Abdomen with a yellow stripe Jaterally above and
below.

Length of body (female) 7-8 mm.

fabitat.— Western Australia.”

PHYLLODROMIA, Serville.

Br., Syst., 88, figs. 7 and 8 ; Blatta, auctores.

Body elongate. Elytra corneous, incumbent, concealing the
scutellum ; anal vein long, not much curved, terminating about
the middle of the hindmargin ; radial vein emitting no branches
to the hindmargin, ulnar vein separate at the base, the branches
extending longitudinally towards the apex. Wings perfect,
ulnar vein undivided, or emitting a few branches to the apex.
Abdomen of male lanceolate, with nine dorsal and eight ventral
segments ; of female with nine dorsal and six ventral. Supra-
anal lamina of male triangular, or subsemicircular ; of female
triangular, obtuse, emarginate. Cerci long, 12-jointed. Sub-
genital lamina triangular, obtuse, styles none or rudimentary.

This is another of the genera into which the original—now
altogether abolished—genus Llatta has been distributed, and is of
wide extent. A large number of species are recorded by Brunner,
Saussure, Walker, &c., but not a single one represented in the
collection of the South Australian Museum at present. The
species of the last-named author are doubtful, and cannot be cor-
rectly placed, owing to his defective descriptions, notwithstanding
their apparent fulness, and must remain uncertain until deter-
mined by comparison with his types, and redescribed.

PHYLLODROMIA GERMANICA, Linné.

‘“‘ Brownish testaceous. Head very prominent; face brownish,
vertex pale. Pronotum of male oblong, of female transverse,
with two brown longitudinal stripes (slightly curved), the space
between them reddish testaceous, and distinct from the margin.
Elytra concolorous. Wings with ulnar and anal vein entire.

Male. Female.
Length of body... ee Looe mm, 11 mm.
Length of elytra cae lia ats 1 Wee
Length of pronotnm ... 3 “* 5
Width of pronotum ... 3:5 * Any fe?

—Lr., Syst., 90.
Habitat.—All continents ; its occurrence in Australia, however,
requires confirmation.
The species has been described as Blatta Germanica by most
authors, but also as B. Asiatica, Pallas; Ectobiws, Stephen;
Ectobia, Westwood ; Phyllodromica, Fieber.

42

PHYLLODROMIA AUSTRALIA, Br. (Syst., 95).

“Testaceous. Head testaceous, with a transverse line; vertex
and antenne black. Pronotum with yellowish fore- and hind-
margins; disk brownish, with two dark stripes contiguous in
front, space between them of equal width throughout. Wings
with the ulnar vein with few branches, all emitted towards the
apex. Elytra ferruginous testaceous. Abdomen brownish above,
underside streaked brown laterally. Legs testaceous.

Male.
Length of body ay ie oo. 12) ae
Length of elytra or Ly Age: SE ae
Length of pronotum ... a Beal!» (essa aiae
Width of pronotum ... at Lgl CARs

Habitat.—New South Wales.”

PHYLLODROMIA SPURIA, Brunner (Syst., 96).

“ Brownish ferruginous. Antenne brownish. Pronotum
transverse, truncate in front and behind, with two indistinctly
bordered stripes continued along the elytra. Margins of pro-
notum and elytra broadly hyaline. Legs testaceous. Abdomen
border testaceous, and with brown lateral streaks.

Male.
Length of body ... 9
Length of elytra 4 as ee ES
Length of pronotum .... “be ‘begin een ae
Width of pronotum +
Habitat.—Fiji Islands.”

PHYLLODROMIA FEMORATA, Brunner (ibid, 101).

“Rusty yellow. Antenne blackish at the base, otherwise
rusty brown, much longer than the body. Pronotum elliptically
transverse, truncate in front .and behind; disk yellow, lateral
margin hyaline, brown behind, with a very narrow yellow margin.
Elytra rusty-yellow, with pale margins. Wings brownish black,
fore margin ferruginous, veins black. Femora and tibie striped
blackish at the apex.

Male. Female.
Length of body ... ve, LO. sam. 11. 7m
Length of elytra ae 9: a apes ik ae
iLength,of pronotum: <\-2: ge >< Oy itl
Width of pronotum ... 45 “ 4:9 =

Habitat.—New South Wales.”

PHYLLODROMIA VITREA, Brunner (ibid, 109, fig. 8).
“Pale testaceous. Face rusty. Pronotum with pellucid con-
colorous disk. Elytra straw-coloured. Wings hyaline, with
brown transverse veinlets. Abdomen pale, brownish laterally.

45

Male.
Length of body a ae rah Oy, stim
Length of elytra re me eee LO ois
Length of pronotum ... set BLS aw vdset tie
Width of pronotum AS a 8

Habitat.—Fiji Islands; Vera Cruz, South America.”

PHYLLODROMIA LATIPENNIS, Brunner (ibid).

“'Testaceous. Head large, brown. Pronotum broad, truncate
in front and behind, pellucid, concolorous. Elytra with radial
area broad ; anal vein sinuate, reaching the hind margin beyond
the middle. Wings with apex obtuse, radial vein with few
branchlets, other veins very irregular, transverse veinlets not at

all parallel.

Male. Female.
Length of body ... Seen” ammo: [25 foam
Length of elytra etd bore ve! a
Length of pronotum ... 3:5 “« oo St
Width of pronotum ... 5 & he i

Habitat.—New South Wales, New Zealand, Ceylon.”

PHYLLODROMIA MUNDICOLA, Walk. (Brit. Mus. Cat., 101).

“ Fawn-coloured above, yellowish beneath. Head ochreous,
antenne black, base yellowish, longer than the body. Pronotum
with white margin and median line. Abdomen with a black
stripe along each side, hindmargins of segments white. Elytra
much exceeding the abdomen, pellucid, with white costal stripe,
veins white in the discoidal and anal areas, transverse veinlets
numerous. Wings brownish, as long as the elytra.

Female.
Length of body 7 ee ... 7-8 mm.
Length of elytra i: He eae, Oak os

Habitat.—Australia.”

PHYLLODROMIA cConJUNCTA, Walk. (ibid, 103).

“Testaceous. Antenne pubescent, a little longer than the
body. Pronotum narrowed and truncate in front, straight be-
hind, with a broad, pale, lateral margin. Elytra rounded in
front, costal area broad, thickly and irregularly reticulate, veins
pale testaceous, transverse veinlets numerous, irregular. Wings
pale cinereous, veins paler. Cerci very long, piceous towards the
apex. Styles rather long, stout. Legs stout, femora with a few
stout spines.

Male.
Length of body ai od aay al 12 mam:
Length of elytra oe abs tai) LOLT, . *

+4

Habitat.—New Zealand.”

The position of this and the following two species is doubtful,
and they may have to be removed to some other genus. They
certainly appear not to belong to Ectobia.

PHYLLODROMIA contTIGUA, Walker (ibid, 228).

“‘Testaceous. Head with two pale brownish bands, one in
front of the vertex, the other lower. Antenne testaceous. Pro-
notum elliptical, narrow in front, and slightly truncate, lateral
margins broadly pellucid. Elytra membranous (excepting the
base), much longer than the abdomen ; radial vein forked, trans-
verse veinlets regular. Abdomen with brown spots on each side
underneath. Cerci much longer than half the abdomen.

Female.
Length of body ... ue oe . Liam:
Length of elytra ... i a a ae

Habitat.—New Guinea.”

PHyYLLODROMIA SUFFUSA, Walker (ibid, 223).

‘“Ochreous above, pale yellow beneath. Antenne piceous, base
pale yellow. Pronotum truncate in front, transverse, margin
broadly pellucid. Elytra rather broad, extending much beyond
the abdomen, tapering to the apex; costal margin pellucid, trans-
verse veinlets regular. Wings slightly ochreous, with blackish
subcostal stripe for two-thirds of the length from the base. Legs
pale yellow. Cerci slender, setose, very long.

Male.
Length of body ... me ne eee) 10s
Length of elytra is sn =

Habitat.—New Guinea.”

The following references are quoted from “ Zoological Record,”
vols. VI. and IX. :—

PHYLLODROMIA BITAENIATA, Sauwss. (Mel. Orth., 1870).
Habitat.—Australia.

PHYLLODROMIA SIMILIS, Saussure (ibid).
Habitat,—Australia.

PHYLLODROMIA ALBOVITTATA, Saussure (ibid, 1873).
Habitat.—New Holland.

Apotyta, Brunner (Syst. 112, fig. 12).
Blatta, Burmeister, Handbk. II., 498, 1839; EHllipsidium,
Sauss., Hist. Nat. Mex., ITI., 113.
Body convex, oval when immature, flat in adult. Antenne as
long as, or shorter than, the body ; incrassated, hirsute. Pronotum

od

49

not covering the head, almost flat, transverse, truncate in front
and behind, angles rounded. Scutellum triangular. Elytra with
radial vein flexuose, branched ; anal vein not curved at the apex.
Wings with radial vein forked at the apex ; ulnar vein emitting
three branches towards the apex. Cerci long, lanceolate.

The genus is entirely restricted to Australia.

The species of this genus are diurnal in habit during all stages
moving about the foliage of small trees and shrubs in the bright
sunshine of the hottest summer days. They move about very
swiftly, fly readily and rapidly, and are very difficult to catch.
The larve are so different in colour from the adults, that it
would be well nigh impossible to assign them rightly for any one
not conversant with their habits zm situ. Moreover, it seems
that the larve of various species resemble each other much more
than the adults.

a. Pronotum pale.
APOLYTA VESTITA, Burmeister.

Handb. IL, 498; 4r., Syst. 112, fig. 10; Lllinsidium varie-
gatum, Fabr., Saussure, Brit. Mus. Cat. 84.

“ Pronotum of the same colour as the body. Antenne, face,
coxee, femora, tarsi, and abdomen deep black. Vertex, pronotum,
elytra, tibie, and cerci pale yellowish ferruginous. Apex of
elytra brownish. Wings smoky, anterior margin streaked pale

yellow. Ventral segments of abdomen bordered white.
Male.

Length of body 10 mm.
Length of elytra baa
Length of pronotum 5 a
Width of pronotum sees

Habitat.— Australia (Brunner ),; gaan a ( Burmeister ).”

APOLYTA QUADRIPUNCTATA, sp. nov.

Pronotum with broad yellow margin all round; disk pale
ferruginous, with two, rather large, oval black spots at the hind
angles, and two small round ones in the middle Elytra brownish-
orange, veins and veinlets almost white, very distinct, except
anal vein, which is deep brown, and irregularly bordered with
white ; apex blackish. Wings with costal area whitish, remainder
blackish, veins pale brownish. Underside as in A. vestita. Cerci
wholly ferruginous.

Male.
Length of body i Fr 10 mm.
Length of elytra ... bias te resapeae ies 4
Length of pronotum is eal ond
Width of pronotum ee: ae ea: i

Habitat.— Vicinity of Adelaide. One male (S.A. Museum)

46

APOLYTA HUMERALIS, sp. nov.

Head, pronotum, elytra, legs (except coxee), and cerci pale
brownish-yellow, antennz and coxe brown, the latter with pale
margins. Abdomen paler above, black beneath, segments bor-
dered with white. Elytra concolorous, blackish at the shoulders,
veins paler than the membranes.

Female.
Length of body ait ae 23. TOs sanvtans
Length of elytra ons ie oe
Length of pronotum ... BY. oe
Width of pronotum ... * 2h Agee

Habitat.—Northern Territory of South Australia (J. P.
Tepper). S.A. Museum.

The specimen is somewhat battered, but quite distinct from
others, conspicuously so by the dark base of elytra and absence
of the dark apex. The wings are brownish.

APOLYTA PALLIDA, spec. nov.

Pale brownish-yellow, almost concolorous, including the legs
and underside. Margin of pronotum and costal area of elytra
much paler, hyaline. Abdomen above banded brownish, beneath
more or less dark-coloured towards the apex, or quite pale.
Elytra with the veins and veinlets pale. Wings pale dusky-
yellowish.

Male. Female.
Length of body... 10°3-10°5 mm. 8
Length of elytra ... 10 -l1l “* eh
Length of pronotum 1°8 a 1
Width of pronotum 3 e 2 —

Habitat.—Mt. Lofty Range, Tanunda, Kangaroo Island,
South Australia. Three of the females have the egg-cases still
attached, one of which is almost completely extruded, and only
held by the membranous support. The case is dull-brown, sub-
trigonal, keel high, 17 rounded teeth visible. Two males and
six females (S.A. Museum).

APOLYTA DECORATA, spec. nov.

Head, pronotum, elytra, scutellum, post-scutellum, cerci and
legs pale brownish-yellow. Pronotum with very pale translucent
margins, disk with two to four minute black dots. Wings
pellucid. Elytra with white veinlike lines between the veins,
which are yellowish. Abdomen black, above with narrow pale
lateral margin, ventrally the segments bordered narrowly with
white, except the last, which is pale dusky-yellowish in the male,
and piceous in the female.

Male. Female.
Length of body .... Ree ee) giana os) onmay,
Length of elytra ... eof Mee OMe e S Gane
Length of pronotum lich Mp 1 as
Width of pronotum {| eee: 250 cee

Nymphs and larve. Body ovate, convex, deep black, shining.
Vertex narrowly pale-yellowish. Pronotum transverse, hind
angles subacute, margin pale all round, widest of the hind angles,
the colour gradually passing from whitish exteriorly to piceous,
or red towards the middle. Mesonotum with hindmargin
bordered pale, hind angles much produced, broadly rusty whitish,
the part between the lobes often interrupted by fine black strie.
Metanotum with pale hindmargin distinctly interrupted, lateral
margin brownish. Abdomen with the first four or five dorsal
segments distinctly bordered by narrow, elongated white dots,
between the rows a narrow yellow line interrupted i in the middle,
first segment sometimes pale at the base; fifth or sixth segment
with two small yellow dots close to the median line : the next
segment unmarked; the last with plain white margin. Cerci
ferruginous. Underside and legs black, coxe and hindmargins
of ventral segments bordered white. Spines all pale.

Nymphs. Larve.
iEength of body 9 7...° 7:5 mm, 3°3-4°5 mm.
Length of pronotum 16 «* iF Tes PENS
Width of pronotum... 3:2 <«* ay cS
Width of abdomen... 4 ie 2 i rs

Adults, nymphs and larve were found simultaneously to
frequent bushes during daytime, running about the branches and
foliage, trying to escape observation by slipping to the opposite
side very swiftly when disturbed, or drop to the ground.

Habitat.—Mount Lofty Range, Tanunda, Sandy Creek,
Nuriootpa, Willunga, South Australia; Fraser Range, Western
Australia. Three adults, two nymphs, seven larve (S.A.
Museum).

A small nymph of some minute species was taken near Tanunda,
which I am at present unable to assign to any species or even
genus by name. It is elongated, black. Pronotum rounded in
front, with broad, smoky, hyaline lateral margin, frontal margin
and hind angles of disk white. Lobes of meso- and meta-notum
smoky, former with two small triangular white spots in front,
latter with white base. Abdomen with the second dorsal seg-
ment, the hind angles of all segments, and the middle of the
sixth white. Underside and legs black, vertex and spines pale.

b. Pronotum with disk blackish.
APOLYTA PELLUCIDA, Brunner (Syst. 114, fig. 10).
Ellipsidium australe, Saussure (Rev., &c., Mag. Zool., 1864).

48

“Antenne, disk of pronotum, apex of elytra, legs, and
abdomen black. Vertex, margin of pronotum and elytra tes-
taceous, broadly pellucid. Wings anteriorly testaceous, pos-
teriorly smoke-tinted.

Male. Female.
Length of body Ju yous 10-5 mm.
Length of elytra ... 14 a 11 “
Length of pronotum... 4:5 * awk ie
Width of pronotum... 45 “ DO. Wt

Habitat.—New South Wales.”

APOLYTA RETICULATA, Sauss. (Brit. Mus. Cat., 84, 85).

Habitat.—Australia. Descriptions not seen of this and the
following two species.

APOLYTA RETICULATA, Sausswre (ibid).
Halbitat.—Australia.

APOLYTA GRACILE, Butler (Cist. Ent., X., 294).
Habitat.—Queensland.

APOLYTA CENTRALIS, Walker (Brit. Mus. Cat., 120).

‘Black, fusiform, smooth. Head with the fore border, the
sockets of antenne and the palpi dark-red. Pronotum reddish,
flat, sides black, deflexed, rounded, foremargin truncate, hind-
margin almost straight ; disk with a broad, very shallow furrow
laterally. Elytra red, subcoriaceous, dark cinereous towards the
apex, foremargin black for more than half the length from the
base, almost straight; anal furrow (!?) slight. Wings dark
cinereous. Abdomen with the disk of underside mostly reddish.
Cerci lanceolate, moderately longand stout. Legs piceous, knees
and tarsi reddish.

Female.
Length of body OY rah .! 12:54
Length of elytra wes ms ses, LD eae

Habitat.—South Australia.”

THYRSOCERA, Burmeister.

Handb. IL, 4985 Gr; Syst.,°115, fig. 11.

«“ Antenne often of two colours—blackish and yellow; base
hirsute. Pronotum narrow in front, produced behind, rounded,
margin deflected. Middle vein of elytra with the basal branches
much angulated and emitted towards the apex. Ulnar vein of
wings with two or three branches emitted into the apical margin,
but none towards the anal vein. Cerci long, lanceolate spathu-
late.”

The genus is remarkable for the smallness of the anal area

49

The anal vein is very shortly incurved at the hindmargin. Most
of the species known are South and Central American, but
several occur also in India and the Malay Archipelago.

THYRSOCERA soROR, Brunner (Syst., 120).
“Small. Antenne of male wholly black, base not dilated
Pronotum small, scarcely produced behind, deep black ; margin ex-
cept in front, pale yellow. Elytra wholly piceous. Legs deep black.

Male.
Length of body As ae Ponts BO.) ann:
Length of elytra ay Kee fe LOVE? 1a
Length of pronotum ... oe Pan ee
Width of pronotum ... ee Soe A ono oe

Habitat.—Celebes.”
THYRSOCERA INQUINITA, Walk. (Brit. Mus. Cat., 103).

‘“ Black, fusiform, nearly flat, smooth. Head yellow. Eyes
very far apart. Antenne piceous, yellow at the back. Pronotum
narrow in front, piceous, with two yellow lines united in front,
sides broadly whitish and hyaline, much rounded, hind margin
slightly rounded. Meso- and meta-notum, also the base of the
abdomen, with a yellow stripe. Abdomen with a slender white
margin; hind border of ventral segments white. Cerci long,
testaceous. Legs testaceous. Elytra piceous, costa white towards
the base. Wings blackish cinereous.

Male.
Length of body ay : ee) WO. Onin,
Length of elytra ..... ee ee eae et)

Habitat.—Australia.”
This and the following of Walker’s species have been removed
oO

to this genus provisionally, as the description appears to agree
better than with any other.
THYRSOCERA MARGINIFERA, [alk (ibid, 107).

“Black fusiform, smooth. Head and _ pronotum thinly
punctured. Sockets of the antenne and foremargin testaceous.
Antenne tawny, blackish at the base, setose. Pronotum with a
slender yellowish white margin, fore border truncate, setose, hind
border very slightly rounded. Elytra coriaceous, veins slightly
elevated, forked at the apex ; costal area yellowish white, taper-
ing to apex ; anal furrow (? vein) very distinct. Wings blackish.
Abdomen piceous, with pale testaceous margin. Cerci, pectus
and legs pale testaceous.

Male.
Length of body ... sa oy oro, mm,
Length of elytra ... see BoP ehOro. co 7 (Span!)

Halbitat.—Australia.”
D

50

ISCHNOPTERA, Burmeister.

Handb. IT., 500; Br., Syst., 128, fig. 12-13.

“‘ Body of male oblong, of female rounded. Antenne twice as
long as the body. Pronotum small, orbicular, leaving the head
free. Elytra pellucid, veins distinct; radial vein emitting
parallel branches ; anal vein ending a little before the middle in
the hind margin ; axillary veins 6-8. Wings hyaline, ulnar vein
emitting pinnate branches towards the anal vein, and others
directed towards the apex. Subgenital lamina of male with long
styles. Cerci long, twelve-jointed.

These insects are very agile in their movements, and mostly
diurnal in habit in Australia. Some species hunt for their prey
among the foliage of shrubs, others are found under loose bark,
&c., but few, if any, occur in human habitations.. As indicated
by the name (thin-winged), the genus is remarkable for the
delicate texture of the organs of flight, their colour being chiefly
due to that of the veins. The elytra possess apparently no
transverse veinlets, but the membrane is greatly strengthened by
fenestrate corrugations between the veins, producing a regularly
reticulate appearance. The wings, however, have real, although
few, transverse veinlets.

(Ischnoptera centralis, Walk. See Apolyta.)

ISCHNOPTERA AUSTRALICA, Brunner (Syst., 131).
(2 I. marginalis, Walker, Brit. Mus. Cat. Suppl., 145).
Fulvous ferruginous. Head large, eyes remote. Pronotum
almost flat, disk impressed. Wings with foremargin yellowish
opaque; apex brownish, radial vein dichotomous, ulnar vein
emitting branch “5” into the apical border and branch “3”
towards the anal vein.

Male.
Length of body ... ee ts oe en2O a
Length of elytra ... aa = sop | Se ecu
Length of pronotum ses ne Pestana
Width of pronotum oi - Sl clea

Habitat.—New South Wales.”

ISCHNOPTERA MARGINALIS, Walker (Brit. Mus. Cat., 119).

“Testaceous, smooth. Head and pronotum pale red. Head
small, face pale yellow; sockets of antennz whitish, eyes wide
apart. Antenne tawny, setulose, pale yellow at the base. Pro-
notum pellucid, slightly deflexed, hindmargin slightly rounded.
Abdomen blackish yellow beneath, bordered with whitish.
Elytra subcinereous, with a white costal stripe tapering to the
apex. Wings blackish, costa white, except near apex.

Male.
Length of body ... 16 mm.
Length of elytra ... 200

Habitat.—West Australia.”

IscHNOPTERA circuMDUCTA, Walker (Brit. Mus. Cat. Suppl., 142).

“Testaceous. Head piceous, with sockets of antenne, fore-
margin, and palpi testaceous. Eyes wide apart. Antenne
brown, base testaceous. Foremargin of pronotum and sides
rounded, hyaline, pale yellow, hindmargin straight, disk with a
large blackish ringlet. Elytra coriaceous, costal area pellucid
for three-fourths of the length from the base. Wings brownish.
Abdomen beneath with brown spots laterally.

Male.
Length of body a Se ooh) SLOW rng,
Length of elytra 13-5 «

Habitat.— Australia.”

ISCHNOPTERA ANNULATA, spec. nov.

Testaceous, apparently resembling the preceding. Head
piceous, face a little paler. Antennze brownish, setaceous, basal
joints pale. Pronotum rounded in front, margins pale all round,
disk piceous, with a suborbicular or subtrigonal testaceous spot in
the middle, hind margin rounded. Elytra pale dusky yellow,
radial vein entire before the middle. Wings very pale, costa
near apex narrowly brownish, radial vein unbranched, three
series of transverse veinlets. Abdomen pale above and below,
with blackish spots laterally. Legs pale. Cerci with dark

margins.
Female.
Length of body a me Peete imate
Length of elytra | ieee a
Length of pronotum A ae
With of pronotum aye ties
Habitat.—Mt. Lofty Range, Kangarilla, South Australia.

Captured in April.

IscHNOPTERA LONGIUSCULA, Walker (Brit. Mus. Cat. Sappl.,

‘“‘Testaceous, elongate fusiform.
Antenne brownish,

face black.

Two females (S. re Museum).

143).

Head with the vertex and
testaceous at the base. Pro-

notum much longer than half its width, margins pellucid. Elytra
narrow, semicoriaceous, the anterior longitudinal veins forked,

intermediate distinct.
velns.

Wings pellucid, anal area with white
Abdomen long, pale testaceous.

Male.
Length of body ... Fy. fe ©, 4.10 sme
Length of elytra ae ty doe

Habitat.—South Australia ( if ‘dilheer Mo iy

There are three specimens, viz., one male and two females, in
the S.A. Museum, collected by the Elder Exploring Expedition
at Cootanoorina, which agree so much with the above descrip-
tion that I refer them provisionally to this species. They are
almost concolorous, pale dusky yellow, the head and face piceous,
mouth part yellow, a patch at the inner base of the antenne
whitish to pinkish.

Male. . Female.
Length of body stn) ny. Soa 9-10°5 mm.
Length of elytra ... ll “* 1] =
Length of pronotum 7 7 a 2°3 ce
Width of pronotum... 2:8 “ 3 oi

ISCHNOPTERA PATULA, Walker (ibid, 143).
“‘Ochraceous, broad, fusiform. Pronotum with foremargin
truncate, sides much rounded, hindmargin straight. Legs stout
short, femora setose. Elytra semicoriaceous, costa pellucid, some
of the veins forked. Wings pellucid, veins white. Abdomen
longer than the wings.

Male.
Length of body ... on a8 ...., JO Sea
Length of elytra 4 fy see Oo yee

Habitat.—New South Wales.”

Probably referable to Apolyta. The references to the veins,
&c., are too vague and unmeaning to decide without inspection of
the types.

IscHNOPTERA LATIRUPTA, Walker (ibid, 143).

‘“Ochraceous. Eyes wide apart. Antennz piceous, testaceous
at the base. Pronotum with a fine median line, and a white
stripe laterally inside the pellucid margin ; hindmargin straight.
Femora setose. Elytra slightly coriaceous, with a broad whitish,
pellucid, costal stripe, hind part pale testaceous in the left elytra,
pellucid i in the right. Wings pellucid. Abdomen as long as the
wings, with transy erse blackish streaks laterally. Cerei: moder-
ately long.

Male.
Length of body et i 2285 am:
Length of elytra re ws seine et

Habitat.—New South Wales.”

The same remarks apply as to the preceding. The insect may
belong to Vemnopteryx, or allied genus.

53

ISCHNOPTERA ANASTOMOSA, spec. 100.

Pale dusty-yellowish, concolorous. Head with vertex and
middle part of face piceous, margin and mouth-parts pale.
Antenne brownish, each joint with a very fine white ring.
Elytra semipellucid, radial vein straight, ulnar vein re-anastomos-
ing for a short distance near the middle with the former, and
then again separating. Cerci long, lanceolate, 12 joints.

Female.
Length of body ... at as a3.) ron.
Length of elytra Sie he ros Le ee
Length of pronotum .... a. cist pe
Width of pronotum .... us 372) MAO ais

Habitat.—Little Para River, Sa Australia. Under bark in
April. S.A. Museum.

ISCHNOPTERA MANICATA, spec nov.

Pale brownish yellow. Head with a band between the
antenne, and the lateral margins pale, occiput and a broad stripe
down the face brownish or blackish. Pronotum subtrigonal,
margins and a triangular space in the disk pale dusky yellowish,
disk with two broad, oblique, black stripes laterally, widest in
front, and narrowly contiguous ; also two oblique short black
vittee behind with a small dot between them. Elytra_ subcori-
aceous, radial vein raised towards the base, narrowly piceous,
costal margin narrowly brownish. Wings pellucid, blackish in
the middle. Legs pale, except a black patch in front of the fore
coxe. Abdomen with ill-defined brownish transverse bands,
interrupted regularly, so as to produce five pale narrow longi-
tudinal lines, margin pale. Underside pale, ventral abdominal
segments with blackish spots laterally. Cerci twelve-jointed.

Male.
Length of body mA ae 2 DLE Sm!
Length of elytra is Ase ee) | aa ia
Length of pronotum ... re a a Ot a
Width of pronotum ... Bee om SOTO he

Habitat.—Bordertown, South Australia. S.A. Museum.
Under bark of Lucalyptus rostrata in January.

IsCHNOPTERA PARALELLA, spec. 10U.

Brownish yellow. Head pale, except a brownish band between
the eyes and an elongated oblique spot opposite the bases of the
antenne. Latter blackish, base pale. Pronotum almost round,
with two straight, broad, piceous, parallel stripes widely apart.
Elytra concolorous, radial and ulnar veins parallel, distant.
Wings pellucid, veins blackish, anterior area with numerous

54

transverse veinlets. Abdomen dull brownish, margin pale ;
underside concolorous. Cerci broadly lanceolate, 12-jointed, pale
above, with the margin narrowly black towards the apex, and
the underside with narrow pale bands. Subgenital lamina of
female with a black dot at the apex.

Female.
Length of body ee eee RES Me siriie
Length of elytra Cy fe 21s) AO gare
Length of pronotum 3 cs
Width of pronotum + cS

Habitat.—Kangaroo Island in the early part of March.
Beverley, Westecn Australia; February (presented by Mr. J.
W. O. Tepper). S.A. Museum.

ISCHNOPTERA CONTRARIA, Spec. n0v.

Pale dusky yellowish. Head pale, occiput narrowly pale-
brownish, face with two larger oval brownish spots between the
antenne, and three minute ones below them. Last joint of
palpi brown. Pronotum almost round, margin almost colourless,
dark pale-yellow, with two narrow, oblique piceous stripes irregul-
arly sinuate, wide apart in front near the middle of the disk
and close behind, in front of each a small brownish figure com-
posed of three short vittee resembling an arrowhead directed
sideways. Elytra concolorous, radial and ulnar veins parallel.
Wings pellucid. Abdomen above very pale, below with short,
very ‘slender, black lines at the base of the ventral segment, and
beyond them with a row of minute dark dots on “each side.

Cerci pale.

Male.
Length of body 7: oa ve.) is auntie
Length of elytra ioe see Os ae
Length of pronotum _... shen 6d? es Goce
Width of pronotum .... ts ica’, (OR

Habitat.—Murray Bridge, South Australia. On shrubs of
Aster axillaris, end of N ovemiber, S.A. Museum.

ISCHNOPTERA OBSCURA, spec nov.

Brownish yellow. Head and face deep-brown, except the pale
space near the antenne. Pronotum almost round, fore and
lateral margins narrowly pale, pellucid, disk and hindmargin
deep-brown. Elytra subcoriaceous, veins brown, membrane pale,
pellucid ; radial vein separated from ulnar, blackish towards the
base, both veins parallel. Wings pale, pellucid. Abdomen pale
above, with dusky lateral spots, darker below as well as the legs.
Cerci setose, banded brownish.

Female.
Length of body Dae ag oy LO=L2..mm:
Length of elytra... ue es
Length of pronotum my alii Meena ores.
Width of pronotum dst $e anor aes °°

Habitat.—Norwood, South Australia; Kangaroo Island;
Lillimur, N.W. Victoria. Captured in March and April. Three
specimens, S.A. Museum.

The specimen from Norwood belongs perhaps to /. anastomosa,
the radial and ulnar veins anastomosing similarly, although the
closed cell is much narrower, but the colour markings are
different.

IsCcHNOPTERA PUNCTUOSA, IValker.
Brit. Mus. Cat. Suppl., 149.

‘‘ Cinereous, fusiform, very minutely punctured. Head testa-
ceous, face with a black patch, and three anterior black spots.
Antenne piceous. Pronotum thinly tuberculate, hooded in front
and extending slightly in front of the head, rounded before and
behind, sides nearly angular, a transverse patch on the disk
behind. Elytra with numerous irregular brown dots, and numer-
ous irregular transverse veinlets. Wings pellucid, with a whitish
costal streak, and whitish veins. Lemora unarmed.

Female.
Length of body ... as at Neowin
Length of elytra ... Me aa peed OL CG

Habitat..—Australia.”

Although recording this species under Walker's name here, I
do so very doubtfully. On account of the unarmed femora it
seems to belong to another section, and, if recognisable, should
be removed to the neighborhood of Panchlora. It may form the
type of a genus, or subgenus (Pseudo-panchlora) with the
italicised parts of the above description as distinctive characters.

ISCHNOPTERA AUSTRALIS, Saussure (Mel. Orth., 27, fig. 17).
Habitat.— Australia.

ISCHNOPTERA FULVA, Saussure (ibid).
Habitat.—South Australia.

ISCHNOPTERA TERMITINA, Sawsswre (ibid).
Habitat.—Australia. (Walker, Brit. Mus. Cat., 119).

ISCHNOPTERA TRIRAMOSA, Saussure (ibid, 2 me. fasc., 1870).
Habitat.—Australia. (See Zool. Record, vol. VI., 459).

56

Ill. EPILAMPRID.

Head depressed. Antennz setaceous, and shorter than the
body, or moderately thick and longer. Pronotum transverse, in
winged species produced behind. LElytra coriaceous, horny, or
lobiform. Axillary veins, when present, crowded. Wings either
perfectly explicate or absent, radial vein much branched, ulnar
vein pectinate. Legs long, femora spined. Abdomen in both
sexes oval, dorsal segments acute, angular behind. Supra-anal
lamina of male quadrate, of female incised with rounded lobes,
or entire, broad and round. Cerci shorter than lamina, or
scarcely longer. Subgenital lamina of male transverse, with
long styles. (The principal distinctive characters are supplied
by the supra-anal lamina and the cerci).

ParapuHorasPis, Brunner (ibid, 163, fig. 18).

(Phlebonotum, Saussure, Mel. Orth., L., 13, fig. 8),

«¢ Antenne setaceous, very slender. Pronotum rounded in
front, and slightly rounded or tubercular behind. Elytra convex,
base not dilated, apex acuminate or rounded, horny, with veins
distinct above. Wings rudimentary or perfect, fore part
acuminate at the apex, anterior area coriaceous and with few
veins, ulnar vein with pennate branches towards the dividing
vein, none towards external margin. Legs slender, femora with
distant spines. Abdomen of both sexes dilated ; of the male
with seven, of the female with eight segments. Supra-anal
lamina of male transverse, of female triangularly produced,
incised in the middle ; ventral segments scarcely constricted, the
last segment of female triangular, acuminate, somewhat keeled,
with two lateral folds. Cerci very short, dilated.”

The distinct veins of the convex elytra and the truncate pro-
notum are the principal generic distinctions. Two species are
described ; one P. pallens, Serv., from Java and Ceylon.

PARAPHORASPIS NOTATA, Br. (ibid, 164, fig. 18).

“Reddish testaceous. Pronotum small, deflexed laterally.
Elytra acuminate, dusted with black, or concolorous, foremargin
brown, bordered with pale yellow, at the base and near the radial
vein streaked with pale yellow. Wings with the foremargin
of the colour of the body, coriaceous, veins deep-reddish
anteriorly, radiating veins brown. Abdomen brown above.
Both sexes winged.

Male. Female.
Length of body... osnia Lad, Dna 17°5 mm.
Length of elytra Sees VO sing dae Tos
Length of pronotum ... 4:5 “ Di he
Width of pronotum ... 958 “* 7 e

Habitat.—Victoria, Australia ; Ceylon.”

Poihy
oF

EpPILAMPRA, Burmeister.

Handbke 11.094; Br., Syst:, 167:

Antenne setaceous, of half the length of the body or not much
more. Elytra leathery or almost horny, shining, veins scarcely
conspicuous ; anal area crowded with veins. Wings with radial
vein much branched; ulnar vein pectinate inferiorly. Abdomen
depressed (in the male, often rather convex in the female), in
both sexes ovate, dorsal segments produced behind in acute teeth,
last ventral segment of male wholly concealed mostly. Supra-anal
lamina of both sexes transverse, bilobed. Subgenital lamina of
male transverse, rounded, with long styles. Cerci short, many-
jointed. Only the males are winged, the larger females possess-
ing only lobiform elytra, which scarcely exceed the mesonotum.
In some of the new species described both sexes appear to be
wingless, in which case the lobes of the males are longer, and
rounded at the apex, while those of the female are truncate, and
some even do not attain to these, yet appear to be quite mature,
and both might be placed into separate subgenera. Another
remarkable circumstance is, that in the larval stages they are
paler and much more promiscuously marked than in the adult,
the marks becoming gradually obliterated, the description of the
larval forms are therefore necessary for complete recognition.
The insects live under bark, stones, logs, dead vegetable debris,
or bury themselves in Joose dust or soil by day. The males fly
about just after sunset, or earher on cloudy, dull days, while the
females wander about among the grass or ascend low objects.
The former are very swift on foot, but do not readily take to
their wings ; their flight is rather slow and fluttering, resembling
that of some large moths. When struck-at in an attempt of cap-
ture, they drop and stop suddenly at the first slight cover found,
or bury slightly in the dust, if such be there. This species never
frequents houses, and appears to be wholly destitute of odour,
especially the males.

EPILAMPRA GRACILIS, Brunner (Syst., 170).

E. fornicata, Sauss.; atomifera, Walker (Brit. Mus. Cat., 69).

Male.—Dirty brownish grey. Face with a broad, black,
band between the eyes, nearly divided by a narrow pale line
anteriorly. Pronotum subrhomboidal, anterior and_ lateral
margins pale and unmarked ; hindmargin pale with eight to ten
short, radially arranged, black vitte ; disk pale, with more or
less thickly-scattered, irregular black spots, streaks and minute
dots, divided by a narrow pale medium line. Elytra pale, with a
black streak in front of the radial vein for about one-third of the
length from the base, remainder with numerous small blackish
dots scattered along the veins, excepting the pale costa. Wings

58

with the anterior part pale brownish, veins brown, posterior part
pellucid ; transverse veinlets distant, regular, whitish. Meso- and
meta-notum pale, irregularly and indistinctly spotted. Abdomen
with the hindmargin of the dorsal segments broadly brownish,
ventral segments pale, with a submarginal row of black spots.
Supra-anal lamina pale, subrotundate, hindmargin slightly
emarginate. Cerci about one-half Jonger than the Jamina.
Styles minute.

female.—Body broadly ovate, much wider behind, light
brown, with crowded, minute granulations all over. Pronotum
seml-elliptic, hindmargin slightly rounded, colour and markings
similar to male, but darker. Meso- and meta-notum with the
disk marked by black patches and dots more or less confluent ;
hindmargin pale, with about 14 short, black streaks; meta-
notum somewhat angularly-produced medially and much laterally
behind. Elytra subrotundate, slightly exceeding the mesonotum,
with a black streak medially, and some black dots behind.
Abdomen dorsally with similar marks as thorax, margin indis-
tinctly pale, hind angles slightly produced. Supra-anal lamina
entire, rounded, with minute black spots; ventral segments
ochraceous, lateral margin black, a row of black, submarginal
spots, hindmargin streaked with black, last segments black, with
a pale medium spot, and some others, sometimes more or less
obliterated along the base. Cerci very short. Larve much
paler, markings indistinct.

Male. Female. Larva.
Length of body ... 17-20 mm. 16-21 mm. 15 mm.
Length of elytra eet dh ae MP 3-45 ~-
Length of pronotum. ....° 425° .« 4-4-5 Abe
Width of pronotum ... 6-7 “* 9-10) Oi abe
Widthyot abdomen*, 9.2)" = 13-15 « lhe

Habitat.—Vicinity of Adelaide, Burra, Gilbert River, South
Australia ; September to May. S.A. Museum. Port Adelaide,
Sydney, Tasmania (Brunner).

The above description has been drawn from 10 males, 3
females, and one larva, varying considerably in size, details of
colour, &c.; but all show the disk of the closed elytra pale, and
otherwise the various markings pass gradually into each other, so
that no distinctions could be set up.

EPILAMPRA NOTABILIS, Walker (Brit. Mus. Cat., 202) ?

Male.—Deep brownish testaceous, resembling the preceding.
Pronotum with very pale margin all round, unmarked, except the
black striz behind ; disk black, the middle either paler or not,
with a testaceous median line and some variable lateral pale
marks. Elytra brown, translucent, costal margin broadly pale

59

testaceous, unmarked, extending nearly to the apex ; humeral
streak deep brown to deep black, narrow near base, broad to-
wards the middle, beyond this interrupted by the pale veins ;
remainder of area with numerous small, more or less intensely
dark spots, apical part with regular, transverse, whitish veinlets ;
left elytron wholly opaque and speckled to the apex, the right
one with the apical part unmarked and pellucid where covered,
limit oblique sinuous. Wings brown or blackish, costal margin
opaque, whitish in the middle; veins deep brown; transverse
veinlets narrowly whitish. Abdomen obscurely testaceous, more
or less distinctly banded above with brown. Underside and legs
pale, stigmata and spines black. Supra-anal lamina large, entire
or slightly emarginate, pale. The insect appears to be almost
black, excepting the pale margin, when at rest.

Lemale.—Blackish, with pale longitudinal bands, obscured and
interrupted by black speckles. Head and abdomen marked as in
the male ; hindmargin of all segments with short, black vitte,
hindangles straight or slightly produced. Underside of thorax
and the legs pale, ventral abdominal segments reddish, with broad
black margin laterally, either entire or interrupted by pale spots,
or a broad red space at the apex. Supra-anal lamina broad,
rounded, entire or slightly furrowed in the middle. Larve and
nymphs similar to female, paler, and the markings more distinct
than in the adults.

Male. Female. Larva.
Length of body (1 7—20-mm. 16-18 mm. .- 9=15 mm:
Length of elytra .. 20-24 3 ¢ _-
Length of pronotum... 5 a ) i d- 4 %
Midcvhwer pronotumm’).. 9 62-7, ; TEROey [5 Ue fara
Width of abdomen ... 7 i 1 Ss 6= 9. 8

Habitat.— Ardrossan, Yorke’s Pen., Callington, Sedan, Port
Pirie, Bordertown, Kangaroo Island: South Australia; Lillimur,
N.W. Victoria. S.A. Museum. Australia ( Walker, loc. cit.).

I have re-described the species under Walker’s name, as it
appears to agree fairly well with his description, incomplete as it
is, In order to avoid a new name. It is widely distributed,
inhabits dry, hot localities, and has the habits of ZF. gracilis.

EPILAMPRA F'RASERENSIS, spec. nov.

Male.—Resembling the last. Pronotum without distinct
median line, with two oblique, pale stripes parallel to the lateral
margins. Mesonotum and scutellum with a blackish transverse
Band and dots. Elytra much narrower and longer in proportion,
with brown blotches (partly confluent with sinuous bands), especi-
ally in the anal area. Abdomen above with broad, blackish,
transverse bands notably conspicuous in the last segments, and a

60

lateral row of conspicuous, oval, blackish spots. Ventrally pale
yellowish, a marginal row of small round dots, and a double,
submarginal row of elongated, oval, blackish spots. Wings
blackish.

Male. Larva (Everard R.).
Length of body... vox {) alO,., shams 12. mm.
Length of elytra ... ee: See —
Length of pronotum er) aed orp. ie
Width of pronotum <li Okae Ga

Habitat.—Fraser Range, 8. W. Australia. Two males
(Rk. Helms), S.A. Museum. |

A half-grown female larva from the Everard Range belongs
probably to this species also. It differs from those of ZF. notabilis
in being much paler, the dark speckles very minute and almost
evenly distributed, and not forming blotches or stripes, and the
strie of the hindmargins of the segments being shorter, more
numerous, much raised, and dark-coloured. The underside is
dusky-yellowish ; the margins broadly blackish, except the ex-
treme edge; the submarginal spots rather large, a row of dark
oval spots medially, and the hindmargins of the segments with
short, dark vittee, the disk being minutely dark speckled.

EPILAMPRA PAULA, spec. nov.

Male.—Whitish-yellowish. Head with a deep black band in
front. Pronotum short, broad, much and regularly rounded
behind ; margins all whitish, hind border with the usual black
vittee, disk almost uniformly speckled with black. Elytra, with
costal area whity-yellowish, broad at the base, tapering to the
apex; a short, black, humeral stripe, remainder brown, with
some darker indistinct spots. Pectus, legs, and ventral segments
of abdomen pale; hindmargin of latter very pale, lateral margins
with four dusky spots, a submarginal] interrupted black or brown
stripe, widest posteriorly with an included white dot on some of
the segments, and a slender dark median line. Subgenital lamina
rather narrow and long, distinctly emarginate. Cerci blackish
beneath.

Female.—Clouded reddish-brown, dorsal thoracic segments
dusky-yellowish, with black irregular markings, and the typical
vittee on the hindmargin of all segments. Abdomen above with
rather large, black, submarginal spots; ventrally black and
brown-speckled laterally, and a slender dark median line.

Male. Female Nymph.

Length of body ... saa.o/ W4y moms L/onamme
Length of elytra seo asllah ar A.) eit
Tiength of pronotum ... 36 “ ADs

Wadthof pronotum » 2; 96 + Gin) 8

61

Habitat. — Ardrossan, Yorke’s Peninsula, and Callington,
South Australia. §.A. Museum.

This is the smallest species, and easily recognised by the almost
total absence of speckles on the elytra, and the dark median line
on the underside of the abdomen. Captured in January and
February.

EpILAMPRA INQUINITA, Stal. (Brunner, Syst., 177).

Epulampra nudiventris, Saussure (Mel. Orth., 2nd fase. Zool.
Record, vol. VI., 1870).

“Chestnut testaceous. Head brownish-black. Labrum_ tes-
taceous. Antenne ferruginous. Pronotum flat, black spotted
all over; disk black, lateral margin broadly, fore and hind-
margins narrowly, testaceous. Male with the foremargin of elytra
testaceous, spotted black ; disk ferruginous, marbled with brown 2
streaks near radial vein black, continued to middle. Apex of
wings brownish. Female with the elytra, and still more the
wings, abbreviate, rounded.

Male. Female.
Length of body ... Joey smn: 31 mm.
Length of elytra an Oe 10:5
Length of pronotum ... 7 = <« OU ae
Wadeh of pronotumy .-. .9°5 ~* 1 aa

Habitat—Sydney, New South Wales.”

Originally this species included, probably, Z. truncata, aur-
wculata, and grucilis. Since the date of Brunner’s work, Stal
made this species the type of his genus Wolytria (Recherches, &c.,
Blattide, Svensky Vetenskap Akad., Stockh., Bihang, IT., 1-18 :
see Zool. Record XII., 487, 1877), but as I have not seen that
work, I prefer quoting it under the present designation.

EPILAMPRA TRUNCATA, Brunner (Syst., 178),

“Chestnut coloured. Pronotum small, scarcely covering the
head, testaceous, disk irregularly brownish, somewhat produced
behind, bordered all round (margins incrassated), impressed
scabrous dots very fine, mostly scattered. Elytra of the female
incumbent, sutural (hind) margin a third shorter than the costal,
veins distinct, impressed dots very scabrous, brown dots scattered.
Wings rudimentary. Abdomen with rugose marginal folds.

Female.

Length of body... ae me ee ee nin
Length of elytra, costa... ot enh nea ss
; Length of elytra, hindmargin ... r yack 24
Length of pronotum ... Bs dee ee)
Width of pronotum ... oe tg eee

Habitat—Sydney, New South Wales.”

62

EprraMpraA KeERANDREMII, Le Guillon.

Rev. Zool., 292, 1841; Br., Syst., 182.

“Cinereous, speckled with brown. Palpi testaceous. An-
tenne brown. Elytra cinereous, with 8—10 brown spots
arranged longitudinally in two rows. Legs pale brown. <Abdo-
men above cinereous, with 10 brown spots, space between pale
brown, segments on both sides exteriorly with obscure spots.

Length of body ... be ns ... 90 IM:
Width of body i. Bees aah Re Rian Fe hve

Haditat.—Triton Bay, New Guinea ie Guillon).”

EPILAMPRA DILATATA, Brunner (Syst., 185).

‘“ Brownish. Head blackish brown. Pronotum broad,
brownish testaceous, with black dots. Elytra broad, very ob-
tuse at the apex, of similar colour and markings as the pronotum,
clouded with brown towards the apex. Abdomen brown; fourth,
fifth, and sixth dorsal and all the ventral segments sometimes
with longitudinal brownish streaks.

Female.
Length of body ... es ais ood) ie
Length of elytra a ver ws? ee
Length of pronotum yas sos Ce
Width of pronotum —... He ie) ee ee

Habitat.— Australia.”

EPILAMPRA LATICOLLIS, Walker (Brit. Mus. Cat., 203).

“Livid. Face and a broad stripe on the vertex piceous.
Antenne red, piceous towards the base. Pronotum with numer-
ous small brown dots, sides semihyaline, hindmargin almost
straight. Elytra semicoriaceous, irregularly speckled brown; at
and near base of radial vein some black speckles, branches
forked. Wings ashy, veins testaceous, along the costa some
brown speckles ; anal area pale cinerous, veins whitish. Supra-
anai lamina bilobed. Cerci piceous, apex tawny.

Female ?
Length of body ... ae ue ... 34 mm.
Length of elytra Sie

Habitat.—Richmond River, Nee South Wales.” ;

If the sex be rightly stated, this species certainly belongs to
another genus, on account of the perfect elytra of the female.
Said to‘resemble #. notabilis (male ?), but to be much larger, the
head more concealed by the pronotum, and the wings longer.

EPILAMPRA ASPERA, spec. 20v.

Head with a broad brownish-black band
at the vertex, a stripe extending on each side to the middle of

63

the face, leaving a whitish patch between them. Antenne
blackish with delicate-pale rings, base pale. Pronotum anteriorly
with three slender, black, curved strie in the disk on each side ;
also some irregular black spots and points behind. Elytra narrow,
apex rounded, pale-grey; radial vein narrow deep black at the
base, paler beyond the middle, with thinly-scattered brownish and
blackish speckles along the veins. Wings whitish, pellucid.
Abdomen above with pale lateral margin, segments with indis-
tinct dusky bands, and brownish, submarginal vitte.. Legs with
the exterior margin narrowly brown. Ventral segments with
numerous minute asperous points, whitish; a marginal row of
minute black dots, and short, submarginal, deep brown streaks,
viz., two obliquely placed to each other on each segment ; also
two small black spots near the median line on the penultimate
segment. Supra-anal lamina pale, pellucid, rather deeply emargin-
ate. Cerci slightly longer, testaceous.

Female.—Pale ochraceous. Head’ with a piceous band at
vertex, one across the middle of the face and one across the
labrum, the two latter sometimes united in the middle, or out-
line indistinct. Antennz brownish or ferruginous. Dorsal
segments asperous or rugose, with numerous raised tubercles and
impressed dots, many of the former with recurved sharp points.
Pronotum nearly straight behind, with pale margins in front and
laterally ; disk with indistinct, dusky blotches; hindmargin
with the typical raised vittae. Elytra lobiform, subacuminate.
Meso- and meta-notum, also abdominal segments, broadly but
faintly darker behind. Legs with the coxe marked with black
anteriorily. Abdomen with ventral segments bordered brownish
behind ; fine longitudinal, interrupted bands, formed by dark
blotches ; lateral margin broadly blackish, and submarginal band
of a round spot and an oblique streak. Supra-anal lamina
broad, emarginate, with two dusky, inverted semicircular lines.
Subgenital plate with four blackish spots, a medial and two
lateral blackish lines converging to apex. Cerci very short, pale.

Larv similar to female, much paler, and the longitudinal
markings more distinct.

Male. Female. Larve.
Length of body Sag ech ALTE. 18-25 min. 9 -15 mm
Length of elytra ... 20 “ 3-4 « —
Length of pronotum... 5 “ 4-5 & 25-4 «
Width of pronotum ... '.6. “ T= On ie 4:5-6°6 “

Habitat.—Western Plains, The Peak, Angebuckina ( Driffield),
Yorke’s Peninsula, South Australia; Eyre’s Sandpatch near
Eucla, Western Australia. S.A. Museum. The species differs
from all others by the pale colour, and the asperous dorsal surface.

64

A young larva from North Queensland, presented by C. French,
Esq., is also referred to this species.

EPILAMPRA OBSCURA, spec. nov.

Female.—Dull reddish-brown, with numerous, fine, impressed
dots, and slightly asperous granulations. Head with a brownish
or black band at the vertex, sometimes extending to the middle
of the labrum. Antennz pale brownish, basal joints much
paler. Pronotum with fore and lateral margins dirty-yellowish,
this colour extending to the elytra and metanotum, hindmargin
narrowly pale, interrupted by the raised black vitte ; disk dark-
brown, with a narrow reddish median line and paler markings
surrounding darker ill-defined spots or dots. Elytra lobiform,
short, oval, with a dark medial line and dark impressed dots.
Meso- and meta-notum similar to pronotum. Abdomen banded
transversely with reddish brown and dasky yellowish, lateral
margin darker than the disk, hindmargins with black vittee.
Supra-anal lamina truncate. Ventral segments with larger and
smaller black blotches; subgenital lamina black, except some
small reddish spots at the base and a reddish streak at the
apex,

Adult Fem. Fem. larva.

Length of body ae ge) sao MM 13 mm.
Length of elytra... itp 5 ago: ms
Length of pronotum oe ae of
Width of pronotum ene 6 ge fbn
Width of abdomen Bis PAL Pare LO

Habitat.—Northern Territory of South Australia (S.A.
Museum). Presented by Hon. Dr. W. Magarey. The larva is
without the reddish tints.

EPILAMPRA PROPRIA, Walker.

Blackish, very shining. Head with a black band at vertex
and two reddish or blackish ones across the face. Antenne pale
brownish. Pronotum with distinctly scattered impressed dots,
fore and lateral margins dirty yellowish, with black dots, border
incurved, narrowly brown; disk shiningly black, with a short.
lurid median line and 2-4 lurid spots near it ; hindmargin alter-
nately black and pale, straight. Elytra of male very long, costa
pale yellowish, space before radial vein broadly blackish,
remainder dull brown. Wings large, smoky brown, veins black.
Elytra of female uniform, apex subtruncate, with a more or less
extended black median line and black dots. Coxe streaked
black in front. Abdomen of male pale below except piceous
submarginal spots; of female with very narrow pale lateral
margin dorsally, each segment with six small, ill-defined, double

65

dots, forming as many longitudinal lines; hindmargin with the
usual vitte. Ventral segments very broadly black laterally,
confluent at the apex of the abdomen, with some pale spots ;
disk reddish-brown or ferruginous, with a few black spots ; of
male pale, except the submarginal piceous spots. Supra-anal
lamina broad, rounded, middle wrinkled. Cerci slender, pale.
Subgenital lamina of male subquadrate, entire, truncate.

Male Female.
Length of. body .., oe, Pee eco 19 mm.
Length of elytra ... sus) et ieee oe
Length of pronotum moar Fees
Width of pronotum one 8-10 *

Width of abdomen ib = Ss HOSTS @

Habitat.—Goolwa, Blakiston, Mannum, Kangaroo Island :
South Australia. March to April. S.A. Museum.

The black raised vitte of the hindmargin of the (female)
abdominal segments are remarkably long, and in the spaces above
small impressed dots, forming two irregular transverse series, are
noticed. As this is probably the species described by Walker
as Polyzosteria propria from Western Australia, Victoria, New
South Wales, and Tasmania, I have retained his specific name

EPILAMPRA ATRA, Spec. nov.

Black, shining. Elytra of both sexes lobiform. Head pale,
vertex and face brownish ; sides, antennze, and mouth parts dirty
yellowish. Pronotum with fore and lateral margins narrowly
pale dusky yellowish, dotted with brown; disk more or less
clouded with indefined lurid marks. Elytra with costa dirty-
yellowish, remainder black, a deep furrow along the radial vein.
Wings absent. Abdomen shining black, anterior angles very
narrowly yellowish ; submarginally with an indefined row of
lurid spots or bars when young. Underside and legs reddish-
brown ; ventral abdominal segments partly with black lateral
margins and submarginal rows of oblique elongate spots.

Male. Female.
Length of body ... acre. Zio) MY, 25-27 mm.
Length of elytra ... Be! em 4-5
Length of pronotum f., Omeee 6 ee
Width of pronotum a POE 12 a
Width of abdomen eeoput lOres 15 u
Habitat.—Sedan, Murray Scrub, South Australia. S. A.
Museum.

The specimens, one male, and two females, were presented by
Mr. F. Rothe, who captured them in December, 1885.

The species differs from all others, besides the colour, in the

E

66

absence of perfect wings in the male and the usual row of raised
vittee on the hindmargin of the abdominal segments, but this is
not considered sufficient for the establishment of a new genus.

EPILAMPRA MEDIVENTRIS, Saussure (Rev. Zool., XVI., 321,
1864; Brit. Mus. Cat., 76).

Habitat.—Tasmania.

EPILAMPRA PECTINATA, Saussure (Mel. Orth., II., fase., 1870).
Habitat.—Australia.

EPILAMPRA IRRORATA, Thunberg (Nov. spec., 4, 76; Fabr. Ent.
Syst., IT., 8; Brit. Mus. Cat., 231).

Habitat.— Australia.

If Walker’s references be correct, the name _ represents
Deropeltis erythrocephala, Fabr., Blatta Capensis, Thunberg.

The above specific name is not cited by Brunner, although the
works mentioned by Walker are quoted, and the pages next to
his.

OPISTHOPLATIA, Brunner (Syst., 198, fig. 22).

“ Body oblong. Pronotum with hindmargin straight, or
broadly emarginate. Elytra and wings abbreviated or scale-like.
Abdomen very broad behind; of the male flat, of the female
rather convex; hindmargin of all segments rugose, with raised
streaks. Cerci very small. Last segment of female triangular,
broadly sinuate.”

The presence of both elytra and wings is the chief distinctive
character. Of the four species known, two occur chiefly in Asia
and the Malayan Islands, the others in South America.

OPISTHOPLATIA ORIENTALIS, Burmeister.
Handbk. IT., +82; Br., Syst., 199.
“Red, dorsum black, margin brownish-red. Pronotum with
the anterior margin testaceous. Elytra and wings lobiform,
acuminate, equal in length, blackish, foremargin red.

Male. Female.
Length of body ... .. 24 mm. 27-33 mm.
Length of elytra and wings 45 “ 5°6 *
Length of pronotum... Ss 75 8-9 &
Width of pronotum Shae brea! 14-15 «*

Habitat.—Australia (Brit. Mus. Cat., 152); India, China,
Brazil (Syst.).” The home of this species is most likely North

Australia, or Queensland ; 0. australis, Burm., inhabits Brazil,
not Australia.

67
IV. GEOSCAPHEUSIDH (Earth-diggers). Fam. nov.

Antenne submoniliform, rather stout, scarcely exceeding one-
fourth of the length of the body. Pronotum anteriorly arched,
truncate, straight behind, wholly concealing the scutellum.
Elytra and wings none. Abdomen very broad, oval, dorsal seg-
ments acutely angular, two penultimate segments with a retrorse
spine on each side, vent covered hermetically by the last seg-
ments. Supra-anal lamina of both sexes subtruncate, entire.
Cerci very short, thick, apparently inarticulate, partly concealed
by a fold of the segment. Subgenital lamina of male subsemi-
circular ; styles none.

The place of this family has already been indicated, see p.

Burrowing is a character well developed among the Gryllide
(Mole-crickets, &c.), and indicated by a special modification of
the forelegs, viz., the short, thick, flat tibie, and the long,
radiating spines, but I cannot find any references that such
habits or modifications have been recorded as occurring among
the Blattariz, and so distinctly exhibited by the individuals of
this monotypic family. An approach is made by the EprLam-
PRIDE, and to a less extent by Oniscosoma, a genus of the
PANCHLORID&. With these the shortened fore-tibie are much
incrassated, and armed with long stout spines. The latter are,
however, still normally arranged, 7.e., in two series, and not
differing in this respect from the other groups. In the present
instance a great departure from the normal type is noted, viz.,
the conversion of the forelegs, and especially the tibiee, into per-
fect digging implements comparable only with those of the Mole-
crickets, the fore-tibie being short, broad, and flat, and the long
spines arranged digitately in a single series around the margin.
A single posterior spinelet denotes the second series. This char-
acter, combined with the unique form of the body and the
genital appendages have induced me to establish for this species
a new genus and family.

GEOSCAPHEUS, gen. nov. (gé=earth ; scapheus—digger).

Body broad, oval, thick, coarsely impressed punctate. Head
large, rugose. Antenne moniliform, with joints much thicker
than long, about one-fourth of the length of the body, placed in
the centre of circular, depressed, whitish areas. Palpi stout,
joints subequal. Pronotum transverse; margins. slightly in-
curved, coarsely punctured ; foremargin arched over the head ; a
small, round, depressed area anteriorly, surrounded by a ridge
(which is most prominent in front) and separated from the disk
by deep furrows ; disk tumid in front, finely punctured. Meso-
and meta-notum similar, neither excavated nor tumid. Abdomen
with eight dorsal segments, very coarsely punctured, hind angles

68

of the two penultimate segments produced and forming stout,
recurving spines. Legs very stout, spines long. Fore coxe
subcyiindrical, deeply incised at the apex. Fore femora scarcely
as long as the coxe, incrassated, with three long curved spines
near the middle. Fore tibiz very short, flat, with eight radiating
long spines in single series around the margin, besides one or two
smaller and movable in the disk. ‘Tarsi very slender, five-
jointed, first joint about twice as long as any of the following
three ; last longer than the first. Pulvilli very minute or absent.
Supra-anal lamina transverse, broad, subquadrilateral, slightly
rounded behind in both sexes, narrower in the male. Penultimate
segment of male with the hindmargin roundly and_ broadly
emarginate, for the reception of the subgenital lamina. Ventral
segments smooth, shining, lateral margins punctured. Styles
none.

GEOSCAPHEUS ROBUSTUS, spec. nov.

Deep reddish-brown, margins of thoracic segments paler.
Mouth parts and palpi black, whitish about the joints. Antenne
blackish. Legs mostly, also the apical part of the spines, very
dark, remainder brownish-red. Larve smaller, almost wholly
black ; dorsal segments of abdomen narrowly dark-brown at the
base.

Male. Female Larve.
Length of body Sota ann 35 -—38 mm. 27 a0 im.
Length of pronotum... 8 “ Sows i
Width of pronotum... 17 “ Li’ Shae 13 laa
Width of abdomen... 23 “ Dy aa 1 Sa

Habitat.—Silverton, New South Wales; Renmark, South
Australia (S.A. Museum).

These singular insects were first brought under my notice by
Mr. F. A. Fiveash, who captured a pair at Silverton (in the
vicinity of the Broken Hill Mines), and presented them to the
S.A. Museum in November, 1886, remarking in his note that they
lived in the ground. This was proved by pellicles of red clay
still adhering to the legs and body. On November 14, 1891, a
small adult female and three male larve were sent by Mr. R.
H. Q. Simmons from Renmark, the South Australian irrigation
colony on the River Murray, near the New South Wales boundary.
Nothing is known of their habits, food, &c.

V. PERIPLANETID.
Abdomen of female with the last ventral segment cleft, form-
ing free valvules. Femora spined.
The family is very numerous in species, and is distributed over
the larger part of the surface of the earth, being represented in

69

Australia by numerous endemic species, besides others of cos-
mopolitan habitus ; indeed it is the largest in Australia.

It may be conveniently divided into two sub-families, viz., A.
PotyzosTERINe—(integument more or less corneous and rigid ;
wings wholly or almost wholly absent)—and B. PERIPLANETINE
—(integument rather soft and leathery, wings perfect or rudi-
mentary). The first admits again of a natural subdivision into
PoLyzZOsTERLE and PLaryzosreri&, characterisable as follows :—

a. Body broadly oval. Ocelliform spots obsolete. Organs of flight
entirely absent. Tibiz stout, spines stout, short. Abdomen
dorsally with prominent stigmatic dots. Supra-anal lamina of
female broad, rounded, more or less incised, lobes rounded.
Cerci short, depressed. Subgenital lamina of male with short,

. obtuse styles. POLYZOSTERLE (Anamesia, Polyzosteria).

b. Body elongate oval. Ocelliform spots (two) at base of antenne
more or less distinct. Tibiz compressed, spines long, slender.
Abdominal stigmatic dots not distinct dorsally. Supra-anal
lamina of female triangular, emarginate. Cerci as long or
longer than lamina (blackish). Subgenital lamina of male with
slender acuminate styles.

PLATYZOSTERLE (Platyzosteria, Leptozosteria, Pseudolampra,
Knephasia).

ANAMESIA, gen. nov. (Intermediary).

Body broad, subfusiform (abdomen distinctly wider than
thorax), moderately convex ; texture coarse. Pronotum semi-
circular, hindmargin flexuose (concave laterally, convex in the
middle); hindangles rownded, or slightly angular. Elytra of
both sexes obsolete. Legs long, slender, notably the last pair ;
tarsi as in Polyzosteria. Supra-anal lamina of male guadrate or
subquadrate, hindmargin slightly and broadly emarginate, or
rounded. Cerci straight or sublanceolate, shortly acuminate, in
both sexes distinctly exceeding the lamina, apex shortly
acuminate. Styles rather long, slender, acute.

The generic name refers to the intermediary form of body
between Geoscaphews and Polyzosteria, and to a certain extent
(in other characters) between the latter and Platyzosterva.

The following synopsis will denote the characteristic
differences :—

a. Body subfusiform (abdomen wider than thorax). Hindmargin of
pronotum flexuose, angles more or less rounded. Supra-anal
lamina of male more or less quadrate, hindmargin concave or
very slightly rounded. Cerci straight, distinctly exceeding the
lamina, shortly acuminate. Legs long, slender.

ANAMESIA, gen. nov.

a.a. Body elliptical. Hindmargin of pronotum straight, angles acute.
Supra-anal lamina of male transverse, hindmargin straight.
Cerci lanceolate, scarcely exceeding the lamina. Legs short,
more or less incrassated. POLYZOSTERIA, Burm.

70

ANAMESIA LAMBII, spec. nov.

Reddish-brown, dorsal surface rough with large, shallow im
pressed dots, shining. Head brown, ocelliform spots small, indis-
tinct, transversely oval; angles of clypeus pale-brownish,
antenne ferruginous. Pronotum with irregular, broad, low
corrugations ; hind angles rounded, distinctly elongated. Ab-
dominal segments with coarse impressed dots; angles subacute,
not produced ; hindmargins of first to fifth segments more or less
yellow, of sixth and seventh segment entirely so, eighth with
rotundately-produced lobes. Underside and legs reddish to
piceous-brown, concolorous. Supra-anal lamina of female sub-
truncate, margins rounded, serrate; hindmargin yellowish.
Cerci with parallel sides, shortly and acutely acuminate, pale-
brown.

Seven Females.

Length of body nae oe ... 29-33 mm.
Length of pronotum op sis 1 ene
Width of pronotum ... sty ..«, 14-6 goe
Width of abdomen ... oe in. 182258

Habitat.—Innaminka, Central Australia. S.A. Museum.

The specimens were presented: by Mr. W. Lamb, who has at
various times enriched the Museum collection with numerous
objects of interest procured in a locality which is almost inacces-
sible for collectors in general, and in grateful acknowledgment
the species is named after the donor.

ANAMESIA EAsTII, spec. nov.

Ochraceous ; dorsal surface with large, shallow, rather distant
impressed dots, which are dark-brown ; shining. Head _ black
above ; face variegated paler, a pale ochreous band between the
eyes and the sides of the face ; antenne reddish, base blackish.
Pronotum pale, with very few dark dots; lateral margin broad,
slightly incurved ; disk with indistinct elevations and depressions ;
hindmargin much less flexuose than that of the meso- and
meta-notum, both of the latter black at the base in the middle.
Abdominal segments narrowly black at the base, dusky along the
hindmargin, more or less yellow in the middle, with numerous
red or dark round dots scarcely impressed; angles not rounded,
those of segments six and seven slightly and acutely produced.
Supra-anal lamina of male quadrangular, angles acute, hind-
margin broadly emarginate; of female broad, rounded, slightly
truncate, and serrate. Cerci slender, scarcely exceeding the
lamina, yellow. Subgenital lamina of male quadrate, deeply
emarginate, styles long, slender. Underside ferruginous ; coxee
pale, striped, with dark red, femora and tibize dark purplish.

Male. Female.
Length of body mA joe oe 31 mm.
Length of pronotum ... eet) ie 3 me
Width of pronotum ... a One Loe f*
Width of abdomen ... Toa 23 a

Habitat.—Central Australia. S.A. Museum.

The specimens were collected by Mr. J. J. East, after whom the
species has been named, while accompanying Mr. Tietkens in
1888 in his exploring tour.

ANAMESIA LINDSAYI, spec. nov.

Reddish-brown. Head brown; ocelliform spots, upper and
lower margin of labrum, cheeks, and palpi pale ferruginous,
antenne dusky ferruginous. Pronotum almost smooth, shining,
with small, distant punctures ; fore and lateral margins very
narrowly yellow, hindmargin only yellow in the middle; disk
with large rather irregular corrugations, the most notable being a
transverse ridge posteriorly, and followed by a deep depression
extending into the mesonotum. Meso- and meta-notum similar,
hindmargins broadly dark, slightly bordered behind with yellow.
Abdominal segments shining, hindmargins of segments, one to
five, broadly dark, with a row of small impressed dots ; segments
six and seven concolorous, rather rough, angles subrotundate, not
produced. Supra-anal lamina of male flat, quadrilateral, sub-
rectangular, much shorter than wide, hindmargin slightly con-
vex, sides and base blackish, a lenticular space in disk
ferruginous ; of the female subquadrangular, arched, dark brown,
concolorous, indistinctly serrate.’ Legs wholly yellowish ochreous,
spines alone dark. Abdomen ventrally dark reddish brown,
concolorous. Subgenital lamina of male transverse, hindmargin
straight, scarcely emarginate; styles slender, exceeding the
lamina, red, apex acute, black. Cerci pale reddish, carinate.

Male. Female.
Length of body _... 2) 2 ea 26 mm.
Length of pronotum ote in oe Gas
Width of pronotum ats Lees 1 ae
Width of abdomen zee) clei bg at

Habitat.—Fraser Range, South-western Australia. S.A.
Museum.

This species is named after Mr. W. Lindsay, the leader of the
late Elder Exploring Expedition, and was collected by Mr. R.
Helms in May, 1892, who mentions in a note attached that
the natives call it ““ Kumbumberi.” The insects, one male and
female, resemble A. Lambii, but are much smaller, less rugose,
and differently marked.

72

ANAMESIA FRENCHII, spec. nov.

Dark chestnut, margin yellow all round, inner limb scallopod ;
texture coarse. Head with vertex and face reddish brown, a
broad band between the antenne, cheeks and mouth-parts
yellowish, antenne pale reddish. Pronotum rugulose, finely
wrinkled, with distant impressed dots ; angles rounded, hind-
margin rather convex. Meso- and meta-notum similar, angles
produced, hindmargin narrowly dark brown. Abdomen rugulose,
angles minutely produced, segments with transverse wrinkles and
irregular impressed dots ; hindmargin of segment six reddish
brown ; lateral lobes of segment eight large, rotundate, yellow.
Underside dark chestnut, legs ochreous yellow. Supra-anal lamina
broad, quadrilateral, angles obtuse, rough, blackish, with a
yellowish transverse band in middle. Cerci lanceolate, longer
than lamina, yellow. Subgenital lamina of male transverse,
hindmargin straight, styles pale, scarcely longer, apex black,
inserted at the base.

Male.
Length of body ... se Meh, ... 20 Tamm.
Length of pronotum ai vr pee ne
Width of pronotum ee me et LO
Width of abdomen Be iG

Habitat.—North Queensland (S.A. Museum). The handsome
specimen was presented by C. French, Esq., F.L.S., the enthusi-
astic and zealous State Entomologist of Victoria, and has been
named in his honour.

PoLyZosTERIA, burm.

Handb. IT., 482, 1839; Brunner, Syt., 203, 1865. Periplaneta,
Erichson, Wiegm. Arch. VIII., 247, 1847. Walk., Brit., Mus.
Cat., 152, 1868.

Body broadly oval to elliptical, convex above. Pronotum semi-
circular, straight behind, angles acute. Elytra none, wigs none.
Legs short, rather stout. Tarsi with first joint as long as the two
tollowing ones together. Supra-anal lamina of male transverse,
straight behind. Cerci smooth, depressed,. lanceolate, usually
distinctly longer than supra-anal lamina.

The species of the genus are all diurnal in habit so far as
known. The greater number inhabit Australia, a few extending
to the Malay Archipelago, Mexico, and West Indies. Of the 22
species described by Brunner only four are extra-Australian. Of
the 50 recorded by Walker several have been transferred by me
to other genera, and many more may also possibly belong else-
where. Brunner’s subgenus Platyzosteria I have ventured to
raise to full generic rank and added some other new genera, from
all of which Polyzosteria, as limited by me, differs widely in form
and habits.

73

POLYZOSTERIA LIMBATA, Burm. (Br., Syst., 205, fig. 23).

“ Body broadly elliptical, blackish, scarcely bronzy. Margin
all round very narrowly incrassated, golden yellow, except the
foremargin of pronotum. Pronotum with two impressed dots in
the disk. Legs uniformly reddish or piceous.

Male. Female.
Length of body... ios exon WATS 39 mm.
Length of pronotum se peel an 12: 4
Width of pronotum Penn eA Loh yi a

Habitat.—New South Wales (“ Very common,” Brunner ).
Walker records a P. limbata, Charp., from Europe (—Loboptera
limbata ?), P. limbata, Burm., and P. limbata, Walker, from
“ Australia,” on pp. 152, 154, and 167 of the British Museum
Catalogue ; the last is possibly the larva of the second.

POLYZOSTERIA OBSCUROVIRIDIS, spec. 20U.

Elongate elliptical, dark metallic greenish, margin all round
narrowly yellow. Head with tevo minute ocelliform spots in
front, antenne pale yellow, basal joints dark. Pronotum cucul-
late in front, finely rugulose laterally and studded with irregular
rows of large raised tubercles; disk nearly smooth medially,
laterally with ridges and shallow depressions. Meso- and meta-
notum, also abdominal segments similar, but less distinctly
rugose ; hind angles acutely produced. Legs brown above, also
in front and the longitudinal half of the underside, remainder
pale yellowish ; tarsal joints pale at the apex and _ beneath.
Pectus and coxe pale, varied with brown. Ventral segments
with a trigonal metallic green spot on each submarginally, those
of the abdomen joined by a broad brown band, or a tine line
alternately, the penultimate segment piceous. Cerci very flat,
obtuse, yellow. Subgenital plate piceous, inner margin of val-
vules pale.

Female.
Length of body ... on ae cence TUM:
Length of pronotum ee ek eat lee ae
Width of pronotum ae =P Re Ng) chen
Width of abdomen i one

Habitat.—Gawler Range, South Australia (S.A. Museum).

A single female was captured in 1884 by Mr. Andrews, one of
the Museum collectors. It differs from P. limbata by the absence
of the two impressed dots on the pronotum, the texture of the
dorsal integument, the bicolorous legs, &c., beside size and out-

line of body.
POLYZOSTERIA IRIDICOLOR, sp. nov.
Broadly oval. Face, dorsum, stripes of coxe and the sub-

74

marginal spots of the ventral segments dark green and coppery
iridescent. Antenne, palpi, narrow margins and the concave
hindborder of the dorsal segments dirty yellowish. Body above
finely rugulose, near median line with low, irregular, oblique
ridge; median line indistinct. Last ventral segment and sub-
genital valvules transversely wrinkled, deep brown. Supra-anal
lamina arched, scarcely incised.

Female.
Length of body... He us ... 42) coe
Length of pronotum ae i Rare ly
Width of pronotum fe ees meena ee
Width of abdomen es vex) On ae

Habitat.—Gawler Range, South Australia (Andrews, Jan.,
1884, in S.A. Museum).

The characters chiefly relied on are the great width of the
body, the distinctive texture of the dorsal integument, and the
narrow, highly arched supra-anal lamina.

POLYZOSTERIA MACULATA, Brunner (Syst., 206).

‘“‘ Hlongate elliptical, much depressed, bronzy. Pronotum about
the middle of disk golden tinted. Meso- and meta-notum spotted
with gold on the foremargins. Coxe pale yellow, streaked with
purplish bronze. Femora, tibiz, and tarsi with bronzy purple
rings. Abdomen of male narrow, of female ovate, ventral seg-
ments pale yellow in the disk. Subgenital lamina of male pale
yellow.

Male. Female.
Length of body ... ..»/ 40 nam. 38 mm.
Length of pronotum sak een! ee Laine
Width of pronotum Jie 2 7 eS ae

Habitat.—Western Australia.”

POLYZOSTERIA HNEA, Burm.

Handbk., I1., 483; Br., Syst., 207.

‘ Hlongate elliptical, greenish bronze. Thoracic segments
beneath blackish bronze. Legs reddish brown, spines yellow,
apex red. Abdomen with dorsal segments shining at the base,
ventral with the hindmargin pale yellow. Subgenital lamina of
male bronze coloured.

Male. Female.
Length of body aah 2) 80 Tani 60 mm.
Length of pronotum eg ms aa cd A
Width of pronotum 28) te Pal fay

Habitat—New South Wales (Brunner), New Holland
(Burm.).”

75

POLYROSTERIA OCULATA, spec. nov.

Uniformally metallic brownish bronze. Dorsum and _ legs
finely rugulose, with numerous larger, distant, obtuse tubercles
arranged in three or four irregular rows on each segment,
except the last. Antenne blackish, more than half the
length of the body. Pronotum with a small oval, smooth,
brightly metallic spot on each side, which is raised and directed
obliquely outward anteriorly, behind which is placed a narrow,
short, transverse, dark, mettallic, green line. Abdomen with
distinct, subcircular, bluish-black stigmatic spots. Pectoral seg-
ments beneath broadly sulphur-yellow, laterally with a narrow
dark margin and dark disk. Legs brown, yellow about the
joints ; fore femora with crowded short spines, middle and hind
femora with longer distant spines. Supra-anal lamina much
produced, broad, deeply emarginate. Cerci broad, flat, sub-
acuminate, of body-colour above and yellow margin, beneath

wholly yellow. op tae

Female.
Length of body... ty oF oe Cole TOT.
Length of pronotum ... ib Bie Wik ars
Width of pronotum ... oe Sige x
Width of abdomen _.. Av eee aL .

Habitat.—Head of South-Western River, Kangaroo Island.
S.A. Museum.

A single female was captured by me at the end of February,
1886, although several more were seen. The habit of the species
of this genus is entirely diurnal. They hunt solitarily, ascending
tall bushes and small trees, where they form conspicuous objects
when perched on slender dry twigs, and are visible from consider-
able distances. When approached, however, they let themselves
drop suddenly to the ground and are lost to sight, partly on
account of the close agreement of their colouring with that of
the ground, and partly through their great nimbleness, which
permits them to elude all pursuit usually. They appear to possess
no odour. In the specimen of this species the left one of the
cerci is only about half as long as the right, although otherwise
perfect.

POLYZOSTERIA PUBESCENS, spec. nov.

Blackish, partly slightly bronzed. Dorsal surface finely
wrinkled, with larger, low, obtuse ridges and tubercles, forming
three indistinct rows on each side, besides other rugosities,
especially on the thoracic segments, and the whole covered more
or less by a dense pubescence of short whitish hairs. Head dark
greyish iridescent, punctate, with some yellowish lines or other
markings ; ocelliform spots indistinctly green or bronze. Mouth

76

parts and palpi brown varied with yellowish ; antenne pale
yellow, basal joints dark brown. Pronotum highly arched in
front, foremargin bi-sinuate, narrowly pale yellow, disk rough
with several low oblique ridges, hindmargin slightly convex,
bordered very narrowly pale yellow, more or less invaded or in-
terrupted by raised, shiningly black striz, as in all the succeeding
segments ; lateral margin much incrassated, very narrowly black.
Meso- and meta-notum with a prominent oblique ridge midway
between margin and middle on each side; median line nearly
obsolete. Pectoral segments beneath pale yellow, with numerous
dark dots and sinuous lines, margin narrowly pale yellow, and
a wider submargina] brown stripe. Coxe brown, bordered and
varied with pale-yellow. Femora brown in front and laterally,
remainder yellow. Tibie wholly brown, spines pale, with dark
tips. Ventral segments of abdomen with pale margins, and
broad metallic-green submarginal band; disk of the first four
yellow, with one or two brown transverse lines, last two or three
wholly dark-brown or black, except the hindmargin. Supra-anal
lamina of male subquadrate, scarcely emarginate, narrowly
bordered with yellow, and covered with short hair. Subgenital
lamina of male black, bordered yellow; styles (also cerci) wholly
yellow.

Male. Female. Larve.
Length of body ... 30-34 mm. 40 mm. 14-25 mm.
Length of pronotum 10-11 <« Lis 4-9 “
Width of pronotum 20-24 <“ 20k ae 12-22 “
Width of abdomen... 20-22 « 2B) vc 12518

Hahitat.—About the Head of the Great Australian Bight
(female, . Tate); Fraser Range, 8. Western Australia ( Elder
Exploriny Expedition). S.A. Museum.

The species appears to be unique on account of the body being
covered dorsally by a fine dense pubescence only absent along
portions of the median regions and the summit of the larger
rugosities ; in the larval stages it is much less developed than in
the adult, “or quite absent. The larvee are also distinguished by
the greater distinctness of the black streaks across the pale
border of the hindmargins, and the underside being much
darker.

PoLYZOSTERIA PATULA, Walker (Brit. Mus. Cat., 157).

Broadly elliptical, dull metallic-green ; lateral margin of
thoracic segments very broad, dull-yellowish ; hindmargins of all
segments more or less interrupted, dull-yellowish. Dorsal surface
finely and irregularly wrinkled, with some larger, rather-deeply
impressed excavations-on the thoracic segments, “the broad margin
of these being deeply and distantly punctured. Head of body-

(id

colour, mouth-parts, and area around the bases of the antenn
pale-yellowish ; antennz pale, basal joints darker. Pronotum
convex in front, much arched, very narrowly pale-bordered,
lateral margin incurved, very narrowly bordered with black
exteriorly, disk subtriangularly dark, with a broad semilunar
impression in front, and a subtrigonal pit on each side behind ;
also some smaller lateral impressions ; hindmargin rather convex.
Abdomen with lateral margins narrowly and uninterruptedly
pale, the yellow spots of the hindmargins of segments forming
seven interrupted longitudinal bands; hind angles of penultimate
segments considerably produced, acute. Underside wholly pale-
yellowish; tibize with a metallic-green, femora with a brown stripe.
Supra-anal lamina of male large, slightly truncate, margin
serrated, concolorous. Cerci lanceolate, pale yellow. Styles
slender, rather long, acute.
Male. Female ( Walker ).

Length of body nas oa ero: Want: 31 mim.
Length of pronotum aT ie —
Width of pronotum... a0 PO —

Habitat.—Northern Territory, S.A. (J. P. Tepper, 1873, in
S.A. Museum); N. Australia ( Walker ).

This handsome and promiscuously coloured species is here re-
described from a male specimen, and agrees fairly well with the
description of the female by Walker, who omits (however) many

essential characters, which envelopes many of his species in
doubt.

POLYZOSTERIA FEMORALIS, Walker (Brit. Mus. Cat., 156).

‘‘ Blackish aeneous, nearly elliptical, dull. Head metallic
green, punctured, sockets of antenne and foremargin tawny.
Palpi testaceous. Antenne reddish, base piceous. Pronotum
nearly semicircular, deeply reflexed laterally and in front, hooded,
disk longitudinally rugulose, lateral margin punctured, hind-
margin slightly convex, tuberculate. _Meso- and meta-notum
similar. Abdomen tuberculate, ventrally metallic green, disk
piceous, coxee metallic green, margins testaceous; femora piceous ;
tibie and tarsi pale testaceous. Supra-anal lamina entire,
slightly keeled. Cerci short, testaceous. Styles red.

Length of body (male and female) .... 25-27 mm.

Habitat.—West Australia.”

POLYZOSTERIA FIGURATA, Walker (ibid, 157).

“Ovate, greenish black, dull, densely dotted. Angles of
thoracic segments acutely produced. Pronotum rugulose, fore
and lateral margins testaceous, much reflected; hindmargin
tuberculate. Legs pale testaceous, femora black. Abdomen

78

with numerous irregular testaceous dots, ventrally with two rows
of pale dots. Supra-anal lamina entire. Cerci short, testaceous.
Styles black, apex testaceous.
Length of body (female)... ... 18-21 mm.
Habitat.—West Australia.”

PoLyZosTERIA INVISA, Walker (ibid, 162).

“Elliptical, black, dull, extremely thickly and minutely punc-
tured ; beneath metallic green, smooth, more coarsely punctured.
Pronotum truncate in front, sides scarcely reflexed, hindmargin
slightly undulating. Hind angles of meso- and meta-notum
rectangular. Abdomen with a row of impressions on each side,
fifth and sixth segment slightly gibbous in the middle, with an
impression on each side. Coxe bordered testaceous. Supra-anal
lamina truncate, margins yellow. Cerci fusiform, border and
underside yellow. Styles yellow.

Length of body (male) ... wo) soe Saami
Habitat.— Australia.”

PotyzosrERIA MitTcHELLI, Angas (S. Austr., Ill., plate 48, fig. 1).

Broadly to elongate oval, finely wrinkled, dull greyish-blue to
greenish-brown ; beneath almost uniformly whitish to yellow.
Head pale, with a black band uniting the eyes, and continued
downwards, the mouth (sometimes reduced or almost obsolete),
two dark stripes down the face, often united at the upper end,
sometimes joined to the transverse band, or wholly absent.
Antenne of male blackish ; of female usually yellow. Pronotum
more or less arched in front, semicircular (male) or elliptical
(female), lateral margin slightly incrassated, broad, flat; disk
with a wider or narrower oblique yellow submarginal stripe,
between this and the middle a similar, much narrower and
shorter one, and a slight impression or two near the anterior ex-
tremity of the latter; hindmargin straight (male) or slightly
curved (female), narrowly yellow, hindangles rounded. Meso-
and meta-notum similar, hindangles slightly produced, subacute,
the inner spots sometimes abbreviated, and with a small brown
centre. Abdomen without pale lateral margin (excepting the
supra-anal lamina), the inner or submarginal yellow spots con-
tinued to, and joining, the pale margin of the lamina (in some
varieties contiguous and broad, as those from Eyre’s Sandpatch,
Eucla, Ooldea; in others much contracted and short as those from
Sedan, Fraser Range, or only present to the second or fourth
segment) ; hindmargin pale yellow, equally wide throughout, or
wider in the middle, and bordered brownish, as the examples from
Ooldea. Supra-anal lamina of male truncate, more or less

79

angular, shorter than the subgenital; of female much narrower,
much arched, slightly emarginate. Cerci lanceolate, blackish
blue, apex yellow, exceeding the lamina. Subgenital lamina of
male broad, rounded, slightly emarginate; styles rather long,
slender, acute. Valvules of female much incrassated. Femora
with two dark-brown lines, knees brown, spines small and few.
Tibizee sky-blue to white, spines black, each placed in a round
black spot.

Male. Female. Larve.
Length of body ... 30 mm. 30-40mm. 18 -28 mm
Length of pronotum 9 os 10 - ad- 8
Width of pronotum 18-22 “* 18-23 *“ Lo SEG

Width ofabdomen... 18 oe 21-24 ‘* Palo

Habitat.—Sedan (Ff. Rothe), about the Head of the Great
Australian Bight (Zate): South Australia. Eyre’s Sandpacth,
near Eucla (Mrs. Graham), Fraser Range, Victoria Desert:
Western Australia (f. Helms, Elder Exploring Expedition).
S.A. Museum. R. Murray Plain (Angas).

This is the most gaudy coloured of all Australian Blatteriz I
have seen, and its adult form is well figured by Angas. The
lively colours ornamenting it during life soon fade, and become
dull after death, the bright blue changing to whitish or dusky
greenish-brown. The markings appear to denote several local
varieties, and are most distinct and brightest in the larve, as well
as the ground-colour. The egg-case is dark-brown, smooth, with
a very high obliquely serrated dorsal ridge, the immature
specimen in the collection showing 12 teeth so far as exposed. I
observed the insects first about October in 1859, in the vicinity of
Burra, running and hunting about on the ground, and sheltering
themselves when pursued in the dense rigid tufts of Lepidosperma
and Xerotes, from whence they could only be dislodged with con-
considerable difficulty.

The description is drawn up from some 20 odd specimens.
Angas attached the name to the figure, but the species appears
not to have been diagnosed.

PoLyzosTEeRIA BaGori, spec. nov.

Broadly oval, dull green, rugose with irregular, low tubercles,
margins all round, also the hindmargins of all segments, narrowly
dull yellow, with dark dots or transverse strize. Head iridescent
to the bases of the antenne, beyond shining-brown ; antennz
brownish-yellowish, about half the length of the body, fourth
basal joint longest. Pronotum arched in front, and the fore-
margin slightly concave, very broad, somewhat convex behind.
Meso- and meta-notum much broader laterally than in the middle,
hindangles produced, subrotundate. Thorax longer than ab-

80

e

domen, ventrally its margin very broad, pale-yellowish, with
numerous flexuose black lines and black dots. Legs and abdomen
beneath brownish, varied with blackish bands, patches, and lines.
Supra-anal lamina of male broad, short, distinctly emarginate.
Cerci broad, ovate, scarcely longer than lamina. Subgenital
lamina of male pale, subquadrate, entire; styles lanceolate,
almost as long as the cerci.

Male. é
Length of body .... sata .. 14 -16°5 mm.
Length of thorax ... hy: vee 7 OS See
Length of abdomen a a.» UNGER
Length of pronotum be fon MULES “
Width of pronotum a, oD) eae

Width of abdomen... ie yy Adie ce

Habitat.—Port Augusta.

Two males of this small but remarkable species were presented
to the S.A. Museum by Mr. C. M. Bagot, who captured them.
Besides the colour, the shortness of the abdomen and the almost
microscopical smallness of the femoral spines are unusual.

POLYZOSTERIA REFLEXA, Brunner (Syst., 208).

(P. femoralis, Walker !).

“Elliptical in front, semiorbicular behind, bronze-coloured.
Body scabrous above, verrucose. Pronotum with the fore and
lateral margins broad and acutely reflexed, golden-yellow exter-
iorly. Femora red, tibize yellow, with black spines. Ventral
segments of abdomen dark-brown, concolorous, bronzed.

Male. Female.
Length of body vel ee ugriiire 30 mm.
Length of pronotuin ... aa Gea te (Bieta:
Width of pronotum ... ey ger) oer

Habitat.—Western Australia.”

There are four specimens in the collection of the 8.A. Museum
(locality unrecorded) which agree fairly with the general character
denoted in Brunner’s and Walker’s descriptions, but neither is
precise enough to settle the point. I append, therefore, a fuller
one based on my specimens, supplementing the former.

Metallic green (male), dull blackish (female), or pale yellowish
(larvee), margins narrowly yellowish; dorsal surface finely scabrous
with scattered, elevated, smooth, shining, pale brown or yellowish
tubercles and ridges, the latter existing chiefly on the pronotum,
less on the meso- and meta-notum, forming various patterns difh-
cult to describe. The abdominal segments have a row of tubercles
along the hindmargin and one or more in the middle, the bases
in the larve being marked with a narrow black or metallic green
band. The hindmargins of the male are pale, of the female dark,

81

the tips of the tubercles black in both sexes. The supra-anal
lamina of the male is broad, subquadrate, the hindmargin
slightly concave ; of the female rounded and entire. Cerci very
short, rather broad, yellow. Coxe and femora of female reddish
brown, concolorous ; coxe of the male metallic green, femora and
tibiee brown with golden borders.
Male. Female. Larve.
Length of body ... 22mm. 25mm. 15 mm.

POLYZOSTERIA NOBILIS, Brunner (ibid, 209).

“ Rather small, oblong. Bronze-coloured, scabrous verrucose.
Pronotum in front and laterally reflexed, external margin black.
Legs wholly brownish red. Ventral segments of abdomen tes-
taceous, base brownish bronze.

Male. Female.
Length of body ... e420). mam: 30 mm.
Length of pronotum arora! Us ore
Width of pronotum ete sD) it ES aie

Habitat.— Western Australia.”

POLYZOSTERIA SUBNOBILIS, spec. 100V.

Elongate oval. Very dark bronze above. Head bright bronze,
deeply impressed, dotted, with a yellow stripe on each side.
Pronotum with a broad reflexed margin in front and laterally,
finely and irregularly wrinkled, arched in front and with an
acute point ; disk deeply sculptured, with a rather deep sinuous
transverse furrow anteriorly, the extremities of which (and some
other dots) bright metallic bluish green ; hindmargin straight,
angles produced, acute. Meso- and meta-notum similar in texture,
nearly equally wide. Abdomen finely punctured, segments one
to six with a wider or narrower, smooth, band at the base on
each side, acute at each end, and separated or scarcely joined in
the middle, in segment seven the band is broadest and contigu-
ous; two penultimate segments laterally much produced, acute.
Supra-anal lamina truncate, base broad, hindmargin much con-
tracted, sides straight. Cerci dark-brown, stout, apex pale.
Pectus with very broad, deep metallic green margin, disk pale
yellowish, with a lateral triangular blackish green patch on
meso- and meta-sternum. Coxe pale yellowish, with one or two
metallic green stripes at the base. Femora brown, or greenish,
with few, short, pale spines. Tibize blackish brown ; spines pale
yellowish, tips black. Tarsi blackish above, brownish below,
pulvilli large. Ventral segments of abdomen pale yellowish,
stigmatic spots black, a narrow green band at the base, hind-
margin narrowly greenish, with some dark dots; last segment
deeply emarginate below the cerci, brown, except margin, also
the valvules.

F

Female.
Length of body ... ae ae .«. 20, mM,
Length of pronotum .... od sie teh dO eea
Width of pronotum = soe ae ee

Habitat.—Karatta (near mouth of Stunsailboom River), south-
west coast of Kangaroo Island. 8.A. Museum.

This species apparently resembles the preceding, but indepen-
dent of smaller size, the pale coxze and the smooth semilunar
band of the dorsal segments induce me to consider it of specific
rank, the above being such conspicuous characters, that Brunner
would certainly not have overlooked or failed to record them if
they had deen present in his specimens. The insects hunt on
Eucalyptus shrubs, in bright, hot sunshine, and are very rapid in
their movements.

PoLyZOSTERIA SUBVERRUCOSA, [White (Grey's Journal, 2nd. Exp.
II., 467 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.; 155).

‘«‘ Apterous, oval, thorax in front semicircular, shrouding the
head ; posterior angles sharp, rounded behind, the frontal edge
bent slightly back, and yellowish ; the upper surface brown,
rather obscure, the surface irregularly raised ; below deep shining
pitchy brown. Abdomen yellowish, above sprinkled with dark-
brown, the edges of each segment with several small wartlike
prominences, the two first segments being also shagreened at the
sides ; beneath pitchy brown, segments at the base black, with
green reflections; the femora are pitchy brown, the tibie pale
yellowish, with black spines ; the tarsi of a deep yellow ; head
dark brown, the trophi and a narrow line on the cheeks yellow-
ish ; antenne somewhat ferruginous. <A large apterous species.

Habitat.—King George’s Sound, West Australia (Capt. G.
Grey ).”

I have not yet seen the species, of which the above is the un-
abridged original description, but it appears to belong to this
genus without doubt.

The following species, except one, are all described by
Saussure in the “ Revue et Magazine de Zoologie,’ October, 1864,
and are recorded from “ Australia” (most likely the coasts of
Eastern Australia). Although inserted here, they may all or
the greater number have to be removed to Platyzosteria.

POLYZOSTERIA BICOLOR, Saussure (Rev. Zool. XVI, 307,
Australia.

POLYZOSTERIA PULCHELLA, Sauss. (ibid, 308), Australia.

os BIGLUMIS, Sawss. (ibid, 305), Australia.
< CONSOBRINA, Sauss. (ibid, 306), Australia.
ee ANALIS, Sauss. (ibid, 305), Australia.

: (ZONIOPLOCA) ALUTACEA, Stal. (Rech. Syst. Blatt.

83

in R. Svenska Vetanskap Academicus MHandl., Stockholm,
Bihang II., No. 13).
Habitat.— Australia.
PoLyzosTeRIA SEDILLOTI, Borm. (Faune Orth. d’Iles Hawai).
ss VARIOLOSA, Borm. (ibid).
Habitat.—New Caledonia.

The last two species were published by A. de Bormans in the
““ Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturali de Genova, vol.
XVITI., 1883, but I have not seen the descriptions.

PLATYZOSTERIA, Brunner (Syst., 204).

Body elongate oval, flat, rather thick ; integument more or less
leathery (not rigid) during life. Supra-anal lamina of male
quadrate or subquadrate, angular or rounded, truncate or con-
cave behind ; of female subtriangular or rotundate, emarginate,
colour mostly black or brown. Habit more or less nocturnal.

PLATYZOSTERIA MELANARIA, Lrichson (Wiegm. Arch., VIII,
ZA Ts BT: SY St. 210).
“Shiningly black. Antenne and tarsi blackish, coxe with
red margins posteriorly. Supra-anal lamina in both sexes tri-
angularly rotundate, emarginate, serrate, and ciliate.

Male. Female.
Length of body ... ee. 20. Sento 33 mm.
Length of pronotum ... 8 “ See
Width of pronotum....._ 11:5 “ dae

Habitat.—New South Wales ; Tasmania.”

The only species before me which fairly agrees with the above
(scanty) description, and which I therefore refer to it, exhibits
the following differences or additional characters. Lateral mar-
gins of thoracic segments, also the legs, more or less deeply
brown, pulvilli whitish. Antenne long, slender, pale brownish
or rarely blackish, base surrounded by a circular white area.
Abdominal segments with the hind angles acutely produced,
lateral margin of the last two finely serrated. Supra-anal lamina
of male broad, rotundate, slightly emarginate, scarcely serrate ;
of female narrow, longer than wide, deeply emarginate, and the
lateral margin conspicuously serrate. Cerci of male lanceolate, a
little longer than the lamina, black, apex pale; of female much
shorter. Subgenital lamina of male quadrate, styles prominent,
slender, acute.

Male. Female.
Length of body .... 32-38 mm. 29-38 mm.
Length of pronotum ta, Oe (eee ce

Width of pronotum... 12-15 “ 115 *

84

Habitat.—Adelaide, Gilbert River, Sedan, Kangaroo Island :
South Australia; Lillimur, 8.W. Victoria. S.A. Museum, 13
specimens.

PLATYZOSTERIA ARMATA, spec. nov.

Deep shining brown, finely impressed punctate. Head,
antenne, and legs reddish brown, labrum and palpi black, apex
pale, ocelliform spots small, subtrigonal. Pronotum with
shallow depressions forming a faint, equal-sided, triangular pit
behind. Abdomen with hind angles of segments very acutely
produced as spines, lateral margin of ‘last segment conspicuously
dentate ; ventral segments scabrous-rugose at the margin, black;
disk smooth, finely punctate, varied with reddish brown. Supra-
anal lamina of male triangular, margin straight, entire, deeply
and narrowly incised at the apex, the lubes forming long acute
spines, with a small spine externally at the base; of the female
with the margin somewhat rounded, prominently dentate, apex
emarginate, the lobes forming short broad spines. Cerci obliquely
lanceolate, base broad, apex acute, pale. Subgenital lamina of
male quadrate, emarginate, scabrous, pale-yellowish at the base ;
styles long, acute, spine-like ; subgenital plate of female acutely
triangular, very scabrous, black.

Male. Female.
Length of body ioe. \oO TEA. 32--39 mm.
Length of pronotum ... 7 “ 8 a
Width of pronotum ... 14 “ 14--15 «
Width of mesonotum... 17 “ 16--17 “
Width of abdomen ... 19. “ 17-18 “

Habitat.—F raser Range, Western Australia (Rk. Helms, Elder
Exploring Expedition, October, 1891). S.A. Museu.

This large and remarkable species is easily recognisable by the
spine-like lateral elongations of the abdominal segments and the
spine-like lobes of the supra-anal lamina.

PLATYZOSTERIA RUFOFUSCA, SpéCc. NOU.

Reddish-brown, coxze and femora paler reddish, tarsi yellowish.
ochraceous. Surface laterally fine scabrous, disk almost smooth.
Thoracic segments, with the hind segments much rounded-
Abdomen with hind angles shortly produced, sharply angular,
lateral margin of last segment slightly and distantly serrate, hind

angles of last segments much produced, broad, acute; ventral
margin blackish- brow n, rather scabrous, disk nearly smooth, red-
dish to piceous. Supra- anal lamina of female as wide as ‘long,
rounded, shortly dentate, not or scarcely emarginate, narrowly
keeled. Subgenital valvules black, nearly smooth, subtriangular,
obtuse.

Female.
Length of body ... aa Ae i | of mn,
Length of pronotum _... ae Se ig fo ia
Width of pronotum 7 net emailer: «<8
Width of mesonotum ... Ss Be Ts ss
Width of abdomen aA ee Seaaariyy, 6

Habitat.—Gilbert River, 8. Australia (LZ. Molineux, May,
1887). S.A. Museum.

This species resembles the preceding in stature and colour, but
is much smoother, the hindangles of the abdominal segments
much less produced, and the lamina of quite a different form.

PLATYZOSTERIA (Peripl.) arrata, Erichson (Wiegm. Arch., VIII.,
Zales, Oy st.) 219).

‘Black, shining. Antenne, margin of pronotum, tibize at the
apex and the tarsi red, coxe posteriorly with a yellow border.

Male. Female.
Length of body ... 5, sl Gm, 23 mm.
Length of pronotum ea, Oren Gres
Width of pronotum pe oe i Ones

Habitat.—New South Wales ; Tasmania.”

PLATYZOSTERIA (Periplaneta) ATERRIMA, Evrichs. (ibid).

‘“‘ Deep black, shining, much depressed. Antenne ferruginous.
Supra-anal laming of male with hindmargin straight. ‘ Resembles
the preceding species, but differs in dimension ’ (Br unner).

Male.
Length of body se 3%: ipa.) SEDO: ax.
Length of pronotum ... 12. Paste: ea
Width of pronotum ... ae setae out 8

Habitat.—Tasmania.”

PLATYZOSTERIA PUNCTATA, Brunner (Syst., 211).

“Small, slender, deep black. Body wholly covered with im-
pressed distant spots. Abdomen with the last segments and the
lamina scabrous.

Male.

- Length of body ae aot tre pas cian
Length of pronotum ... ae ig aS la
Width of pronotum... oe cae

Habitat.—Eyre’s Sandpatch, near Paniete Western Australia
(Mrs. Graham); S.A. Museum. New South Wales (Brunner).

The single male from the former locality, which I refer to
this species, has lost the antennz, but agrees well in dimensions,
&e., with the description. It is, however, less dotted, the

86

scabrous part more extended, dull black above and below, and
the mouth parts (trophi) and legs deep chestnut-brown.

PLATYZOSTERIA PSEUDATRATA, Spec. 110V.

Deep black, shining. Thoracic segments with distant im-
pressed dots. Hindangles of mesonotum slightly, of metanotum
considerably, produced, rounded; of the abdominal segments,
especially the hindmost, acutely produced, hindmargins finely
tuberculate. Legs with the cox black, narrowly bordered with
yellow ; trochanters and femora chestnut-brown ; tibiz and tarsi
black, the latter white below. Supra-anal lamina of male sub-
quadrate, dentate, deeply and roundedly emarginate. Cerci
wholly black, sightly longer than the lamina. Ventral abdom-
inal segments shining deep-black. Subgenital lamina of male
with hindmargin straight, entire, black ; styles black.

Male.
Length of body... oh ee cs 20) Ogee
Length of pronotum ... << HOC TOGRG Rae
Width of pronotum _... BL: Al ieee
Width of abdomen __.... 14;

Habitat.—Central Australia lirchn’ thé cileetion of the late
Fraser 8. Crawford). S.A. Museum.

The species appears to resemble Periplaneta fortipes, Walker,
but differs in the distantly punctured thorax, Wc., and from
P. atrata, Er., in the absence of the red colour of the legs, &e.

PLATYZOSTERIA ALBOMARGINATA, Br. (Syst. 212).

‘“ Black. Antenne blackish at the lower third, remainder fer-
ruginous. Thoracic segments with white margins. Legs and
supra-anal lamina reddish.

Male. (larve ?)

Length of body iy oe .. L6° saa
Length of pronotum fa ee
Width of pronotum ... 2. Oe

Habitat.—Sydney, New South W ale”

There are one male and two female specimens, undoubtedly
adults, in the collection of the S.A. Museum, which I am inclined
to refer to this species, but the above description is too meagre
for sure identification ; a more detailed description is therefore
given below, and the varietal name brunnea adopted. If the
characters should be proved sufficient to separate the two, the
latter name might become the specific term

P. ALBOMARGINATA, Var. BRUNNEA, var. nov.

Black, varied with deep brown in the disk. Antenne pale
ferruginous, basal part black. Pronotum with foremargin brown,

87

lateral margin (as well as that of meso- and meta-notum) white or
pale yellow “above and below, narrowly bordered exteriorly with
black, very finely rugulose. Wingless. Coxe and femora
blackish brown, tibize and tarsi red. Abdomen smooth, lateral
margin (incl. of lamina) reddish brown ; in the male submarginal
ridgelike incrassated, hindangles acutely produced, spinelike
(especially of the hindmost segments), dentate ; in the female
scarcely incrassated, hindangles much less produced, lateral
margin of last segment finely carinate, entire. Supra-anal
lamina of male narrow, subtrigonal, apex keeled and emarginate
with two large spines ; of female more rounded, slightly dentate
towards the apex, deeply’ and roundly emarginate. Cerci of
male narrow, subterete, much shorter than the lamina, and
scarcely exceeding the lateral spines ; of female lanceolate, and a
little longer. Valvules imperfectly free.

Male. Female.
Length of body 22 2e Sram 25-28 mm.
Length of pronotum... 6 “ A aan
Width of pronotum... 10 ‘* 10-12 “
Width of abdomen. ... 12:5 “ a ee

It is with some diftidence that I insert this species here, as it
resembles my genus Drymaplaneta very much in aspect, notably
the pale margin of the thoracic segments, but the cerci being
short in this species, and long in all the species of the above
genus, induced me to retain it here provisionally. In fact, it
seems one of those confusing intermediary forms that bother
the systematist and delight the biologist.

Habitat.—Gilbert River (i. Molin veux) ; Ravine des Casoars,
Kangaroo Island (7epper): 8S. Australia; Barrow Range, Central
Australia (R. Helms, Elder Exploring Expedition). 8. A.

Museum.

PLATYZOSTERIA SUBAPTERA, Brunner (Syst., 212).

‘Black, rather dull, depressed (female ; male convex). Elytra
lobiform, only partly free. Penultimate segments of abdomen
and supra-anal lamina rugose, margins of both serrulate. Sub-
genital lamina of male transverse, margin straight, angles acute,
styles inserted beside the angles.” (Subgenital valvules of

female distinctly emarginate at the apex.)

Male. Female.
Length of body ... 16-19 mm. 2h. “mom,
Length of pronotum 4-5 * 4- ie ¥
Width of pronotum 6:'5-8 ‘* 48:0"
Width of abdomen — a

Habitat.—Blakiston, Victor Harbour, Monarto: South Aus-
tralia (S.A. Museum) ; Port Adelaide and Melbourne ( Brunner ).

88

PLATYZOSTERIA AVOCAENSIS, spec. nov.

Chestnut-brown, shining, with minute impressed dots over the
whole dorsal surface, interspersed distantly with larger ones on
the thoracic segments. Antenne blackish at the base, gradually
paler towards the apex. Legs dark-brown, long ; tibie and tarsi
black, claws reddish ; fomnora with numerous, rather-long spines.
Abdomen smooth in the disk, margins and the two last segments
rugulose, hindmargins of all regularly and minutely tuberculate ;
hindangles, especially of the hinder segments, produced into
acute spines, those of the last denticulate laterally. Supra-anal
lamina of female very rugose, serrate, and denticulate, slightly
emarginate. Cerci lanceolate, much shorter than lamina, apex
very acute. :
Female.

Length of body ... vee ut 2.4/2.0 Hains
Length of pronotum oe Peg ive aie
Width of pronotum es 5 4.4) Snae
Width of abdomen 3: 14. «

Habitat.—Avoca, Riverina District of ea South Wales,

A female, bearing the egg-capsule, was presented to the S.A.
Museum by Miss Cudmore, of the above locality, in May, 1888.
The capsule i is reddish-brow n, 10 mm. long, and 4 mm. in vertical
diameter ; the ridge has 23 very small peat and laterally 10
semi-cylindrical short keels adjacent to the suture, but separate
from it, longest in the middle, and only indicated at the ends.
The mesonotum exhibits a curious abnormity, viz., a considerable
abbreviation of the left margin for the whole width of the seg-
ment, showing several rugosities, and at the anterior angle a
short free lobe projecting from the underside of the pronotum.
The opposite side is quite normal.

PLATYZOSTERIA SCABRA, Brunner (Syst., 213).

“Deep black, rather broad and conxex. Abdomen dorsally
with elevated dots and streaks, the last segments laterally serrate.

Male. Female.
Length of body _... een . TAD 31 mm.
Length of pronotum ee Sits
Width of pronotum Ha. ate st 1435

Habitat.—Sydney, New South Wales.”

PLATYZOSTERIA SCABRELLA, spec. nov.

Dull deep-black, lateral margins narrow deep-red, rarely wholly
black. Antenne with the long basal joints black, remainder yellow.
Pronotum with more or less numerous, rather large, impressed
dots. Meso- and meta-notum rugose with irregular raised asper-
ities. Abdomen asperous with small tubercles along the hind-

89

margins of segments, and one or more irregular intermediate
rows, hindangles produced as acute flat spines, the last segment
laterally dentate, and with very large spines. Underside of body
and legs wholly black, rarely slightly lurid. Coxe narrowly
bordered with yellow. Ventral segments of abdomen from nearly
smooth to scabrous. Supra-anal lamina of male rugose, hind-
margin entirely ciliate ; of female rounded, dentate, emarginate.
Cerci lanceolate, flat, black, apex pale. Subgenital lamina of
male pale reddish or brown, hindmargin concave, lateral angles
much and acutely produced. Styles inserted laterally near the
base.

Male. Female. Larve.
Length of body Po ulge 2am. hO—22-omimas LL cee.
Length of pronotum... 5-6 “ 5- 6:5 * 3-45
Width of pronotum... 98-10 ‘ D210, 6-8 i
Width of abdomen... 10-12 “ 12-14 “ 8-9 .

Habitat.— Adelaide, Belair, Largs Bay, and Ravine des Casoars,
Kangaroo Island ; South Australia. S.A. Museum.

This species resembles the preceding species, but is much
smaller, and the margin is distinctly paler. It is one of the
commoner kinds, there being 20 specimens in the collection
(eight males, nine females, and three larvee), most of which were
captured by myself from March to June inclusively. At this
time they are rather numerous, living concealed by day in cool
places, such as dead wood and other vegetable debris, with which
they are occasionally brought into towns, hut avoid houses, and
soon disappear. Their odour on handling is strong, and very
disagreeable. In some specimens the texture is much smoother
than in others, while in rare cases, the paler markings are almost
entirely absent, excepting the antenne and the tips of the cerci.

PLATYZOSTERIA CASTANEA, Brunner (System, 214).

‘‘ Brownish-chestnut. Body convex in the middle. LElytra
lobiform. Supra-anal lamina of male slightly impressed in the
middle, angles acute ; of the female serrulate, sub-emarginate.

Male and Female.

Length of body ... ne mes et ook mann
Length of pronotum ... Mt se
Width of pronotum zat Le Ee SOMES

Habitat.—New South Wales.”

PLATYZOSTERIA PSEUDOCASTANEA, spec. nov.

Resembling the preceding. Legs uniformly reddish-brown,
tarsi paler. Supra-anal lamina of male very scabrous, middle
arched, margin subrotundate, dentate, emarginate, reddish, the

90

teeth red; of the female flat, nearly entire. Cerci shorter than
the lamina, apex red. Styles minute.
Male. Female. Larve.
Length of body ... 17 mm. 17mm. 14 -15 mm.
Length of pronotum 4 “ DY oe 3 - 33 «
Width of pronotum 7:5 “ BIOs 6:5 Ri
Width of abdomen 9 “ I St | See
Habitat.—Tanunda and Ardrossan, South Australia. 8. A.
Museum.
A pair of adults and of larve were collected by me in October
and November at the above localities. The differences indicated
seem to preclude the inclusion of this in the preceding species.

PLATYZOSTERIA TRUNCATA, Brunner (System, 217).

“ Testaceous-chestnut. Pronotum oblong, reddish-chestnut,
lateral margin broadly testaceous. Elytra corneous, subquadrate.
sutural margins touching, anal vein impressed. Wings none.
Legs testaceous. Abdomen bordered testaceous.

Female.
Length of body 14 ae oT 2am
Length of elytra {i OF iP? sy
Length of pronotum 5 Pe
Width of pronotum 6 &

Habitat.—New South Wales; New Zealand.”

PiatyzosTeRIA Nova-ZEALANDIZ, Lrunner (Syst., 218).

‘“ Reddish-black. Body depressed, oblong, with very fine
impressed dots, scabrous. Antenne as long as body, base black,
reddish towards apex. Elytra of both sexes rudimentary, lanceo-
late, obliquely truncate behind. Supra-anal lamina of the male
impressed in the middle, reddish ciliate ; of female emarginate.
Cerci shorter.

Male and Female.

Length of body Ae, Bee sen Lo aaa

Length of pronotum ... bee ‘enn | ORES

Width of pronotum soe ey: a. » oe
Habitat. — Williamstown and Tanunda, South Australia

(Tepper). S.A. Museum. Auckland, New Zealand (Lrunner ).

The specimens before me, which I have referred to this species
for the present, exhibit the following variations of details :—The
thoracic segments bordered reddish-brown, disk much darker,
abdomen black, scabrous. Legs bright-brownish-red, tarsi paler.
Supra-anal lamina of male finely dentate, emarginate ; of the
female more distinctly dentate, slightly emarginate. Cerci red
at the apex. Styles of male rather long, red. Somewhat smaller
in size.

PLATYZOSTERIA TRIFASCIATA, Spec. 70U.

Deep-brown or black, margin mostly paler, minutely scabrous
with rather large depressed dots over thoracic segments
Pronotum semicircular, hindmargins of all thoracic segments
broadly pale straw-coloured or yellow. Elytra none. Legs and
underside black, coxze bordered yellow. Abdomen concolorous,
posterior angles more or less acutely produced, hindangles of
segment eight, and the cerci red. Supra-anal lamina of male
truncate, black, hindmargin densely ciliate, with tan-coloured
hairs, angles with a slender spine; of female sub-semicircular,
margins dentate. Subgenital lamina of male subquadrate,
slightly exceeding the supra-anal, hindmargin concave, serrate,
angles spinose, styles slender, acute, as long as lamina, black ;
subgenital plate of female short, subtriangular margin entire.

Male. Female.
Length of body ... 20-22 mm. 21 -23 mm.
Length of pronotum 5- 6 DD- 6D *

Width of pronotum O=ile ai BOr Sr

Habitat.— Northern Territory of South Australia.

The examples of this species were presented to the S.A. Museum
by Hon. Dr. 8. J. Magarey, 1886, and consist of eight males and
seven females. All are remarkable for the uniformity of their
character. The three pale bands render the species easy of
recognition.

PLATYZOSTERIA BALTEATA, spec. nov.

Small. Shiningly black. Face with minute yellow, ocelliform
spots. Antenne and palpi reddish-brown. Pronotum with
sinall, distant, impressed spots, margins pale yellow. Meso- and
meta-notum similar, pale border of hindmargin abruptly ter-
minated by lobes of elytra, wider laterally, narrower in the
middle. Elytra lobiform, apex rounded, exterior margin pale.
Abdomen with hindangles of scgments more or less acutely
produced, lateral margins very narrowly brown, hindmargin pale
yellow, bordered with brown anteriorly ; ventral segments and
coxre bordered white. Legs reddish-brown, tarsi whitish beneath.
Supra-anal lamina subconical, finely serrate and slightly emar-
ginate. Cerci black, apex red.

Female.
Length of body... ae we) 12 = | omm.
Length of pronotum ee ae ae e
Width of pronotum te his 6 ae

Hobitat.—Callington, South Australia. S.A. Museum.

Three females were captured by me in January under decaying
vegetable debris. The species appears to resemble Walker’s P.
polyzona, but differs in being much smaller and having lobiform

92

elytra. It also resembles certain larval stages of Apolyta spp. in
the type of markings, but otherwise widely removed, and is the
smallest probably of the family.

PLATYZOSTERIA LATIZONA, spec. nov.

Reddish-brown above and beneath, lateral and hindmargins of
all segments broadly ochreous-yellow. Head reddish ; ocelliform
spots minute; lower margin of clypeus, palpi, and antennz
yellowish. Thoracic segments rugose, with coarse impressed dots.
Legs pale yellowish, middle and hind coxe with a black patch at
the base; tibie from brownish to blackish-brown, Abdomen
scabrous, with numerous small tubercles, hindangles acute, those
of the last segments produced as acute trigonal spines. Supra-
anal lamina of male broad, quadrate, angular, hindmargin con-
cave ; of female tapering, hindmargin truncate, angles rounded,
shghtly emarginate, and with three minute teeth on each side of
the notch, in both sexes yellowish, base black. Cerci Janceolate,
blackish, apex pale. Subgenital lamina of male blackish, with
paler median line and hindmargin, subquadrate, lateral and hind-
margins concave, angles produced as acute spines ; styles slender,
black. Subgenital plate of female brown, apex black, acute.

Male. Female.
Length of body #4). Li/—21 om. 22 mm.
Length of pronotum ... 95 - be ©
Width of pronotum ... 9 : Le

Habitat.—Mount Bryan East, South Australia (Zhos. Lest).
S.A. Museum.

This is a very handsome species and differs from the following
not only in colour, but also in the rugosity of the thoracic seg-
ments, &c. It may come near to P. zonata, Walker, at least in
colour.

PLATYZOSTERIA ARDROSSANENSIS, spec. nov.

Dull ferruginous. Head and the underside of the body wholly
pale straw-coloured ; antenne dark-brownish, basal joints pale,
ciate. Pronotum thickly studded in the disk with minute
reddish tubercles in a pale ground, all margins pale straw-
coloured, lateral margins incrassated, a black streak between it
and the disk. Meso- and meta-notum similar, base of former
mostly narrowly black. Legs pale; tibie reddish, with red
spines; tarsi more or less black above. Abdominal segments
banded, base blackish, middle pale, with red dots, hindmargin
dull greyish-olive, shading into a narrow whitish border-line in
segments one and five; hindmargin of six and seven broadly
yellow, base more on less broadly black, middle band nearly obso-
lete; hindangles acutely produced posteriorly. Supra-anal lamina
quadrate, angles, rounded, base black, hindmargin nearly straight,

93

finely ciliate; of female conical, rounded, slightly emarginate,
varied with black. Cerci of both sexes linear, apex shortly
acuminate, bristly. Subgenital lamina of male subquadrate,
angular, broadly emarginate, angles blunt; styles slender, with
black tips. Subgenital plate of female triangular, concolorous.

Male. Female. Larve.
Length of body _... ea On ame 18 mm. 14: mm.
Length of pronotum RAPD: Coa Gite 4-5 «
Width of pronotum Nip he pokes Diack 1-8

Habitat.—Ardrossan (Yorke’s Peninsula), South Australia.
S.A. Museum.

A pair of adults and two female larve were captured by me
towards the end of November under stones ; a young, very pale
male larve from Nalpa, Lower River Murray (presented by “Dr:
J. KE. Stirling), appears to belong also to this species, although
somewhat different.

PLATYZOSTERIA LIGATA, Lrunner (Syst., 220).

Cosmozosteria ligata, Stal, Rech. Blatt., 1877

Reddish-chestnut, wholly bordered with pale-yellow. Wingless.
Abdomen of male dilated, depressed, hindangles obtuse. Supra-:
anal lamina of male transverse, hindmargin straight, entire.
Subgenital lamina produced, in the middle triangularly emargin-
ate, lobes acute angular, lateral margins sinuate; styles very
long inserted at base.

= Male.
Length of body ay blend eae TUTE,
Length of pronotum ... ad Ua
Width of pronotum ... Bre St Aa

Habitat.—Port Curtis, Grade 2

Not having seen Stil’s definition of the genus, I prefer record-
ing the species under Brunner’s name. It may perhaps become
advisable to unite all the conspicuously-banded species in a
separate genus.

PLATYZOSTERIA (Polyzosteria) BIFIDA, Saussure.

Mel. Orth., in Memoires Soc. Phys. de Genéve, 1873.
Habitat.— Queensland
Description not seen.

PLATYZOSTERIA LATERALIS, Walker (Brit. Mus. Cat., 154).

“Black, convex, elliptical, very thinly punctured, lateral
margins dark-red; beneath piceous, shining, and thinly punc-
tured. Head piceous; antenne black, stout. Pronotum with
an ochraceous point in front, and a broad, oblique streak laterally
and anteriorly. Meso- and meta-notum with an ochraceous spot

94

on each side near foremargin, hindangles hardly elongated. Legs
red, rather stout, coxze bordered with yellow. Abdomen tuber-
_ culate above, laterally with ochraceous spots. Supra-anal lamina
slightly emarginate. Cerci lanceolate, slender, apex red. Styles
distinct. Female larger than male.

Length of body (male and female) 15-23 mm.

Habitat.— Australia.”

Probably belonging to Periplaneta.

The descriptions of this and following species of Walker are
abbreviated, and the details re-arranged.

PLATYZOSTERIA FERRUGINEA, Walker (ibid, 158).

“ Ferruginous, convex, elliptical,extremely minutely punctured,
red beneath. Pronotum nearly semicircular, with some large
marginal punctures, and an oblique yellow streak on each side
anteriorly. Meso- and meta-notum thinly and largely punctured,
the former with a testaceous dot on each side near foreborder ;
latter testaceous laterally, hindangles slightly produced. Legs
red, posterior cox bordered black and pale yellow. Abdomen
slightly tuberculate, lateral margins dark-reddish. Supra-anal
lamina emarginate. Cerci lanceolate, moderately long. Styles
distinct.

Length of body (male)... ae vac, 20 ahem

Habitat.— Australia.

PLATYZOSTERIA ZONATA, Walker (ibid, 159).

‘“Piceous, elongate-oval, convex, very thickly and _ finely
punctured. Pronotum with a luteous border, widest opposite the
hindangles. Meso- and meta-notum with hindmargin luteous,
widest laterally, hindangles not produced. Legs stout, cox
bordered yellow. Abdomen wider than thorax, roughly
punctured, Supra-anal lamina truncate, angles acute. Cerci
stout, wholly red, or only at the apex. Styles rather long.

Length of body (female)... ... 18-23 mm.
Habitat.—Port Essington, North Australia.

PLATYZOSTERIA POLYZONA, Walker (ibid, 159).

Piceous, broad-oval, convex, smooth, shining. Head tawny,
with a piceous spot on the face; antenne tawny at the base.
Pronotum with a narrow ochraceous border, and a few punctures.
Meso- and meta-notum, also abdominal segments, ochraceous
bordered laterally and behind. Abdomen piceous beneath at the
apex. Supra-anal lamina of female entire (?). Cerci, short,
broad, lanceolate.

Length of body (female)... ... 27-29 mm.
Habitat.—Western Australia.

95

PLATYZOSTERIA QUADRIFASCIA, Walker (ibid, 160).

Deep black, oval or fusiform, very convex, very thickly and
minutely punctured, smooth, shining. Head thinly punctured.
Pronotum with fore and hindmargins ochraceous. Meso- and
meta-notum with hindmargins ochraceous, angles scarcely pro-
duced. Coxe bordered with yellow. Abdomen roughly punctured,
hindmargins of segments six and seven slightly and acutely pro-
duced. Supra-anal lamina serrate. Cerci lanceolete

Length of body (male and female) .... 19-23 mm.
Habitat.— Australia.

PLATYZOSTERIA PECYORALIS, Walker (ibid, 160).

‘“ Black, elongate oval, convex, shining, very thinly punctured.
Head with a luteous dot adjoining the sockets of the antenne.
Pronotum irregularly bordered luteous in front and_ behind.
Meso- and meta-notum with luteous hindmargins widest laterally,
angles hardly elongate. Pectoral segments bordered pale yellow.
Abdomen piceous, thickly punctured. Supra-anal lamina trun-
cate, with a subapical spot on each side. Cerci tawny, moderately

long. Styles well developed.
Length of body (male) ... ach vas 2 OnTeTis
Habitut.— Victoria River, North Australia.

PLATYZOSTERIA TARSALIS, Walker (ibid, 162).
3 7]

‘“‘ Black, elongate oval, convex, smooth, shining. Head with
ocelliform spots, sockets of antennez and frontal margin tawny ;
anteune dark red, basal part black. Pronotum very thinly
punctured in the disk, also with an indistinct, scutcheon-shaped
figure, sides minutely tuberculate. Meso- and meta-notum
similar, angles not produced. Jlytra slightly indicated. Coxe
and femora mostly dark red, the former bordered with yellow,
tarsi tawny towards the tips. Abdominal segments laterally
tuberculate, smooth in the disk, segments six and seven wholly
tuberculate. Supra-anal lamina tuberculate, hindmargin emar-
ginate, serrate, beneath dark red in the disk. Cerci nearly
linear, rather slender. Subgenital lamina tawny.

Length of body (female) ao sss 20—29 mm.

Habitat.—New South Wales.

PLATYZOSTERIA (Chalcolampra) CUPREA, Sauss.
Mel. Orth. V., fig. 3; Brit. Mus. Cat., 143.
Habitat.—King George’s Sound and Swan River, West
Australia.
Description not seen

96

LEPTOZOSTERIA, gen. nov.

Etymology :—Leptos=thin ; zostron, a girdle.

Body very flat and thin, elongate. Integument soft. Supra-
anal lamina of male triangular, terminating in an acute apical
spine. Colour pale, with dark bands.

The form and termination of the supra-anal lamina appear to
be quite exceptional among the Blattariz. Similarly unusual in
the related genera is the pale ground-colour with the bands dark,
instead of the reverse, which is the usual coloration. I have
therefore considered it advisable to establish the genus pro-
visionally for the reception of the single species until further
material offers a better base for its final disposition.

LEPTOZOSTERIA PRIMA, spec. nov.

Elongate oval, yellowish. Head dark dusk-brown, ocelliform
spots yellowish, very small. Pronotum elliptical in front, disk
with a black quadrilateral figure, widest anteriorly, extending
along the hindmargin, and including a yellowish four-sided
space. Meso- and meta-notum similar, with a very narrow brown
marginal line, hindangles rounded, scarcely produced. Elytra
none. Legs brown, very flat, coxee bordered pale. Abdomen
above with the hindmargins of segments one to six black or dark-
brown, segment seven paler, angles produced, acute, lateral
margin of the last two segments finely serrate ; ventral segments
piceous, laterally dark, disk paler. Supra-anal lamina dark-
brown. Cerci slightly longer than lamina, gradually acuminate.
Subgenital lamina of male with the styles stout at the base,
remainder slender, acute.

Male.
Length of body ... aes fH. 2 29 Some
Length of thorax ae ee is! “lo
Length of abdomen er: de na! Pe
Length of pronotum cee as ot)" OBS
Width of pronotum ie “at tp UUEDA ee
Width of abdomen S38 15

Habitat.—Cordilho Downs, Central Australia. S.A. Museum.
This fine specimen was captured and presented by Mr. F.
Archer in August, 1889.

PSEUDOLAMPRA, gen. nov.

Body fusiform (narrow in front, broad behind), very convex
above, more or less rugose, with impressed dots. Pronotum
elliptical, hindmargin concavo-convex or nearly straight. Elytra
and wings none. Legs long, slender; tarsi elongated as in
Polyzosteria. Supra-anal lamina of male transverse, almost

ot

straight, densely ciliate. Cerci ciliate, more or less depressed,
sublanceolate, distinctly longer than the lamina.

The species comprised in this genus resemble the females of

Epilampra very much in shape and colour, and also in the more
or less united valvules of the females, but differ very much in the
two sexes being without a trace of elytra or wings. Nearest to
them in general resemblance come some of the conspicuously-
banded species of Platyzosteria, like P. balteata, Ardrossanensis,
&c. I have therefore placed them here provisionally, though
perhaps a better position could be found. The systematic posi-
tion of this new genus is indicated in the synopsis, post p.
The generic name is an allusion to the resemblance mentioned
above. The three species possess a type of colouring peculiar to
them, and characterised by the double pair of light and dark
bands of the abdominal segments.

PSEUDOLAMPRA PUNCTATA, spec. nov.

Yellow to ochraceous. Head brown ; ocelliform spots, base of
clypeus, basal joints of antenne and the palpi reddish-yellow ;
antenne slender, ciliate, blackish, much longer than half the
body. Pronotum slightly truncate in front, laterally with
numerous small, deeply-impressed dark dots ; disk with numerous
brownish-red, irregular spots and streaks arranged in a circular
area, and disposed radially ; hindmargin broadly dark-olive, much
wider laterally and extending to the sides, or more or less dis-
placed by the yellow ground-colour. Meso- and meta-notum
similar, hindangles moderately produced, obtuse. Legs and
underside reddish-brown, coxze bordered pale-yellow, tibee and
tarsi mostly dark-brown. Abdomen yellowish above, with
numerous red impressed dots, angles obtuse, not produced ; hind-
margin very broadly dusky olive, sometimes absent in segments
six and seven; ventral segments two to five with a broad greenish-
olive band bordered very narrowly with yellow anteriorly,
segment seven concolorous, segments seven to eight with the
hindmargin broadly blackish. Supra-anal lamina and cerci of
both sexes ochre-yellow. Subgenital lamina of male subrotundate,
broad, hindmargin broadly yellow, entire; styles ochre-yellow ;
valvules deep reddish-brown.

Male. Female. Larve.
Length of body ae PLAS 30 mm. 23 mm.
Length of pronotum fay ome Gee
Width of pronotum... 12 “ te 10-11*«
Width of abdomen ... 14 “ 1b foes

Habitat.—Between Victoria Spring and the Fraser Range (2.
Helms, Elder Exploring Expedition), West Australia. S. A.
Museum ; an adult and a larval pair were obtained in October,
LSJ.

G

98

The larve are much paler than the adults, and the markings
less defined, excepting the minute dark dots.

PsEUDOLAMPRA ROTHEI, spec. nov.

Ochreous-yellow. Head pale, with a dark dot between the
antenne and another on the clypeus ; antenne blackish, basal
joints pale. Pronotum nearly smooth, fore and lateral margins
broad, not dotted, disk circular, with a small, undotted, almost
central patch from which radiate klack, variously shaped and
curved streaks and spots, which are unsymmetrically arranged ;
hindmargin dusky olive-green, very broad laterally, often replaced
partially by the yellow body colour. Meso- and meta-notum
similar, the black spots of the disk either separated in two
curves, or more or less irregularly confluent, sometimes greatly
preponderating over the ground-colour; hindmargin greenish-
olive, very broad laterally, sometimes occupying the whole side.
Underside black. Coxe black in the young, partly brown in the
adult form, all bordered with white ; femora and tibiz yellowish-
brown, tarsi darker. Abdominal segments all banded, base
narrowly black, hindmargin greenish-olive to pale-yellow, between
them a narrow ochreous band near the base with a row of small
black dots and a broader dark band; ventral segments, except
the last two, wholly black, base of penultimate black, remainder
ochreous yellow, unmarked, all bordered pale. Supra-anal
lamina of male quadrilateral, narrower behind, ochreous-yellow.
Cerci deficient in all specimens seen. Subgenital lamina of male
ochreous, concolorous (plates of female black at the base) ; styles
stout, short, acute.

Male. Female. Larve.
Length of body yo 25°" Tim, 23 mm. 15-17 mm.
Length of pronotum... 5 “ Bee) A 3-5
Width of pronotum ... BH) «6 LO 6— 8 ae
Width of abdomen ... 12 “ 1B:bi s 8-11:5 *

Habitat.—Sedan (Murray Scrub), South Australia.

The species has been named after Mr. F. Rothe, who collected
and presented the samples to the S.A. Museum, besides many
other interesting specimens. One pair of adults, and two pairs
of larve were examined.

PSEUDOLAMPRA ORNATA, spec. 70U.

Shiningly deep-black above and beneath. Head black; labrum,
palpi and a triangular mark below each eye pale brownish-
yellow ; antennz dull blackish, basal joints pale brownish-yellow.
Pronotum finely wrinkled with a few small, distinct, impressed
dots laterally ; all margins narrowly yellow. Meso- and meta-
notum similar, hindangles scarcely produced. Legs pale reddish

99

coxee bordered white. Abdomen with lateral and hindmargins
of all segments narrowly yellow, segments two to six with a
narrow anterior band dotted black, and irregular borders yellow,
interrupted (at least in the middle); ventral segments bordered
narrowly white, last one concavely brownish-yellow behind ;
valvules of female black. Supra-anal lamina narrower behind,
angles rounded, emarginate, base narrowly black, remainder
yellow. Cerci slender, subconical, much shorter than the lamina.

Female.
Length of body ... me oleh no)eor DATE.
Length of pronotum —... fies Sel A
Width of pronotum * a, cre eel pe
Width of abdomen ae ae : is ret:

Habitat.—South Australia (precise etic not pant, S.A.
Museum.

KNEPHASIA, gen. nov.

Etymology : referring to colour.

Elongate-oval to Ss abhietonr: very convex, very rugose, with
minute raised tubercles. Pronotum subsemicireular, lateral
margins incrassated, angles acute, hindmargin quite straight.
Elytra or wings none. Legs short, rather stout, femora thickly
spined, tarsi very slender. Supra-anal lamina of male rounded,
very slightly emarginate, glabrous. Cerci lanceolate, ciliate,
slightly exceeding the lamina. Subgenital lamina of male broad,
transverse, slightly emarginate, ciliate; of the female valvate.
Monotypie.

In outline the genus resembles Brunner’s figure of Derocal-
ymma dispar, but is even removed from the division to which
this belongs on account of its spinose femora. It is easily dis-
tinguished from all others by its peculiar dorsal texture, narrow,
elongate form, short abdomen, and the form of the supra-anal
lamina of the male. Both sexes being wingless, and the female
possessing valvules, removes the genus from the Lpilampride.

The following synopsis represents roughly the relationships of
this and some other new genera to certain others of prior
date: —

1. Femora spined.

2. Abdomen of female with last ventral segment valve-like.
Wingless or elytra perfect, lobiform or absent.

PERIPLANETID.

3. Bede very convex, elongate or fusiform. Wingless (re-
sembling Lpilampra).

4, Body with impressed dots. PSEUDOLAMPRA, gen. 20.

4.4. Body with raised tubercles. KNEPHASIA, gen. nov.

100

3.3. Body more or less flat, broadly or elongate oval.
4, Cerci as long, slightly longer or shorter than the lamina.
a. Elytra none. Integument rigid.
b. Legs short, stout. Polyzosteria, Burm.
bb. Legs long, slender. Anamesia, gen. nov.
aa. Elytra lobiform or more rarely absent. Integument softer.
c. Black or brown, bordered or banded pale, convex.
Platyzosteria, Brunner.
cc. Pale, bordered or banded dark, flat.
Leptozosteria, gen. nov.
4.4, Cerci much longer than lamina. Elytra and wings pre
sent, rarely absent. PERIPLANATA, Burm.

KNEPHASIA MEDILINEA, spéc. nov.

Dusky-ochreous to pale-yellowish, with very numerous, minute,
dark tubercles obscuring the ground colour. Head pale yellowish
or tawny, with numerous black dots; antenne and palpi very
slender, long, pale yellowish, the former finely ciliate. Pronotum
reddish tawny, lateral margins narrowly yellow, interiorly bor-
dered by an ill-defined dusky stripe, a black median line from near
the hindmargin extending to segment seven, gradually widening
hindward. Meso- and meta-notum with hindangles slightly pro-
duced. Legs and underside pale-yellowish, with numerous black
dots, margins of pectus broadly black. Abdomen short, broad in
the female, pale at the base, hindmargins dusky, on each side of
the dark median line an ill-defined, interrupted, paler stripe ;
angles increasingly produced to seventh segment, acute, a black,
triangular spot on both penultimate ventral segments. Supra-
anal lamina of both sexes concolorous (except the dark tubercles).
Cerci of male longer than the lamina; of female shorter, black,
apex yellow. Styles of male slender, much longer than the
lamina.

Male. Female.
Length of body... . Je), #1 O/B. 15-18 mm.
Length of pronotum 4 5 sé
Length of abdomen Tabet (eee es
With of pronotum ROCs 7-8 “
Width of abdomen Orr 9 ie

Habitat-—Sedan, South Australia (7. Rothe, three females) ;
Lillimur, N.-W. Victoria (A. Molinewx, one male); Northern
Territory of S.A. (Hon. Dr. S. J. Magarey). S.A. Museum.

“All the specimens are remarkably uniform, except that the
male is much paler and brighter in colour, notwithstanding the
wide distribution of the species.

PERIPLANETA, Burmeister.
Handb. II., 502; Br., Syst., 221.
““ Body oblong, flat above. Pronotum semiorbicular, anteriorly,

101

rotundate behind. Elytra and wings perfect, rarely abbreviate.
Legs long, slender, very spinose. Tarsi compressed laterally,
first joint longer than all the following ones together. Supra-
anal lamina of male emarginuate or lobute. Cerci pilose, distinctly
acuminate, twice as long as the lamina.”

Although adopting for the present the genus as defined above,
it seems to me that its limits are drawn too far, and that the
species possessing only lobiform elytra, that is, such not much
exceeding the mesonotum and comparatively short cerci, might
advantageously be united under another generic or subgeneric
designation.

A. Elytra abbreviated, wings rudimentary.

PERIPLANETA ORIENTALIS, Linné.
Fauna Suec. n., 862; Br., Syst., 226.
Blatta, \s., 1745, &e.; Kakerlac, Serv.,- Hist.. Nat. Orth.;
Stylopuyga, Sedd.

'“ Brownish-ferruginous to chestnut LElytra of male not
attaining the apex of abdomen, truncate; of female slightly ex-
ceeding the mesonotum, lateral. Wings shorter than elytra in
both sexes. Supra-anal lamina of male transverse, hindmargin
membranous ; of female compressed, triangularly excised.

Male. Female.
Length of body ee Oo 1M. [9-3-2335 mm:
Length of elytra ... 12-135 “ 45-5
Length of pronotum 5-- 65 « 6 "60-24
Width of pronotum i= sib 6-9 a

Habitat.—All parts of the inhabited surface of the earth. In
the collection of the 8.A. Museum are specimens from Adelaide,
Jamestown, Northern Territory, and Japan. The young larve
are brownish-red, the older almost black; hence the name of
‘“Black Beetles.”

PERIPLANATA RUFA, spec. nov.

Red, smooth, shining. Head pale-reddish, ocelliform spots
yellow; base of antennz and sides of face pale reddish-yellow ;
mandibles and palpi partly blackish. Antenne as long as the
body, dull ferruginous. Pronotum smooth, very shining, semi-
circular, convex. LElytra abbreviated, attaining to the hind-
margin of second abdominal segment, very broad, apex rounded,
remainder oblique, concave; veins distinct. Coxe pale; tarsi
dilated beneath, forming very thin lamina. Abdomen with the
segments angular, six and seven dull dark-brownish, hindmargins
of all narrowly rugose, with many minute sulci; lobes of segment
eight prominent, triangular. Supra-anal lamina of male entire,
rounded. Cerci about three times longer than lamina, acute,

beneath hirsute, Subgenital lamina of male entire, rounded,
laterally fringed with fine hairs; styles very short, thick, black,

inner side fringed, almost apical.

Male.
Length of body ... 22 mm.
Length of elytra Oils
Length of pronotum BE: bh DRUG
Width of pronotum i. Qemvnek

Habitat.—Oodnadatta, Central Australia. S.A. Museum.

An officer in the Government employ—Mr. F. Juncken, who
has occasionally presented specimens—mentioned in one of his
letters that cockroaches proved rather annoying. At my request
for specimens, a single male was kindly and obligingly sent, which
proved, as I had surmised, to be so different in details that I feel
justified in assiguing specific rank to it. The species is specially
remarkable for the peculiar form of the genital parts, the shape
of the elytra, and the lamina-like compressed tarsi, which are
very long and closely pectinated beneath to the base of the
claws.

PERIPLANETA CONCINNA, Hagenbach.

Bijdrag, 1842; Br., Syst., 228.
‘‘ Brownish-chestnut ; shining. LElytra shorter than abdomen

in both sexes, acuminate.

Male. Female.
Length of body 12°5 mm. 14 mm.
Length of elytra ... oo a ee ee:
Length of pronotum a —
Width of pronotum SPM tik oe —

Habitat.—Australia, Java.”

PERIPLANETA ROTUNDATA, Brunner (Syst., 230).
“ Brownish-black, shining. Face spotted with testaceous-
Elytra of female corneous, as long as pronotum is wide, rounded.

Female.

Length of body... as oo a. 240m:
_ Length of elytra abs oe sisie, WO coals
Length of pronotum ... f* Jatt Aegan ae
Width of pronotum ... oe 21 ie ry

Habitat.—Fiji Islands.”

B. Wings perfect » as long as, or longer than, abdomen.
a. Pronotum of two colours.

PERIPLANETA AMERICANA, Linné.
Syst. Nat., 687; Br., Syst., fig. 24.
Ferruginous. Head black above—pale, with reddish blotches,
below the antenne; latter much longer than the body, pale

103

ferruginous. Pronotum subrotundate, yellowish testaceous, two
large ferruginous spots in the disk with indistinct outline, hind-
margin blackish-brown. Elytra of male much exceeding—of
female as long as—abdomen. Legs and underside pale, also
basal part of abdomen above. Supra-anal lamina of male broad,
incised, lobes broad, rounded ; of female triangular, deeply and
narrowly incised, lobes narrow, apex obtuse. Cerci more than
twice as long as lamina, tapering from the base. Styles of male
filiform, much exceeding the lamina.

Male. Female.
Length of body ... 28-32 mm. 28-31 mm.
Length of elytra ... 28-32 “ 26-28 “
Length of pronotum ioe o=10 rs
Width of pronotum... Ow lhe ) A ay ee

Habitat.—Adelaide, South Australia (S. A. Museum), and all
continents.

The above description has been drawn up from nine specimens
belonging to both sexes, the measurements which are taken
from Brunner’s work, are considerably exceeded by some,

PERIPLANETA OCULATA, Walker (Brit. Mus. Cat. Suppl., 152).

‘“‘ Piceous, fusiform, shining, whitish beneath. Head whitish,
a black band between the eyes ; antenne piceous, tawny towards
the base. Pronotum whitish, long, laterally bordered with black
very narrowly, a very large piceous patch extending to the
straight hindmargin, near latter two round whitish spots. Legs
pale yellow, thick, rather short. Wings blackish-brown, not
longer than abdomen ; elytra coriaceous, corneous towards base,
with a whitish costal stripe tapering from the base to three-
fourths of the length. Abdomen beneath reddish, laterally
whitish.

Female.
Length of body ... me a ee init
Length of elytra... ve <2 eat ee ye

Habitat.—Australia.”

PERIPLANETA AUSTRALASIA, abr.

Syst. Ent., 271; Br., Syst., 233.

“ Brownish-ferruginous. Face brown, with a pale trigonal
patch or small spot, Pronotum blackish, transversely elliptical,
hindmargin nearly straight, intramarginal band sharply defined,
humeral streak yellow. Elytra longer than the abdomen.

Male. Female.
Length of body... e ) 24 ere 26 mm.
Length of elytra ... SP igtae 24
Length of pronotum Tdi oer
With of pronotum... Se i 1

104

Habitat.—Madeira, St. Thomas, Columbia (Burm.),; Batavia
(Brunner); Sumatra (de Haan); Cuba, Brazil, Mexico, Peru,
Australia ( Walker, Brit. Mus. Cat., 324).”

PERIPLANETA LIGATA, Brunner (Syst., 237).

“ Brownish ferruginous, with the anterior and lateral margin
bordered yellow. Legs testaceous, middle tibie bordered
brownish, hind tibize wholly brown. Supra-anal lamina of male
quadrate, triplicate; of female much produced, middle _ sub-
carinate, hindmargin deeply emarginate, angles acute. Sub-
genital lamina of male transverse, subemarginate; styles very
long.

Male and Female.

Length of body ... sie abe 1. 20 ie
Length of elytra... oe ae WeAt Baie AS
Length of pronotum .... vie Pras
Width of pronotum _.... Nis Jie ae

Habitat.—Moreton Bay, Port Curtis, Queensland.”

PERIPLANETA INCLUSA, Walker (Brit. Mus. Cat., 127).

‘‘ Blackish, fusiform, smooth, shining, yellow beneath. Head
yellow, a piceous band across the face. Pronotum*with two
yellow bands connected on each side and forming an irregular
fusiform ringlet, hinder band much broader and more irregular.
Elytra and wings extending a little beyond the abdomen, former
semicoriaceous, towards base corneous, blackish, with a yellow,
subcostal, lanceolate streak from the base to one-third of length.
Wings not paler.

Male. Female.
Length of body ... =< 2 eto: DT: 24 mm.
Length of elytra ... sera Osi 8 207 ae

Habitat.—St. Domingo, West India; New Hebrides, Poly-

nesia.”
PERIPLANETA CURVIGERA, Walker (ibid, 134).

“(Section 6. Sides of pronotum and costa of elytra dilated,
hyaline; hindmargin straighter than in section 1. Costa of
elytra rounded. Two species.)

Pale-yellow, fusiform, smooth, shining. Head with a black
band on the vertex ; antenne piceous, base testaceous, slender.
Pronotum much dilated behind, with two black stripes in the
disk. Legs short, stout. Wings extending heyond the abdomen ;
elytra coriaceous, a broad black stripe along the hindmargin ex-
tending nearly to the apex ; hindwings membranous, pellucid,
veins pale.

Female.
Length of body ... ea te eormin:
Length of elytra .. : », aeRO. aie

Habitat.—Moreton Baye @ucenslanal “
This species belongs most probably to some other group
(Ichnoptera ?).

PERIPLANETA BIQUADRATA, Walker (ibid).

“Pale testaceous, fusiform, flat, shining, nearly smooth. Head
with an irregular black band between the eyes ; antenne piceous,
base testaceous, as long as the body. Pronotum mostly covered
by a large scutcheon- shaped piceous patch, extending to hind-
margin, near it including on each side, a large, subquadrate,
testaceous spot ; hindmargin scarcely rounded. Elytra piceous,
membranous, with a pale. testaceous costal stripe decreasing in
width to apex. Wings piceous, a little larger than elytra, ‘not
paler.

Length of body (?) oS oe iene, oO mars
Length of elytra ae cee Bees Ge oe

Habitat.— Australia.”

b. Pronotum of the same colour as the body, concolorous.

PERIPLANETA PALLIPALPIS, Serv.

Hist. nat. 71, n. 7 (Kakerlac); Br., Syst., 238.

Bae ori-cclouredl shining. Mouth and palpi pale. Pro-
notum semi-circular. Elytra exceeding the abdomen, anal area
very smooth, all longitudinal veins perspicuous towards the
apex.

Both sexes.

Length of body bas as Slee nin
Length of pronotum ... i Sch PLS
Width of pronotum... ze Foe ees |e

Habitat.
(Brunner).”

Java, Sumatra (Ce de Haan); Australia

PERIPLANETA APICALIS, Walker (Brit. Mus. Cat., 129).

“Testaceous, fusiform, shining, paler beneath. Pronotum
with the sides slightly reflexed, curved near hindmargin, which
is slightly rounded. LElytra slightly exceeding the wings, both
the abdomen ; humeral veins forked, longitudinal veins simple,
transverse veinlets numerous. Wings pale cinereous, costa, apex
and veins testaceous ; triangular area rather large (?). Abdomen
pale-yellowish, apex testaceous (Walker’s Sect., 1).

Female.
Length of body eh side 130 Ae mam.
Length of elytra ine aye aw 4.

106

Habitat.— Australia.”
This species belongs probably to the Chorisoneuride.

PERIPLANETA CONVEXA, Walker (ibid, Suppl., 152).

“ Black, smooth, shining, convex, elliptical. Palpi piceous ;
antenne setaceous, much longer than the body. Pronotum
shortly conical. Elytra coriaceous, convex, extending a little
beyond the body, costa and apex rounded ; covered portion of
right one membranous, slightly paler. Wings resembling mem-
branous part of elytra, slightly longer. Cerez brocd, short.
Female (size not given).

Habitat.—Moreton Bay, Queensland.”

The italicized parts of the description indicate that the species
scarcely belongs to this genus.

Of the following species the descriptions have not been avail-
able. Walker places the first two with P. Americana in his
Sect. 1; they will therefore be long-winged forms; the third
is possibly synonymous with Pseudophyllodromia Heydeniana,
Sauss., in fasc. 2 Mem. Soc. Phys. de Genéve, 1870.

PERIPLANETA MARGINALIS, Saussure.

Rev. Zool., 1864, No. 30; Mel. Orth., 31.
Habitat.—Queensland, Western Australia (Walker).

PERIPLANETA SORAR, Saussure (ibid, no. 35).
Habitat.— Australia.

PERIPLANETA HEYDENIANA, Sauss. (Rev. Zool., 1864, Nov. 29).

Habitat.—West Australia.
c. LElytra lobiform or absent. Body mostly black, con-
colorous. Cerci not twice as long as lamina. Valvules
normal. Subgenus SYNTOMAPTERA, mihi,

PERIPLANETA FORTIPES, Walker (Brit. Mus. Cat., 137).

‘Black, fusiform, shining, very thickly and minutely punc-
tured. Head smooth, sockets of antennz, labium and palpi
piceous ; antenne dark-red, basal part black, as long as the body.
Pronotum with a very shallow lateral furrow, hindmargin
straight. Elytra absent. Legs stout, reddish-black, tarsi red
towards the apex. Abdominal segments six and seven with
angles produced, acute. Supra-anal lamina truncate. Cerci
long, lanceolate.

Length of body (both sexes) ... 22-27 mm.
Habitat.—West Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand.”

107

PERIPLANETA INVISA, Walker (ibid, 137).
“ Resembling P. fortipes. Head with reddish labrum. Supra-
anal lamina emarginate. Cox bordered with yellow.

Length of body (both sexes)... ... 27-32 mm.
Habitat.— Australia (N.S.W. ?) ; West Australia.”

PERIPLANETA GLABRA, Walker (ibid, 139).

“Deep black, oval, convex, smooth, shining. Antenne black:
Pronotum rounded laterally, hindmargin straight. Metanotum
with angles slightly produced. Elytra triangular, corneous,
rudimentary. Legs short. Abdominal segments with the angles
successively more elongated, acute. Supra-anal lamina _bilobed,
lobes tetragonal. Cerci fusiform, flat Styles long, slender.

Length of body (male) ... 3 eel Seman

Habitat.—Australia.”

There are three female specimens in the collection of the S.A.
Museum, which I refer to this species, and from which the
following description is drawn up :—

Deep black, narrowly fusiform, very convex and shining, hind-
margins of segments narrowly lurid. Head and antenne black ;
ocelliform spots, margins of clypeus and labrum, also palpi, very
pale. Thoracic segments laterally narrowly reflexed; disk
polished, with distant impressed dots, hindmargin of metanotum
convex. Elytra absent. Underside and legs dark piceous, tarsi
and spines brown ; claws pale. Abdominal segments angular,
posterior ones produced, acute, hindmargin scabrous, minutely
dotted. Supra-anal lamina tapering, deeply emarginate, angles
rounded. Cerci nearly twice as long as lamina, lanceolate, thick,
acute, black.

Female.
Length of body eit ie eho min:
Length of pronotum ... a eats 2) eke
Width of pronotum ... ee eG zs
Width of abdomen ae faa: H

Habitat.—Northern Territory of South Australia. S.A.
Museum, presented by the Hon. Dr. 8. J. Magarey.

PERIPLANETA OBSCURA, sp. nov.

Resembling the preceding ; dull black-brown to black. Head,
antenn, and mouth parts reddish. Pronotum smooth, with a few
impressed dots. Meso- and meta-notum, also abdomen, thickly
and minutely tuberculate. Elytra lobiform, not exceeding the
mesonotum. Legs short, stout, hind tibiz short, entirely deep
reddish-brown. Supra-anal lamina compressed, emarginate.
Cerci broad, lanceolate, acute.

108

Female.
Length of body _.... a .. 14 -15 mm.
Length of pronotum ee see OA gee
Width of pronotum whe 2 6 6:

Habitat.—Northern Territory of South Australia. S.A.
Museum, presented by the Hon. Dr. 8. J. Magarey.

PERIPLANETA SCABRIUSCULA, spec. nov.

Resembling P. glabra. Deep piceous to black, shining. Head
black ; antenne, labrum, and palpi reddish. Pronotum smooth.
Meso- and meta-notum slightly scabrous, with minute acute
tubercles. Elytra lobiform in both sexes. Legs red, con-
colorous ; tibie long; tarsi pale beneath. Supra-anal lamina of
male subangular, deeply grooved in the middle; hindmargin
concave, of female much compressed, emarginate. Cerci rather
long, deep black, acute, extreme tip red. Subgenital lamina of
male quadrilateral, angular, hindmargin concave; styles long,
slender, black, apex red.

Male. Female.
Length of body +». 12-14 mm 16 —IS Ame
Length of pronotum... 4-45 “ 5 = 64
Width of prototum... 7-75 “ PO= oa

Habitat.—-Belair (Mount Lofty Range), Port Vincent (Y.P.),
Kangaroo Island (larve only): South Australia. S.A. Museum.

Some thirteen specimens were compared from the above
localities. They were taken in June, living by day under loose
bark of Eucalyptus-trees near the ground.

PERIPLANETA PROVISIONALIS, spec. nov.

Resembling the last. Brownish-red, scabrous, shining. Lobes
of elytra very narrow. Abdomen brown below. Supra-anal
lamina short, deeply and roundly emarginate. Cerci rather
short. Valvules black.

Female.
Length of body ... het ee <.\, 12 se
Length of pronotum ... ahs i. Ve
Width of pronotum ae a4 morgen fhe

Habitat.—Mount Bryan East. S.A. Museum, presented by
Mr. T. Best.

DEROPELTIS, Burm.

Handb. II., 486; Br., System, 240 ; Blatta, Serv.

“Male winged, female ‘w ingless. Head partly free above ;
antenne thick, longer than the “body. Elytra and wings of male
doubly exceeding the abdomen, narrowed in the middle, apex
acuminate. Femora very slender, spines very short, first jo
of tarsi exceeding the following joints. Abdomen of male oblong;

109

of female broad and round, dorsal segments truncate, scarcely
exceeding the ventral, fifth incised in the middle. Supra-anal
lamina of male transverse, with an impressed medial line, margin
entire ; of female triangular, laterally deflexed. Cerci of male
longer than lamina, articulate; of female short, inarticulate.
Subgenital lamina of male rounded, large, exceeding the supra-
anal; styles long.

The genus, as defined by Brunner, is chiefly of South African
habitat, one species only being recorded doubtfully from Java.
In the British Museum Catalogue, Walker records, p. 231,
“ Kpilampra irrorata, Thunb., nov. spec. I., 76; Fabricius, Ent.
Syst. IL., 8,” from Australia in three instances. Referring to
Brunner’s record of the literature quoted. “ 2. irrorata” is not
mentioned at all, but the pages cited quote Blatta erythrocephala,
Fabr. (Ent. Syst., IT., p. 7 and 8), while B. capensis, Thunb.
(Dissert. Ent., 77) is mentioned as a synonym of the former.
Whence Walker obtained the name “ arorata” is not apparent,
but most likely another synonym for Sb. erythrocephalus, Fabr.
As I am not in a position to prove his localities wrong, I insert
the genus on his authority.

DEROPELTIS ERYTHROCEPHALUS, Labr.

Blatia, Fabr.; Br., Syst., 242, fig. 38.

“ Brownish-black, dull. Head red; antenne rather thick,
black, apex reddish. Legs ferruginous. Pronotum of male
transverse, oval, rounded. Disk triangularly impressed. LElytra
longer than wings, brownish-chestnut. Femora with sharp
scattered spines. Female black, dull. Abdomen with fifth
segment sinuate laterally.

Male. Female.
Length of body... Soop eit x; TELE. 28) mm.
_ Length of elytra She ig ays —
Length of pronotum ... 5:2 “ TAY one
Width of pronotum ....8 “ {ie ne

Habitat.—Cape of Good Hope (authors) ; Australia ( Walker).”

d. Elytra lobiform or absent. Valvules of female not, or
scarcely free.

DRYMAPLANETA, gen. nov.

Etymology :—Dryma, wood ; planeta, runners.

Body like Periplaneta, smooth, shining, margins pale. An-
tennze setaceous, as long or longer than the body, ciliate. Elytra
lobiform, short, or absent; wings none. Legs rather short ;
femora and tibie more or less densely spinose; tarsi with first
joint shorter, or scarcely longer than the following two together.
Supra-anal lamina of male moderately broad, more or less con-

110

cave ; angles rounded ; of female conical or triangular, com-
pressed or flat, more or less deeply incised, angles acute. Cerci
lanceolate, flat, acute, from one-half to twice the length of the
lamina. Subgenital lamina of male with slender, acute styles,
inserted at the apex of the keels, mostly produced. Valvules of
female conjoined, not or scarcely free, the suture indicated by
a furrew or keel separated by furrows from the adjoining mem-
brane.

The genus differs from Platyzosteria by the longer cerci of both
sexes, and the styles of the males; from Periplaneta by the
lobiform elytra, pale margins, &c., and from all by the conjoined
valvules of the female. The species frequent woods, never
human habitations, unless carried there by accident. Their
habits appear to be more or less nocturnal, leaving their hiding-
places soon after sunset, or on cloudy days in the late after-
noon, when they run about actively on the surface or ascend
shrubs and trees in quest of their prey, viz., living insects of. all
kinds ; and have therefore a claim, so far as ascertained, to rank
as highly beneficial generally. Most of them are readily dis-
tinguished by the pale margins of the thorax or all round the
body.

DRYMAPLANETA COMMUNIS, spec. nov.

Elongate oval, black (or lurid when young), smooth, shining.
Head and antenne reddish, space at base of latter and mouth-
parts pale-yellowish. Pronotum mostly with a faint dark-red
median line, and a pale-yellow, cuneiform lateral stripe on each
side, narrow in front, broad behind, bordered outside narrowly
with black, and continued along the meso- and meta-notum,
occasionally extending to the basal part of the adjoining abdom-
inal segment, and sometimes reappearing in the form of round
dots on one or more of the following ones. LElytra rather broad,
inner part and apex black, not much exceeding the mesonotum.
Underside of body piceous, varied with red. Coxee broadly white-
bordered ; femora and tibie paler or darker red; tarsi pale-
reddish. Abdominal segments angular, angles much produced,
acute. Supra-anal lamina of male subangular, narrowed behind,
angularly and broadly emarginate, ciliate; of female narrow,
triangular, deeply emarginate, apex of lobes rounded. Cerei
long. Subgenital lamina of male, like supra-anal, transverse,
emarginate, angles rounded; styles long. Subgenital plate of
female subvalvular.

Male. Female.
Length of body ... 21-25 mm. 18-20 mm.
Length of elytra ... 4 . 3 <
Length of pronotum 6-7 “ a 0 a
Width of pronotum 9-10. « (Cone

ih

Habitat.—Mount Lofty Range, Adelaide, Nairne, Nuriootpa,
Ardrossan (Yorke’s Peninsula): South Australia. S.A. Museum.

Some ten specimens were examined, varying very slightly, as
indicated above. The species differs from Platyzosteria albo-
margunata, Br., only in the form of the supra-anal lamina,
greater length of cerci, and brighter colour of the legs; and the
latter might probably be included in this genus with advantage.
D. communis, as implied by the name, is one of the commonest
species in the southern part of the province, occurring in the
adult stage from June till January, and perhaps more seldom all
the year round, but is very shy and active. Its odour is very
disagreeable.

DRYMAPLANETA SUBMARGINATA, spec. nov.

Dark piceous to chestnut, with the pale-yellowish margin
nearly all round. Head of male, with trilobed vertex, and a
patch like an hourglass in front reddish-brown, remainder pale-
yellowish or whitish; of female concolorous, reddish; palpi
whitish, second and third joints equally long, very thick ; fourth
joint shorter, pale-yellowish ; antennz ferruginous. Pronotum
shining, pale margin contiguous in front, or more or less inter-
rupted, a narrow dark-red medial line or broader lurid stripe
(sometimes obsolete). Elytra short. Metanotum with the hind-
angles considerably produced, rounded. Underside dark chestnut.
Legs with the cox pale-yellowish, witha blackish stripe; femora
and tarsi rather darker; tibize reddish to brownish. Abdomen
slightly dilated, hindangles of segments much produced, acute,
lateral pale stripe interrupted by narrow black and brown hind-
margin, reduced to short narrow streaks in segments six and
seven. Supra-anal lamina of male quadrilateral, black, hind-
margin retuse, slightly ciliate, angles obtuse ; of female the hind-
margin of segment seven bordered yellowish, lamina narrow,
subtriangular, slightly compressed, deeply and triangularly
emarginate, sides narrowly yellowish, lobes subacute. Cerci of
male “nearly twice as long as lamina, brown, concolorous; of
female piceous, apex yellowish. Subgenital lamina of male
transverse, truncate ; styles slender, acute, red, nearly as long as

the cerci.
Male (adults). Female (larve),

Length of body ... 21--23°5 mm. 21 mm.
Length of pronotum 7 e TAs
Width of pronotum 9--10 % moles

Habitat.—South-western part of Kangaroo Island, Blakiston,
Mount Lofty Range: South Australia. S.A. Museum.

There is some doubt as to the correct mating of the sexes. A
very young larva from the Northern Territory and two others

112

from the South-East of our province resemble the above females,
but may belong to another species.

DRYMAPLANETA OBSCURIPES, spec. nov.

Piceous to black; a broad deep-yellow margin all round,
bordered exteriorly very narrowly with black or brown, inner
border line jagged; smooth, shining. Head, palpi, and basal
joints of antennz black, a band between the eyes, and the mouth-
parts reddish. Pronotum irregularly wrinkled ; hindangles of
thoracic segments slightly produced, broad, rounded. LElytra
wholly obsolete. Underside dark. Coxe and femora blackish,
former bordered with white, tibize and tarsi dark reddish-brown.
Abdomen more or less lurid to dark red in the disk, bordered
with black ; angles keeled, produced as distinct spinelets ; hind-
margin of seventh segment yellow ; beneath dark reddish, with a
broad black margin. Supra-anal lamina of both sexes subtri-
gonal, deeply and acutely emarginate, lobes of male acute, of
female obtuse, black, with two yellow spots. Cerci not twice as
long as lamina, apex (male obtuse, female acute) pale. Sub-
genital lamina of male transverse, truncate ; styles short, acute.
Valvular plate of female with a broad furrow.

Male. Female. Larva.
Length of body .s+\) 2am: 25 mm. 20 mm.
Length of pronotum... 5 “ 5) os An 66
Width of pronotum ... 9 “ QO « Q a

Habitat.—West Coast of South Australia; Fraser Range,
West Australia. S. A. Museum.

Only a larva, differing in some details, was collected at the
latter place by Mr. R. Helms (Elder Expl. Exped.) on October
12, 1891, the other specimens (one male, two females) were
probably collected by Prof. R. Tate at about the head of Great
Bight.

DRYMAPLANETA SUBBIFASCIATA, sp. nov.

Piceous, sometimes clouded with deep red, lateral margins
broad, yellow, bordered with black, produced transversely along
the hindmargins of the pronotum and metanotum, forming
bands interrupted in the middle. Body smooth, with very
numerous, minute, impressed dots. Vertex and face black, a
broad curved band between the antenne, sides, &c., pale yellow ;
antenne pale reddish, palpi very pale. Pronotum and meso-
notum with a broad subconical impression, medially and various
wrinkles behind. Elytra obsolete. Underside piceous. Coxe’
pale-yellowish, a black stripe anteriorly ; femora dark-red, with
two blackish stripes ; tibize brown ; tarsi paler. Abdomen with
hindangles more or less produced, acute ; hindmargin of segment

113

seven narrowly ferruginous, disk pubescent. Supra-anal lamina
of female slightly compressed, emarginate, ciliate, lobes rounded.
Cerci very long. Subgenital plate with a deep, broad, medial
furrow, not free.

Adult. Larve.
Length of body (female) .... 22 mm. 17-21 mm.
Length of pronotum eS Nae 5- 5D
Width of pronotum ye teeee ce ee ee a ie

Habitat.—N orthern Papen of South Australia. S.A.
Museum.

Of this conspicuously-coloured species one adult and three
larval females were presented by the Hon. Dr. 8S. J. Magarey in
1886.

DRYMAPLANETA SEMICINCTA, Walker.

Periplaneta, Brit. Mus. Cat., 140.

“‘ Black, fusiform, smooth, shining, piceous beneath. Vertex,
labrum and palpi yellow ; antennz dark-red. <A lateral yellow
stripe extending from the foremargin of pronotum to second or
third abdominal segment. Pronotum elongate, widening behind,
hindmargin straight. Elytra lobiform, luteous, hindmargin black.
Legs short, tarsi red towards the tips, or wholly black. Abdomen
with angles produced, acute. Supra-anal lamina truncate,
angles acute. Cerci long, lanceolate.

Length of body (both sexes) ... 18-20 mm.
Habitat.—Navigator’s Isle ; Formosa.

DRYMAPLANETA SExGUTTATA, Walker.

Peripl., ibid, i141.

** Black, elliptical, convex, smooth, shining. Sockets of
antenne and labrum piceous ; antennze with a tawny, antemedial,
very broad band. Thoracic segments each with a white spot near
each hindangle. Pronotum subsemicircular, laterally very
minutely punctured. Meso- and meta-notum with the angles
slightly elongated. Elytra none. Legs short, thick, coxte
bordered white. Abdominal segments tuberculate, successively
more produced, acute ; beneath a broad, indeterminate stripe.
Supra-anal lamina entire. Styles long.

Length of body (male) ... ae SPs Gai
Habitat.— Australia (perhaps a young larva).”

DRYMAPLANETA SEMIVITTA, Walker.
Peripl., ibid, 143.
‘Black, fusiform, smooth, shining. Head with a yellow ban
in front ; labrum yellow ; palpi pale yellow. Thoracic segment
laterally with a yellow stripe bordered black laterally, inner side

H

114

undulating ; underside mostly pale-yellow, sides rounded, hind-
margin straight. Elytra lobiform. Legs thick, pale yellowish
piceous. Supra-anal lamina bidentate.

Length of body (female)... st -.s, 20 ALUM,

Habitat.—West Australia.”

“In vol. II. of Capt. Ph. P. King’s Survey of the Coasts of
Australia, 1818-1822, page 454, a species is described as Blatta
australis, McLeay, which may belong to this genus, but the des-
cription is wholly inadequate to fix family or genus, and the
species will have to remain undeterminate.”

II. Femora spineless or rarely the fore femora with a few
spines.
A. Claws with arolia (except females of Heterogamide).

CHORISONEURID (Br., Syst., 251).

‘“ Head large, free, convex ; eyes remote. Pronotum rounded
or quadrate. Elytra quite explicate, acuminate ; veins distinct,
radial vein branching pinnately. Wings either with their
anterior part acuminate, or the apical area folding and reflexed ;
anal area with radiating veins, fanlike. Femora spined at apex
only. Abdominal segment with the angles straight or rounded,
never produced. Supra-anal lamina of male rounded; of female
similar or emarginate. Subgenital lamina of male rounded ;
styles provided.”

There are several genera, mostly extra-Australian, with only
a few species in each. They are mostly of very moderate size,
and distinguished by the pinnately-branched radial vein of the
elytra, and the very large triangular area of the wings, or in
one genus, by the wings foldings traversely in the middle. Only
two genera appear to occur in Australia.

CHORISONEURA, Brunner (System, 255, fig. 26).

“ Elytra with the radial and ulnar veins separated. Wings
perfect, apical area membranous. Femora unarmed, pilose.
Supra-anal area of male scarcely produced ; of female much pro-
duced, emarginate. Last ventral segment of female much con-
tracted in the middle. Cerci long, slender, filiform in both sexes.

The five species described by Brunner are from Brazil (4), and
Mexico (1). The Australian species may possibly justify a new
genus for their reception, but the material available is too scanty
for a complete diagnosis.

CHORISONEURA HYGROPHOROIDES, Walker.
Blatia, Brit. Mus. Cat., 96.
“Black, fusiform, depressed, ferruginous beneath. Head
tawny in front, labrum and vertex testaceous. Pronotum

115

minutely punctured, laterally and posteriorly testaceous, laterally
much dilated, hindmargin rounded. Legs short, ferruginous.
Elytra smooth, coriaceous, costa rounded, testaceous towards the
base, costal area broad. Wings cinereous, hyaline.

Male.
Length of body _... eh cee! piped iting
Length of elytra ... a be Pid he ibaa

Habitat.—Australia.

The above abridged description of Walker fits very well (as
far as it goes) for the insects I refer to this species, but another
supplementary description drawn up from the specimens ex-
amined may serve to define it better. The meso- and meta-notum
of the male nymph, and the elytra of the adult female are reddish-
brown, antenne ferruginous, hirsute, as long as the body.
Abdomen dark-brown in the disk; last dorsal segment, supra-
anal lamina and cerci of female brownish testaceous, last ventral
segment very much produced, subtrigonal, apex obtuse.

Male. Female. Larve.
Length of body Ne ie eon stint: i sim. 4°5 mm.
Length of elytra... ve Do —
Length of pronotum ree os (hs the Peay
Width of pronotum Peal es is 5 2 ef

Habitat.—Mount Pleasant, Kangaroo Island, a doubtful larva
from Mount Bryan East; South Australia. S.A. Museum.

CHORISONEURA LOFTYENSIS, spec. nov.

Brownish-ferruginous. Head, antenne, pectus and legs
yellowish. Pronotum very broad, much rounded laterally, two
blackish transverse bars in the disk before the middle. Elytra
of male as long as abdomen, of female shorter ; veins raised.
Abdomen laterally and medially blackish, with two broad
submarginal brownish ferruginous stripes; apex and _ cerci
brownish-ferruginous.

Male. Female. Larvee.
Length of body z:tpeisiey SeOT S mm. o-7 mm.
Length of elytra ... er i) rf 5 cs --—
Length of pronotum ea es bay bea i
Width of pronotum elias) 's 3 Oey. Had

Habitat.—Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia. S.A.
Museum. .

The insects are very nimble, and inhabit the narrow spaces
under bark and the cracks and fissures of dead timber during the
early and hottest months of the year.

116

CHORISONEURA PECTINATA, Saussure.

Mel. Orth., in Mem. Soc. Phys., Geneve.
Habitat.— Australia.

ELEUTHERODA, Brunner (Syst., 264, fig. 29).

“Silky pilose. Head large. Pronotum semiorbicular in front,
truncate behind. Elytra flat, almost rectangular, scarcely slant-
ing, not exceeding the abdomen. Wings twice as long as the
elytra, wholly folded back in the middle. Legs slender. Abdo-
men oblong, convex beneath. Supra-anal lamina of male trans-
verse; of female rounded. Cerci small, base very broad, four-
jointed. Subgenital lamina of male small; styles suort.

The insects resemble Coleoptera considerably in appearance, and
much more so than any other of the Blattariz, except Casszdiodes,
from the Philippine Islands, but of different type; the former
apparently mimicking certain Tenebrionide, the latter resembling
our black Paropsine.

ELEUTHERODA GALERUCOIDES, [Walker.

- Diploptera, Brit. Mus. Cat., 57.

“Tawny, flat, elliptical, shining, very finely punctured,
minutely setulose. Head largely but distantly punctured.
Antenne submoniliform, shorter than body, base black.
Pronotum transversely subelliptical, sides much rounded, semi-
hyaline, hindmargin straight, disk with two interrupted, much
abbreviated, blackish bands. Elytra coriaceous. Wings cinereous,
hyaline. Legs moderately long. Abdomen piceous, slightly
longer than elytra. Supra-anal lamina deeply concave above, or
margin much deflexed, tawny. Cerci long, tawny.

Length of body (female) we 40) Oem

Habitat.—Tasmania.”

PANCHLORIDE (br., Syst., 266).

Head rather thick, partly or wholly covered by pronotum.
Pronotum mostly smooth, angular or truncate behind, flat or
hooded. Elytra perfectly explicate (except Oniscosoma), rounded,
without apical area, anal vein impressed, axillary veins very
close. Wings rounded in front, apical area not distinct, fan-like
explicate, anal area fan-like, ulnar vein pectinate. Femora
unarmed; tarsi with arolia. Abdomen depressed, angles of
dorsal segments acute. Supra-anal lamina of both sexes quad-
rate, incised, or entire. Both sexes winged, except in Onisco-
soma.

Most species of the six small or moderately-sized genera of this
family are extra-Australian, and widely distributed. The chief
distinctions are the quadrate, incised or entire lamina of the

by

female, the produced angles of the hindmargins of segments, and
the possession of wings by both sexes, excepting in one genus.

Whether Walker’s species is rightly placed I cannot say, not
having seen any specimens.

NavupnHorta, Burmeister.

Handb. II., 508; Br., Syst., 283, fig. 38.

“Antenne setaceous, slightly shorter than the body. Pro-
notum truncate in front and behind, laterally much deflexed,
hindangles obtuse. Abdomen scarcely dilated, nine dorsal seg-
ments. Supra-anal lamina of male quadrate, angles obtuse,
middle impressed ; of female transverse, angles rounded, emarg-
inate, and plicate in the middle. Cerci not exceeding the supra-
anal lamina, smooth.”

All the few other species, besides the following, occur in Africa
and America.

NAUPHOETA DISCOIDALIS, Walker (Brit. Mus. Cat., 39).

“Black, elongate fusiform, flat, shining, thinly punctured.
Head with pale-yellow ocelliform spots, a transverse impression
near them, and a yellow band near the mouth. First joint of
palpi testaceous. Antenne very slightly setulose, sockets pale
yellow. Pronotum yellow, sides rounded, margin and a dis-
coidal spot black, latter slightly concave in front, with two
notches behind approaching close to hindmargin. Meso- and
meta-notum with hindmargins yellow. Elytra unsymmetrical in
colour, left elytron piceous, with three unequal yellow spots, apex
grey, hyaline, veins hyaline, costa and costal veins yellow,
rounded towards the base; right elytron pale-grey, hyaline, ex-
cept the yellow marks and an intermediate piceous patch. Wings
pale-grey, hyaline, costal streak and veins brownish. Legs
tawny, stout. Abdomen piceous, with lateral triangular,
testaceous spots, beneath tawny at the base. Supra-anal lamina
testaceous, slightly notched.

Both sexes.

Length of body... 5 a: 5 abe, cma,
Length of elytra bs a8 ein Lea) -*S

Habitat.—New Guinea; Waigou.”

Stated to resemble V. amoena, Saussure, but to differ in the
markings.

ZETOBORA, Burmeister.

Handb. I1., 509 ; Br, Syst., 288, fig. 39:

‘¢ Head depressed, covered by pronotum. Pronotum rhombic,
rounded in front, subtruncate behind, lateral angles acute, fore-
margin reflexed, disk cucullate, impressed punctate or granulate.
Scutellum free. Elytra with very broad base, attenuated towards

118

the apex. Wings with median vein undivided. Abdomen with
hindangles of dorsal segments much produced. Supra-anal
lamina of female quadrate.”

The nine species recorded by Brunner are all South American,
also all those under section 1, 7 and 8, by Saussure and Walker.
It is therefore quite probable that all those from Asia, Africa, and
Australia, cited by the two last authors, do not belong to this
genus, especially as “Z. granicollis,” Sauss. (Section 6), has been
suggested as synonymous with Oniscosoma castanea, Brunner, but
this can only be decided by studying the types.

ZETOBORA ANTICA, Walker (Brit. Mus. Cat., 47).

“ Blackish, elongate fusiform; testaceous beneath. Head
black, shining, transversely impressed between the antennze
testaceous towards the mouth, also the palpi. Antenne half
the length of body. Pronotum with reflexed margins, minutely
and darkly tuberculate, testaceous, semihyaline, angular, space
behind not excavated, hindmargin hardly rounded oases of
blackish part angular, laterally ee Ely tra ferruginous, con-
colorous. Wings grey, lurid towards the costa. Legs tawny.
Sub-anal (7!) lamina entire. Cerci piceous or tawny.

Length of body (both sexes) ... 18-20 mm.
Length of elytra... A ots ‘24 ees

Habitat.— Australia.

Oniscosoma, Bruner (Syst., 298).

Zetobora, Saussure ; Laxta, Walker (young form).

Males winged, females wingless. Pronotum lenticular, exceed-
ing the head very much, lateral angles of male rounded, of
female acute, hindmargin of male rounded, of female subtruncate ;
in the middle (above the head) more or less cucullate. Elytra of
male very much longer than the abdomen, wings as long as
elytra, very broad anteriorly. Meso- and meta-notum of female
with the hindangles very much produced. Legs short, rather
thick. Abdomen of male ovate or suborbicular; of female
ovate, dorsal marginal appendages much exceeding the ventral.
Supra-anal lamina of male transverse, obtuse; of female quad-
rate, angles obtuse, subduplicate in the middle or emarginate.
Cerci of male about three times as long as the lamina, with ten
to twelve joints; ot female dilated, shorter than the lamina.
Subgenital lamina of male much produced, rounded; styles
reflected.

The genus contains only two species, and is limited to Aus-
tralia. It represents here the Heterogamide, which it resembles
in aspect and habits; the latter being very abundant in Africa,

Tas

and extending to the Mediterranean coast, but almost absent
from Australia. The descriptions are drawn up from numerous
specimens.

ONISCOSOMA CASTANEA, Brunner (Syst., 300, fig. 36).

Diploptera silpha, Sauss., Rev. Zool., XVI., 325; Zetobora
granicollis, Saussure, Melb. Orth., 33, fig. 21, 1862; Laxta
oniscoides, Walker, Brit. Mus. Cat., 18.

Male.—Dull chestnut or coftee-brown. Head of male blackish-
brown or black, shining ; antenne brown ; labrum, palpi, and
space at base of antenne yellowish, also the legs and most of the
underside. Pronotum of male rounded in front, widest in the
middle and angular ; foremargin broadly dull-yellowish, with a
few dark granulations ; sides gradually narrowed to the hind-
angles ; disk blackish in the middle, sides chestnut, densely
granular, with two converging furrows in front, enclosed space
raised over the head ; quadrilateral area beyond widest behind
at the hindmargin. Elytra large, rounded at the apex, veins
much raised, irregularly reticulate radial vein black near the
base. Wings slightly shorter, border deeply emarginate in the
middle, smoky tinted. Scutellum triangular. Abdomen elong-
ated, brownish testaceous, lateral margin narrow, angles obtuse,
slightly produced. Supra-anal lamina short, transverse, rounded.
Cerci much longer, slender, subterete, acute, hairy. Subgenital
lamina subquadrate, shining, exceeding the supra-anal, wnsym-
metrical, the right side deeply emarginate, bordered pale, the
left side not; hindmargin rounded, much reflexed ; styles very
slender, setaceous.

Female.—Broadly oval, outline regular, almost contiguous all
round, reddish-chestnut, with numerous, much darker granula-
tions, margins and indistinct longitudinal stripes pale ; stigmatic
spots, large, black. Head same as male. Pronotum nearly
semicircular, hindmargin nearly straight, in the middle slightly
and angularly produced, lateral angles obtuse. Lateral margin
all round laminar, very broad, hindangles broadly and triangu-
larly produced, very acute behind. Supra-anal lamina flat, very
large, keeled, hindmargin rounded, entire. Cerci broad, acum-
inate, inserted in a narrow space between the produced hind-
angles of preceding segment and the lamina, not exceeding
either. Last ventral segment shorter, very broad, subtrigonal,
sides sinuate, apex broadly rounded.

Male. Hemale. Larvee.
Length of body ... 22 mm. 24 --26 mm. 8-18 mm.
Length of elytra... 22-24 “ — —
Length of pronotum 5- 6:3 * Gas eo; FS 2 De 4/8
Width of pronotum 9-10 ‘ 115-1235 “ 4-10 *§

120

Habitat.—Vicinity of Adelaide, Murray Scrub, Sedan, Kan-
garoo Island ; South Australia. Northern Territory of South
Australia. S.A. Museum. Eastern Australia (Brunner ).

The adults are remarkably uniform in coloration, but the
larvee are very different. They are more or less conspicuously
marked by paler and darker longitudinal interrupted stripes,
varying according to age or size, and gradually disappear when
attaining the adult stage. Walker’s description of his Laxta
oniscoides agrees perfectly with that of a half-grown larva. The
insects are numerous in woodlands, hiding under bark, logs, &c.,
and fly about at night, but do not live in houses. The larve
appear chiefly in January and February, the adults from May to
October, but the latter may be found occasionally all the year
round.

ONISCOSOMA PALLIDA, Brunner (Syst., 301).

‘“Testaceous. Pronotum of male brown in the disk, minute
brown granules scattered over the major part of the wings.
Elytra ample, acuminute, translucent. Female wholly testaceous
above, granules black, very much raised, scattered. Abdominal
segments appendiculate. Supra-anal lamina emarginate in the
middle.

Male. Female.
Length of body... gee. ean: 23 mm.
Length of elytra 20. ear —-
Length of pronotum ... 62 “ OF re
Width of pronotum aS ae 1 2

Habitat.—New South Wales.”
The species differs in the pale colour of both sexes, the ulnar
veln emitting bifurcate branches, &e.

PERISPHAERIDE, Brunner (Syst., 302).

‘Head covered. Pronotum of male tranversely lenticular ;
of female orbicular. Elytra of male perfect; of female absent,
rudimentary, or perfect, corneous. Wings, when present, fan-
like. Femora spineless; tarsi with arolia. Dorsal abdominal
segments truncate behind, angles not produced, not exceeding
ventral segments. Supra-anal lamina subquadrate, angles
rounded; of female corneous, rounded, entire, not plicate. Cerci
of male depressed, longer than lamina; of female short, triangu-
lar. Subgenital lamina of male large, with or without styles.

The principal distinctions from the preceding family are that
the supra-anal lamina of the female is rounded, and the hind-
angles of the abdominal segments are not produced. It is best
represented in South Africa, but some species occur also in India,
and others in South America.

121

PERISPHAERIA, Serville.

Burm., Handb. IT., 483; Br., Syst., 303, fig. 37.

“Males winged, females wingiess. Head covered. Pronotum
of male lenticular, foremargin semicircular, slightly raised over
the head, flat, not gibbous, hindmargin rounded ; of female semi-
orbicular, truncate behind, not incrassated, or dentate beneath.
Elytra of male linear, costal area broad. Wings entire, median
vein straight, or decurved at apex. Legs thick. Abdomen ovate,
dorsal segments truncate behind, angles obtuse. Supra-anal
lamina of male transverse; of female rounded. Cerci of male
lanceolate, long, depressed; of female small, conical, inarticulate.

All the typical species (eight) described by Brunner belong to
South Africa ; those by Walker are Australian.

PERISPHAERIA LAMINATA, Walker (Brit. Mus. Cat., 178).

“ Black, elliptical, convex, dull, thickly tuberculate above,
smooth and shining beneath. Head transversely impressed ;
base of antenne, labrum and palpi testaceous; antenne less
than half the length of body. Pronotum semicircular, covering
the head, testaceous and sub-hyaline in front (paler beneath),
sides flat, hindmargin scarcely rounded in the middle. Meso-
and meta-notum much dilated, hindangles elongate, acute. Legs
and whole underside tawny. Abdomen with dorsal segments
extending beyond the ventral, hindangles slightly elongate, acute.
Supra-anal lamina entire. Cerci very short.

Length of body (female)... ae 22 mm.

Habitat.—South Australia; West Ancien

No specimen answering to ‘the description has yet been seen.
It cannot well be assumed that Walker overlooked the spineless
femora, when placing the species here, else one might doubt the
position.

PERISPHAERIA FALLAX, Walker (ibid, 172).

‘Black, fusiform, shining, very convex, roughly punctured
Head smooth, extending a little beyond the pronotum, vertex and
palpi dark-red. Antenne longer than half the body, setose,
dark-red towards the base. Pronotum parabolic, or short coni-
cal, sides rounded, straight behind. Meso- and meta-notum with
hindangles hardly elongate. Legs deep-red, short, thick, tibice
with short spines. Cerci very short.

Length of body (female) ... sue mann. (1)
Habitat.—West Australia.”

DEROCALYMMA, Burmeister.

Handb. I1., 487 ; Br., Syst., 315, fig. 41-
“Males winged, females wingless. Head wholly covered.

122

Antenne extremely slender, half the length of the body. Pro-
notum with margin acute, incrassated beneath, except over the
head. Styles of male absent. Chiefly South African and Indian
species.
DEROCALYMMA CONTIGUA, Saussure.
Mem. Soc. Phys. de Genéve, 1873.
Habitat.—New Guinea.

EcTATODERUS, Saussure.
Ann. Soc. Ent., France (6), II., 463.

EcratopErRus NouMEENSIS, Saussure (ibid).

Habitat.—New Caledonia.
This genus and species are quoted from the Zoological Record,
vol. XIX., 1883.

HETEROGAMIDE (br., Syst., 350).

‘“‘ Head globose, male with ocelli, female with ocelliform spots.
Pronotum transverse, pilose, or ciliate. Elytra of male perfectly
explicate, anal vein angulose, impressed ; female wingless or per-
fectly winged ; anal area not folding fan-like, wholly reflexed.
Femora unarmed (or the first pair only with a few spinelets),
tarsi very long, those of male with arolia, of female without
such. Abdominal segments constricted or straight. Supra-anal
lamina incised, or plicate and entire. Subgenital lamina of male
with styles.

Only two genera of this family are recorded by Brunner. The
typical one, with five species, occurs in Africa and the Mediter-
ranean regions, and the other, Homeogamia, exclusively in
Mexico, and is monotypic. No representatives were hitherto
known from Australia. The remarkable species from the western
coast of South Australia is so divergent in some characters, that
it not only requires a new genus for its reception, but might
become the type of a new family when sufficient material be-
comes available.

The following synopsis will indicate the chief distinctions :—

5.5. Supra-anal lamina of female quadrate, and excised, or
broadly subtrigonal, rounded, and entire. HETEROGAMID2.

6. Male winged, female wingless.

A. Pronotum rounded in front, truncate behind. Supra-anal lamina

quadrate, incised. Heterogamia, Burm.
B. Pronotum sinuately rounded in front, produced and_ broadly

rounded behind. Supra-anal lamina broadly subtrigonal,

rounded, entire. Ataxiganua, gen. nov.

6.6. Both sexes winged. Pronotum truncate in front, rounded
behind. Supra-anal lamina quadrate, incised.
Homaocamia, Burm.

123

ATAXIGAMIA, gen. nov. (Ataxia =confusion).

Male winged, female (7). Head prominent. Pronotum ciliate
meso- and meta-notum, also underside of the thorax, cox, and
femora more or less densely covered with long, silky hair. Pro-
notum rounded in front, slightly sinuate on each side of the
hood-like middle part, gradually narrowing rearward, produced
behind, apex broadly rounded ; sides much deflexed anteriorly,
margin slightly rough, disk with coarse, shallow impressions.
Elytra and wings large, perfectly folded; elytra acuminate ;
wings with anal area fan-like. Legs and tarsi long and slender,
claws small, arolia minute. Abdomen very much depressed,
segments scarcely constricted, angles not produced, obtuse or
rounded. Supra-anal lamina subtrigonal, hindmargin rounded,
entire, nearly flat. Cerci very much longer than lamina, sub-
terete, 16-jointed, finely pilose, obtuse. Subgenital lamina ex-
ceeding the upper, broad, hindmargin emarginate.

In the “Archiv fur Naturgeschichte” Gerstacker also describes
a genus (Gynopeltis), in which the fore femora alone are spined

(Zool. Rec., VI., 461, 1864).

ATAXIGAMIA TATEI, spec. nov.

Pale brownish-ferruginous, underside of body and the legs pale
ferruginous-testaceous. Head pale, face hairy ; antenne brown,
basal joints pale. Pronotum pale in front, dark behind. Elytra
reddish-brown along the costa and at the base, paler beyond,
veins with narrow deep-brown margins, veinlets whitish. Wings
before the middie and all longitudinal veins smoky-brown, pale
beyond, transverse veinlets whitish. Anterior femora with four
spinelets, middle and hind femora unarmed. Styles inserted near
posterior margin of subgenital lamina, very short, slender.

Male.
Length of body ee oe cote. AN:
Length of elytra zg se OS bk:
Length of pronotum ... ae es as
Width of pronotum ... te Pico y

Habitat.—Fowler’s Bay, western coast of South Australia
(legit Prof. R. Tate). S.A. Museum.

The principal aberrant characters consist in the fore femora
alone bearing spines, the anal area of the elytra being narrow,
and longer than in any other species, the anal area of the wings
folding flabellately, and the supra-anal lamina being entire,
rather long, and nearly flat.

B. Claws without arolia.
PANESTHIDE (57., Syst., 384).

Head large, very broad, antenne shorter than body, rathet

124

thick. Pronotum semiorbicular, not quite covering the head,
truncate in front, or emarginate in the middle ; disk more or less
excavated. Elytra perfect, corneous, shining, constricted in the
middle, or abbreviated, or none. Legs stout, femora unarmed,
or the anterior ones only with a few teeth in some species ; claws
large, arolia none. Abdomen thick, hindangles of dorsal seg-
ments obtuse. Supra-anal lamina broad, rounded. Subgenital
lamina of male rounded or transverse, very narrow.

The family comprises four genera, each with only a few species,
two being wholly or chiefly American, the others Indian and
Australian ; and is the last in Brunner’s system of the Blattarie. -

PaneEstTHiA, Serville.

Ann. Se. Nat. Zool., X XII., 1831; Br., Syst. 390, fig. 98.

‘Black, very shining. Head large; antenne thick, scarcely
longer than the pronotum. Pronotum transverse, emarginate
and raised over the head, margins broad, disk more or less deeply
excavated, and tuberculate. Elytra with costa more or less
suddenly deflexed, constricted beyond the costal area leaving the
sides of the abdomen’ and the scutellum visible ; veins indistinct
except in the radial and anal areas. Coxe and femora very
thick, tibie with long spines. Abdomen very convex, coarsely
punctured dorsally. Supra-anal lamina very broad. Cerci tri-
angular, very short. Subgenital lamina of male small, trans-
verse, without styles.

Of the species recorded by Brunner one is Australian, the
others are from the Malay Archipelago, two of them, however,
have since been proved to extend to the Northern Territory of
South Australia, by specimens in the collection of the S.A.
Museum.

PANESTHIA MORIO, Burmeister.

Har-db., 11.,°013; Gr, Syst., 322.

Body deep-black. Head black ; ocelli, a band across the face,
margin of labrum, and palpi (partly) yellowish ; antenne monili-
form, reddish. Pronotum with frontal incision acute, margins
deflexed, bi-tuberculate. Elytra deep-brown, veins distinct, pale,
parallel towards apex. Legs piceous to brown, fore femora
ciliate, unarmed. Abdomen with last dorsal segment laterally
dentate. Supra-anal lamina crowdedly toothed.

Female. Brunner. S.A. Mus.
Length of body... +... 33-52 mm. 36 mm.
Length of elytra — ... al ECE
Length of pronotum ... 8-12 “ LD.
Width of pronotum... 12°5-18* 2. “*

Habitat.—Java, Ceylon, Amboina (Brunner); Northern

125

Territory of South Australia (8. A. Musewn); New South
Wales, Lord Howe Island ( Walker ).

The specimen from which the above description was drawn up
was presented by the Hon. 8. Magarey in 1886, and differs only
in the italicised particulars from Brunner’s description.

PANESTHIA JAVANICA, Serville (loc. cit.).

Br., Syst., 393, fig. 58; P. affinis, Burm.; P. ethiops, Stal;
P. quadrimaculata, Walk. (larva).

‘ Black, very shining. Pronotum of male deeply and broadly
incised in front with horn-like angles, middle dentate ; incision
of female triangular, sides and middle dentate. Elytra longer
than the body, very shining, veins indistinct. Abdomen with
last segment entire, hindangles produced, tooth-like. Supra-anal
lamina denticulate. Larva with four spots.

Male. Female.
Length of body ... es il 4 Ora Tia 42 mm.
Length of elytra eee A om ait ato
Length of pronotum ... 6-10 “ Sas
Width. of pronotum) _..., > 10-16, .* LAr

Habitat.—Java, Philippine Islands, Cambodia, Birma ( Brun-
ner); India, Australia ( Walker, Brit. Mus. Cat., 20).”

PANESTHIA TRANSVERSA, Buri.

Handb. I1., 513; Br., Syst., 395; P. plagiata, Walker (Brit.
Mus. Cat., 21).

Black, shining. Pronotum with frontal incision of male deep,
sides and middle horn-like elevated ; of female much less deep,
lateral and medial tubercles tooth-like, disk deeply excavated
anteriorly, a curved transverse ridge behind the depression.
Elytra with the costal area suddenly abbreviated before the
middle, much narrowed beyond, margin dusky yellowish; a
broad, interrupted, oblique yellow band before the middle.

Male. Female.
Length of body 25 mun. 30 mm.
Length of elytra ... soy fee mes ao
Length of pronotum eg OIE Ge
Width of pronotum tae Oho ia LO.

Habitat.—Java (Burm.) ; Ceylon (Walker); Northern Terri-
tory of South Australia.

The specimen of a male from which the description and
measurements have been supplemented, was captured by my
brother, Mr. J. P. Tepper, near Port Darwin, about 1874.

PANESTHIA AUSTRALIS, Brunner (Syst., 396).
Deep black ; part of the underside brown. Pronotum of male

126

emarginate in front, margin incrassated, reflexed, disk with
trifoliatc excavation and four tubercles in the angles ; of female
subemarginate, margin not incrassated, or reflexed, disk almost
flat, impression triangular, small. Supra-anal lamina with hind-
margin entire. Elytra and wings of male much abbreviated,
scarcely attaining the hindmargin of the metanotum, veins dis-
tinct ; of female lobiform, almost obsolete.

Male. Female (B7.) Male. Fm. ‘mihi).

Length of body ... 31mm. 28° mm. 29 mm. “26am:
Length of elytra ... 4 2 8: 0s fai
Length of pronotum 7 “ Orgel! ns hs Gene
Width of pronotum 11 “ 9 LS ee Bisey ss

Habitat.—Sydney, New South Wales; Moreton Bay, Queens-
land (Brunner); Ardrossan, Yorke’s Pen., South Australia
(Cadd) ; Kewell, N.W. Victoria (Jas. Hill).

I observed and collected this species already in 1898-80, usually
at the foot of perpendicular faces of cliffs along the seashore, but
beyond the direct action of the waves, either embedded in the
loose abraded detritus or concealed under clods of earth and in
fissures. The insects were, however, by no means abundant.
The female specimen from Kewell (200 miles inland) appears to
be a nymph, the elytra and wings being lobiform and not free, of
nearly equal length. The former extend barely to the hind-
margin of the metanotum, the latter to that of the second
abdominal segment, both with the veins quite distinct.

Respecting the elytra and wings of the adults, Brunner
remarks that they were mutilated in his specimens, but of the
ordinary type. This appears not to be the case either in regard
to the mutilation or that they ever have perfect organs of flight.
The adult male specimen in the collection of the 8.A. Museum
presents also a mutilated appearance, but when closely examined
with a strong lense it is seen that the edges of elytra and wings
are quite smooth, and rounded, notwithstanding their broken
appearance, and it is my opinion that this is their normal form.

PANESTHIA CRIBRATA, Saussure (Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1864, p. 31),
Australia.

PANESTHIA Krausstana, Saussure (Mem. Soc. Phys. de Genéve,
1873).
Habitat.—Melbourne, Victoria.

PANESTHIA LAEVICOLLIS, Saussure (ibid).
Habitat.— Australia.

ON A NEW MINERAL (STIBIOTANTALITE).
By G. A. Goyper, F.C.8S., Assayer, School of Mines.
[Read April 4, 1893.]

Some samples of this mineral were given to Mr. J. J. East,
Registrar of the School of Mines and Industries, by Mr. Knox
Brown, of Bunbury, West Australia, the latter explaining that
although the sluiced tin-ore from the alluvial at Greenbushes
appeared to the miners of a fair, even character as regards
freedom from associated minerals, the assay values from Mel-
bourne varied in a most irregular manner. Mr. East’s attention
was taken with part of the sample submitted, which had been
called locally “ pale tin” and “resin tin.” On being submitted
to a preliminary examination in the School Laboratory this was
found to contain antimony, but did not appear to have the pro-
perties of any of the ordinary antimonial minerals.

Mr. East then handed it to me for analysis, the result of which
was as follows :—

Tantalic acid, Ta,O, ... ... 91:13 per cent.
Niobie acid, Nb, 0. a, P.O ee
Antimony eae Sb, Or se LOS es
Bismuth oxide, Bi con 0:82 ae
Nickel oxide, NiO’ 0:08 és
99-82 Ge

From the above analysis it appears that the mineral consists
essentially of tantalate of antimony, part of the tantalic acid
being replaced by niobic acid, and part of the antimony by
bismuth,

No record could be found in any of the text-books of miner-
alogy of any mineral constituted as above, and in none of the
published analyses of the tantalates is there a trace of antimony
reported.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, WC.

The specific gravity of different samples of the mineral was
found to vary from 6-47 to 7°37, the latter being the S.G. of the
sample analysed. All the specimens were ~ waterw orn, and
although some of them, if not all, were crystalline, the form
could not be determined. Fracture uneven to sub-conchoidal

128

with an adamantine lustre, which, after long exposure, appears
resinous. Hardness, 5 to 5°5. Brittle. Infusible, and on
charcoal per se yields only a‘ faint sublimate. With soda on
charcoal easily reduced to metallic antimony, the tantalic acid
forming a fusible slag with the soda.

An analysis of the specifically lighter portion is being made,
and I anticipate that this will contain a larger proportion of
niobic acid, if indeed it should not prove to be principally a
niobate.*

I propose the name of “ Stibiotantalite ” for this new mineral-
species, which is expressive of its chemical composition.

* The analysis of the second sample has been completed, and the lighter
specific gravity found to be caused by an intermixture of impurities, prin-
cipally silica ; the relative quantities of tantalic and niobic acids and oxide
of antimony being approximately the same as in the foregoing analysis.—
G. A. G., April 24, 1893.

129

ANEW, PARASITE. OF -THE BLACK SCALE
(Lecanium testudo).

By J. G. O. Tepprr, F.L.S., &e.

[Read April 4, 1893.]

The Black-scale is well-known as a most annoying and often
destructive insect of the Coccide, attacking many trees and
garden plants, such as Dodonaea, Abutilon, Tecoma, Pelar-
gonium, Wormwood, &c. The eggs hatch in January and
February, when the minute, almost microscopical larvee spread
rapidly over the plants, actively assisted by the ants, which
usually denote their whereabouts. From this time, and after
fixing themselves to certain spots, they grow rapidly till attain-
ing the full size of about one-sixth inch diameter, exhausting the
plants by sucking. On January 22nd last, Mr. Edwin Smith
brought to me at the Museum some live adult scale-insects and
two lively little pale caterpillars he said he had found with
them. Not being able at the time to identify them, the scales
and the larvee were put by themselves in a box, covered with
glass, and almost forgotten for some time. The latter, however,
in a week or two had disappeared. On March 31, on again
examining the box two moths were found to have hatched from
as many cocoons of white silk concealed under the dark empty
shells of the scale-insects.

These were identified by Mr. H. H. Lower, jun., as Zha/po-
chares dubia, Butler, of which the food or host had not been
known. This is, therefore, another lepidopterous larvee con-
victed of carnivorous habits. Its near relation, Zhalpochares
coccophaga, Meyr., is known to feed upon Hriococcus eucalypti, the
small white-scale; which produces the silky appearance of the
Redgum Eucalypts in our Park Lands, and usually but errone-
ously ascribed to various other causes.

130

FURTHER NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA,
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEw GENERA AND
SPECIES.

By the Rev. T. Biacksurn, B.A.
[Read April 4, 1893.]
XIII.

The following pages furnish descriptions of new species, for
one of which I have found it necessary to propose a new generic
name. They also contain a number of notes on synoymy, «ec.

LAMELLICORNES.
PSEUDORYCTES.

P. Mullerianus, White. I have recently seen several examples
(all males) of a Psewdoryctes, all of which I believe to belong to
this species, although they differ considerably in size and in the
degree of development of the male characters. In one example
the horns of the prothorax are longer than in the others, the
middle horn being bifid at the apex. These specimens all come
from North Queensland, and (except one generously presented
to me) are in the cabinet of Mr. French, of Melbourne.

BUPRESTID#.
PARACEPHALA.

P. cyaneipennis, sp. nov. Sat elongata; subcylindrica; sub-
-nitida; nea, elytris sat lete cyaneis; subtus pilis albidis
vestita ; capite longitudinaliter sat profunde canaliculato sat
crebre striatim ruguloso; prothorace transversim ut caput
ruguloso, quam longiori dimidio latiori, ineequali (transversim
et longitudinaliter plus minusve sulcato et pone medium in
disco obscure 2-tuberculato); elytris crebre subtiliter
granuloso-rugulosis, postice singulatim rotundatis et obscure
crenulatis. Long., 41.; lat., 141.

Apart from colour, this species differs from that which I take
to be P. murina, Thoms. (and also from P. enea, Blackb.), by
the much deeper frontal sulcus of its head. In this character it
agrees with P. pistacina, Hope.

~ New South Wales ; Sydney ; bred by Mr. Froggatt from galls
on Casuarina distyla.

131
CLERID.
AULICUS.

A. parvulus, sp. nov. Nitidus; setis elongatis vestitus ; obscure
cyaneus, elytris eneis, antennis palpisque testaceis, pedibus
piceis (tibiis tarsisque anticis rufescentibus) ; capite antice
crebre postice sparsim punctulato ; prothorace quam longiori
vix latiori sparsim punctulato ; elytris crasse (ad basin et ad
apicem minus crasse) subseriatim aay transversim
fortiter rugulosis. Long., 22 1; lat., 41.

This species is characterised by i nos unusual colours
general colour cyaneous, elytra of a bright bronzy tone, antenne
testaceous, legs piceous), and extremely coarse puncturation of
elytra, which is only a little less coarse about the base and apex,
and which does not run very distinctly in rows owing to the
coarseness of the transverse rugulosity.

Victoria ; sent to me by Mr. Lower.

BOSTRYCHID.
XYLOPERTHA.

X. canina, sp. Nov. Femina (?). Brevis; cylindrica; minus
nitida ; picea, prothorace elytrisque antice et pedibus rufes-
Sra antennis testaceis; capite sat elongato, longe setoso,
postice longitudinaliter sat crebre strigato ; antennis pro-
thorace v1x brevioribus; prothorace elytrorum latitudinequam
longiori parum latiori1, antice sat angustato, postice sparsius
minus subtiliter punctulato, antice crebre granulato-ruguloso
tuberculis nonnullis majoribus intermixtis (precipue latera
versus), utrinque unco supra oculum armato; elytris confertim
sat fortiter punctulatis, inter sculpturam fortiter rugatis,
postice subito oblique declivibus; elytrorum parte declivi
plana fere circulari, carina circumcincta, apice deorsum
producta, sutura utraque carinata et in medio ut spina
elongata (hac ad apicem extrorsum ee) retrorsum
producta, humeris levibus. lLong., 121; lat., 4 1.

5

Viewed from the side this species has a rough resemblance in
outline to a dog, the spines protruding from the apical declivity
appearing as a single projection, and representing the animal’s
tail. It is evidently congeneric with the species that I described
in Proc. L.S., N.S.W., 1889, pp. 1264, &e., as Xyloperthe. As I
am not sure of the sex of the example before me, and do not see
any immediate prospect of obtaining more specimens, I think it
is well to describe it, notwithstanding that I think it probably a
female (on account of its front tarsi not being clothed with long

0

132

hairs as they are in the only congeneric example I have seen, that
I fee] sure is a male).
N.S. Wales; Blue Mountains.

TENEBRIONIDA.
DOCALIS.

D. maculatus, sp. nov. Sat elongatus; sat parallelus; nigro-
piceus, elytris pone medium macula obscura ferruginea
ornatis ; setis brevibus erectis nigris et nonnullis adpressis
pallidis vestitus, his maculatim sat crebre condensatis ; capite
prothoraceque confertim sat subtiliter granuloso-punctulatis ;
hoe ineequali postice leviter angustato, lateribus leviter sub-
concavis ; elytris sat fortiter striato-punctulatis, interstitiis
alternis quam cetera latioribus. Long., 24 1.; lat., 3% 1.

N.S. Wales ; Blue Mountains.

COTULADES.

C. montanus, sp. nov. Niger, prothorace albo-bivittato, pedibus
rufis ; supra setis validis sat brevibus vestitus, his in
elytrorum costis hic illic fasciculatis ; capite prothoraceque
crassissime punctulatis, puncturis singulis setis singulis
granuliformibus instructis; elytris seriatim crassissime
profunde punctulatis et sub-tricostatis. Long 141; lat., $1.

This minute species is among the smallest of the Zenebrionide.

It seems to be near C. fascicularis, Pasc., but is much smaller,

with red legs and a fairly well-detined vitta (formed by white

setee) of a somewhat curved form on either side the middle line
of the prothorax, We.
N.S. Wales, Blue Mountains.

MENEPHILUS.

M. sydneyanus. Elongatus, sat parallelus; sat nitidus; niger
nonnullorum exemplorum antennis pedibusque picescentibus ;
capite crebre subtilius punctulato, fronte sat fortiter longitu-
dinaliter impresso ; prothorace leviter transverso, ante basin
transversim leviter impresso et ad basin utrinque foveolato,
a basi antrorsum (leviter arcuatim) parum angustato,
margine antico bisinuato et in medio minute leviter emar-
ginato, angulis omnibus acutis sat productis ; elytris quam
prothorax haud multo latioribus, leviter striatis, striis sat
fortiter punctulatis, interstitiis subtilissime punctulatis,
angulis humeralibus fere rectis.

Mas. ‘Tibiis anticis ad apicem intus fortiter curvatis. Long.,
44 5 1.; lat., 13—14 1.
The prothorax not narrowed and laterally sinuate behind and

133

also the more convex build gives this species an appearance
somewhat different from those of the Australian species known
to me that have been attributed to Menephilus, but I cannot find
any character whereby to distinguish it from them (e.g,
M. colydioides, Er.).

N.S. Wales, near Sydney ; also in the Blue Mountains.

CISTELID.
ALCMEONIS.

A. punctulaticollis, sp. nov. Sat elongata; capillis erectis
albidis nonnullis vestita; niger, (exemp‘l typici) prothorace
elytrisque lete purpureis, labro mandibulis palpis anten-
narum basi pedibusque lete testaceis ; capite sat fortiter,
prothorace multo minus fortiter, crebre punctulatis ; elytris
punctulato-striatis, interstitiis sat convexis et inzqualiter
punctulatis.

Mas. <Antennis quam corporis dimidium sat longioribus ;
femoribus compressis, posticis subtus (in medio angulatim)
dilatatis, tibis posticis intus planatis et fortiter bisinuatis.

Femina latet. ong: 22 Ee late ET.

This species seems to present the feeble distinctions from

Atractus on which the genus dA/em@onis was established. It
appears to differ from A. pulchra, Bates, considerably in color,
the prothorax of that species being described as castaneous with
some black markings, and the elytra as green with purple reflec-
tions and silky golden pubescence, whereas in the present insect
the prothorax and elytra are of uniform bright purple color and
the thinly dispersed hairs on the latter are whitish. The pro-
thorax of A. pu/chra is said to be longer than wide, whereas that
of A. punctulaticollis is (by measurement) slightly wider than
long. Even if it should prove to be a variety of A. pulchra, it
seems desirable that the present insect should be described, as no
description has hitherto appeared of a male Alemeonis.

Victoria ; Alpine district.
LICYMNIUS.

L. bicolor, sp. nov. Mas. (?). Elongatus ; breviter mmus crebre
pubescens ; niger vix cyaneus, prothorace lete rufo, palpis
femorum anticorum basi et genubus omnibus rufescentibus ;
capite fortiter minus crebre punctulato ; prothorace leviter
transverso, longitudinaliter vix impresso, ante basin mediam
leviter foveolato, subfortiter minus crebre punctulato, antice
angustato, lateribus leviter arcuatis, basi manifeste sinuata,
angulis posticis distinctis obtusis; elytris ad basin quam
prothoracis basis haud multo latioribus, suturam versus

154

inanifeste latera versus haud manifeste striatis, fortiter (fere
ut caput) crebre punctulatis, puncturis subseriatim dispositis ;
antennis sat elongatis sat compressis; tibiis anticis leviter
flexuosis. Long., 24 1.; lat., 1.

S. Australia; Adelaide District.

ANAXO.

A. sydneyanus (? ereus, Blackb., var.). Femina. Ab e@reo differt
prothoracis lateribus paullo minus arcuatis, antennis (non-
nullorum exemplorum articulo 2° rufescenti excepto) totis
nigris.

I took three specimens of this insect on flowers near Sydney,
and am in doubt whether it should be regarded as a distinct.
species or merely a local race of the Victorian A. ereus, Blackb.
I have seen a good many females of the latter, in all of which the
antenne have all the joints, except the first and the apical two
or three, bright-red in their basal half (in some specimens almost
entirely red), while in all these Sydney examples the antennz
are quite black, except that in one of them the second joint is a
little reddish, the sides of the prothorax at the same time being
certainly straighter, which makes that segment appear a little
more elongate. Since I described A. ereus I have obtained a
specimen which I regard as the male of that species. It differs
from the female in being much smaller (long., 341.), and in
having its antenne and femora black, and its hind tibiz con-
siderably dilated. It must be remarkably like the insect which
Mr. Bates described as Chromomea unicolor, but it is certainly,
IT think, the male of Anaxo @reus, and I feel convinced that
A. e@reus, female, cannot be separated generically from
A. brevicornis, Bates (the type of the genus), of which its author
says that he had seen only the female—indeed, A. wreus and
brevicornis are very close even as species, though certainly distinct.

PYTHIDA.
TRICHOSALPINGUS.

T. obscurus, sp. nov. Oblongo-ovatus ; minus nitidus ; subtiliter
pubescens ; crebre (prothorace minus crebre) punctulatus ;
obscure brunneus, tarsis testaceis; antennis prothoracis
basin attingentibus ; prothorace quam caput vix latiori, sat
transversim quadrato, ante basin utrinque leviter impresso ;
elytris quam prothorax basi multo latioribus, a basi longe
ultra medium leviter dilatatis. Long., 111; lat., $1.

Very like 7. brunneus, Blackb., but much smaller, differently
coloured, and having the puncturation of the prothorax much less

crowded, and the basal impressions of the same very much feebler.
N.S. Wales ; Blue Mountains.

135

(EDEMERID 2.
PSEUDANANCA (gen. 10V.).

Palporum maxillarium articulus apicalis magnus securiformis ;
labrum transversum antice subtruncatum; caput antice
paullo elongatum; oculi magni prominuli rotundati sat
grosse granulati; antenne prope oculos insert, 1l-articu-
late (?), capillis elongatis erectis vestite, articulis 4-10
(1, articulis 10°, 11° que exempli typici amissis) intus ante
apicem sat fortiter angulatim productis ; prothorax subcy-
lindricus ; elytra sat elongata , coxe intermediz et postice
minus inter se approximate ; tibie vix manifeste ad apicem
spinose ; tarsi sat graciles, articulo penultimo subtus sat
fortiter sat anguste producto, intermediis subtus capillis
perlongis vestitis ; unguiculi fere simplices, ad basin paullo
dilatati ; corpus breviter pubescens.

The very small heteromerous beetle for which I propose this
new name is difficult to place satisfactorily. The following
characters in combination seem, however, to point to the
(demerides as its allies, viz., anterior cox strongly prominent
and open behind, claws simple (or nearly so), eyes entire, head
not narrowed into a distinct neck behind the eyes, penultimate
joint of tarsi strongly produced under the apical joint, hind cox
considerably separated from each other. The most puzzling
character is the very considerable separation inter se of the
intermediate coxze, which, however, are shaped as those of Ananca.
In some respects this species seems to be near [thaeca, Olliff, but
it cannot be referred to that genus, even if it bea female (though
I think it is a male) on account, inter alia, of the penultimate

joint of its tarsi not being bilobed. It is an elongate insect of
decidedly Gdemerid facies.

P. ruficollis, sp. nov. Sat elongata, minus parallela, breviter
subtiliter pubescens ; sat opaca; nigra, prothorace femorum
basi tibiis tarsisque (his 2 plus minusve infuscatis) rufis,
antennis basin versus picescentibus ; supra sat equaliter sat
crebre sat fortiter punctulata ; capite (oculis inclusis) quam
prothorax paullo latiori ; hoc leviter transverso subcylindrico
supra inequali; elytris quam prothorax duplo latioribus ;
antennis quam corporis dimidium sat longioribus ; meta-
sterno crasse fortiter sat crebre, abdomine minus fortiter
magis crebre, punctulatis; femoribus posticis (? maris) a basi
fere ad apicem albidis et confertim pubescentibus. Long.,
alas late 2)

N.S, Wales ; Blue Mountains.

SESSINIA.
S. sublineata, Waterh. I have a short series (taken on flowers

STi)

136

on the Blue Mountain range) of a species which I cannot separate
from the Tasmanian S. sublineata. It is, however, considerably
smaller, the largest examples being less than two and a-half lines
long.
MORDELLID. :
MORDELLA.

M. inusitata, sp. nov. Dense cinereo-pubescens; capitis pube
in disco infuscata, prothoracis longitudinaliter in medio
infuscata, elytrorum antice maculatim et in parte dimidia
postica tota (fascia ante-apicali angusta excepta) infuscata ;
pedibus anterioribus 4 testaceis, tarsis posticis antennisque
rufescentibus ; aculeo et abdominis apice nigris ; prothorace
quam longiori sat latiori. Long., 2 1.; lat., + 1.

A peculiarly coloured species devoid of the shining sericeous
tone so usual in the genus. The whole insect is densely clothed
with ashy pubescence, which is somewhat variably shaded in
certain parts to a more or less dark-brown colour; this dark-
brown shading occupies the greater part of the hind half of the
head ; it forms two narrowly separated lines down the middle of the
prothorax; and on each elytron it appears as three elongate spots
side by side close to the base, an indistinct narrow zigzag fascia a
little behind the spots, a well-defined witle fascia immediately
behind the middle, and a variable blotch or cluster of spots filling
up the greater part of the apical fifth-part, and separated from
the post- “median fascia by a narrow zigzag fascia-like interval of
the general pale-ashy colour.

This insect perhaps resembles WM. mixta, Fab., but I do not
think it can be identical with it, as that species is said to be
‘major,’ and is described as having a black (“atra”) spot on
either side of the prothorax, and a red fascia on the elytra. Also
perhaps resembles W/. promiscua, Er., which species, however, is
said to have black legs and antenne, and black tomentum on the
sides of the prothorax and of the abdomen, We., &e.

N.S. Wales, Sydney ; on flowers.

M. maculatissima, sp. nov. Robusta; nigra; dense nigro-
pubescens ; supra maculis parvis plurimis albido-pubescenti-
bus ornata, corpore subtus plus minusve albido-pubescenti,
ore et antennarum basi Jete rutis ; prothorace quam longiori
sat latiori. Long., 34 1.; lat., 141.

A fine robust species, above the average size. The prothorax
and elytra are covered with a large number of small spots,
formed by white pubescence (there are at least 40 on each
elytron), some of which coalesce here and there, forming larger
spots. Probably this coalescence of the spots is variable ; in the
typical specimen those along the base of the elytra are a good

deal (but irregularly) run together, those near the suture a little
behind the scutellum coalesce into a kind of common cluster,
and two or three coalesce near the apival part of the lateral
margins, the larger spot thus formed being isolated on one
elytron and on the other sending out an extension (7.¢., running
into another spot), which is almost connected with a spot close to
the suture. The pubescence of the head, legs, and undersurface
appears to be black or whitish, according to the point from which
it is looked at.

This species is probably near Jf. pulverulenta, Macl., from N.
Queensland, which seems to be the only other described Austra-
lian species with the markings of the upper surface consisting of
a great number of small white spots (WV. multiguttata, Waterh.,
is described as having only seven spots, and those yellow, on each
elytron). Jf. pulverulenta appears to be a much smaller species
(long., 2 1.), and is described (its white pubescence excepted) as
entirely black, saving the front legs, piceous. As the front legs
of the present species are of the same blackish color as the other
legs, and the mouth and base of the antenne are bright red, it
may be assumed that these characters, together with the very
different size and habitat, point to specific distinctness.

N.S. Wales; on flowers near Sydney.

M. cara, sp. nov. Nigra; dense nigro-pubescens ; capite pro-
thorace postice et ad latera, elytrorum basi (hac anguste)
sutura antice macula ovali discoidali (hac paullo pone basin
posita) macula antemediana (hac V reversam simulanti) et
macula transversa ante apicem posita, lete aureis ; sorporis
subtus lateribus abdominis maculis parvis lateralibus tibiisque
posticis argenteis. Long., 2 1.; lat., +1.

It seems impossible to find any distinctive characters for many
of the very numerous Australian species of Mordella apart from
colour, markings, and size, all of which, however, as far as my
observations go, appear to be fairly constant. Of the present
species I have seen several examples all quite identical. Their
distinctive characters appear to be (a) strongly contrasted silvery
pubescence of the under surface, and golden of the upper; (6)
conspicuous golden colour of the front one-fifth part of the
suture; (c) the sharply-detined brilliant golden spot near, but not
joined to, the base on the disc of each elytron; (d) the entire
absence of any rufous colouring of the legs and antenne, even
the latter scarcely tending to a piceous tone—this, however, being
possibly only sexual.

N.S. Wales ; near Sydney.

M. sydneyana, sp. nov. Nigra; dense nigro-pubescens ; capite,
prothorace (linea media et macula utrinque exceptis),

138

elytrorum basi anguste sutura antice macuia elongata
discoidali basin attingenti macula antemediana lunata et
macula postmediana rotundata lete argenteis; corpore
subtus (certo adspectu) toto argenteo-pubescenti ; ore palpis
antennarum basi et femoribus anticis rufis. Long., 2 1.;
lat.,. £1.

This species is near J/. communis, Waterh., but is narrower
and more elongate, and with markings so different that even if
the discovery of intermediate forms should bring the two together
it would be convenient to call it by a distinctive name. The
silvery markings of the elytra are extremely sharply defined and
conspicuous, consisting of a short narrow vitta on the front part
of the suture, and on each elytron the following :—A short wide
vitta running hindward from the middle of the base, a semilunar
spot (its convex side forward) close in front of the middle, and a
round spot distant from the suture considerably in front of the
apex. The markings differ from those of communis in there
being no isolated spot behind the base, in a large semilunar spot
taking the place of the two small spots in front of the middle,
and in the hindmost spot. being larger, rounder, not nearly so
close to the suture, and not quite so near the apex. This is not
the “var.?” of communis from Sydney mentioned by Mr.
Waterhouse (Tr. E. S., 1878, p. 231).

N.S. Wales ; near Sydney.

M.- Baldiensis,. Blackb. (Tr. R. Soc. 8.A., 1891, p: 541)5 92
have taken specimens of a JMordella near Sydney, and also on
the Blue Mountain Range, which I cannot separate from this
Victorian species except by their very small size (long., 1 1.). I
suspect, however, that they represent a distinct species, especially
as some examples have the antenne and front legs decidedly
rufescent—probably a sexual character which I find scarcely
marked in Baldiensis.

PHYTOPHAGA.
CHEILOXENA.

C. Frenche, sp. nov. Elongata; convexa ; opaca; picea, squamis
piliformibus griseo-brunneis (his in prothorace crebre, in
elytris minus crebre-sed hic illic maculatim condensatis—
dispositis) vestita ; prothorace quam latiori fere longiori,
utrinque ante medium crista insigni ornato, ad latera haud
dentato ; elytris subfortiter vix seriatim punctulatis, tuber-
culis sat numerosis ornatis (ex his in utroque elytro quam
ceteri magis insignes quinque—se. alio humerali, alio sub-
basali prope suturam, alio antemediano prope suturam, aliis
2 fere contiguis transversim positis postmedianis). Long.,

Talat (3.

139

This extremely distinct species was taken by Mrs. French, of
Melbourne. As will be seen by the above description, it is so
distinct from C. Westwoodi, Baly, that it can hardly be necessary
to specify the difference. The prothorax is of very peculiar form,
an ill-detined ridge commencing near the base on either side, very
wide of the middle line, and running obliquely forward for a
certain distance, until its direction (near the front) becomes
parallel to the middle line, and at the same place the ill-defined
ridge changes into a very strongly elevated crest. The base ot
the elytra is nearly twice as wide as the widest part of the pro-
thorax. The absence of lateral teeth from the prothorax 1s
noteworthy, as M. Lacordaire regards their presence as a generic
character. There is, however, no doubt about this insect being
congeneric with C. Westwoodi.

Victoria; Latrobe R. District.

MICRODONACIA (gen. nov. Donacidarum).

Gen. Donacie affinis; differt capite antice minus productum,
femoribus minus elongatis sat incrassatis, unguiculis parvis
appendiculatis divaricatis.

The minute insect for which I propose this new generic name
is certainly, I think, very close to Donacia. I have not been
able to devote a specimen to dissection, and so am not able to
state positively that the parts of the mouth requiring dissection
for their examination (¢.g., the ligula and mentum) are exactly
as in Donacia, but with this reservation, the characters of
Donacia given by Dr. Chapuis (Gen. Col., X., p. 57), with the
exceptions noted above, are the characters of the present species.
It may be at once distinguished among the Phytuphaga by the
following characters in combination :—Long slender antenne
inserted well in front of the eyes and notably nearer to the
centre line of the head than is the inner margin of the eyes, base
of prothorax much narrower than base of elytra, prothorax not
distinctly margined laterally, anterior cox almost contiguous,
claws appendiculate.

M. incerta, sp. nov. Colore variabilis, testacea vel brunnea plus
minus eneo-vel viridi-micans ; minus nitida; sat elongata ;
capite prothoraceque fortiter crebre sat rugulose punctulatis ;
illo sat brevi sat squaliter leviter convexo ; oculis modice
convexis, quam antennarum articulorum 3' 4' que conjunc-
torum longitudine fere magis inter se remotis ; antennis
quam corporis dimidinm (maris multo, feminz vix) longiori-
bus, articulo basali sat incrassato, 2° 3° que brevioribus inter
se eequalibus, 4° quam basalis longiori, ceteris inter se et
basali longitudine subequalibus ; prothorace vix transverso,
ante basin transversim subsulcato, antice quam postice vix

140

latiori, lateribus antice subtiliter submarginatis mox ante
medium fortiter angulatim dilatatis ; elytris trans humeros
quam prothoracis basis fere duplo latioribus, setis erectis
sparsim vestitis, sat fortiter punctulato-striatis, interstitils
sublevibus ; pedibus minus elongatis; femoribus sat dila.
tatis, anticis dente sub obsoleto intermediis dente sat
perspicuo posticis dentibus 2 magnis (his transversim positis)
subtus armatis; tibiis sinuatis ad apicem subdilatatis.
Long., 14 1.5 lat., $1. (vix).

Victoria ; in marshy places on the higher mountains of the
Alpine district.

CRYPTOCEPHALUS.

C. Chapuisi, Baly. This species is certainly, I think, the same
that Dr. Chapuis named C. iridiventris. I have been able to
examine a type from Dr. Chapuis’ collection through the courtesy
of M. Severin, of Brussels. The two descriptions are in almost
identical language. They were published in the same year (1877),
Dr. Chapuis’ apparently before Mr. Baly’s. I think this
synonymy has not been previously noted.

EROTY LID.
LANGURIA.

L. Vandepolli, Fowler. There can hardly be a doubt that this
species was founded upon the insect which von Harold had
previously described as ZL. vulgaris. I believe this synonymy
has not yet been recorded.

COCCINELLID.

RHIZOBIUS. |
R. major, Black. In Trans. Roy. Soc. 8.A., 1892, p.°253;,
line 11, for “general form” read ‘ pubescence.”
R. ceruleus, Blackb. This name was incorrectly printed,
f. “cerulens,” vide Tr. Roy. Soc., 8.A., 1892, p. 256.

GYMNOSCYMNUS.
G. quadrimaculatus, Blackb. In describing this species (op.

cit., p. 242) I accidentally omitted to say that it is found in
N.S. Wales.

141

DESCRIPTIONS OF A NEW GENUS AND FIVE
SPECIES OF AUSTRALIAN NITIDULIDZ AND
COLYDIID.4.

By HE. GROUVELLE.

[Read April 4, 1893.]

This memoir is founded on certain species that I forwarded to
M. Grouvelle, the eminent French coleopterist, who has made a
special study of the group of families generally known as
Clavicornes. I was unable to refer them to any known genera,
but as many of the genera in this group of families are of very
wide distribution, I deemed it safer to place them in the hands
of a high authority, who is a specialist on the Clavicornes of the
world, than to risk the possibility of my overlooking their connexion
with some existing genus of which I had not seen a type.
M. Grouvelle finds them all to be new species, and is able to refer
confidently to existing genera only three of them. TI have at
least one example of them all in my collection. M. Grouvelle
has taken the opportunity of this memoir to describe an addi-
tional new species from Australia in his own collection.-—T.
BLACKBURN. |

NITIDULIDL.

ERICMODES* AUSTRALIS, 7. S$).

Oblongo-elongatus, convexus, griseo-pubescens, fulvo-ferrugineus,
antennis pedibusque dilutioribus, elytris nigro-maculatis ;
capite prothoraceque crebre punctatis, fronte convexiuscula ;
prothorace transverso, antice et postice coarcto ; lateribus
arcuatis, anguste marginatis; angulis anticis rotundatis,
posticis obtusis; margine antico arcuato, postico truncato;
basi utrinque prope angulos posticos foveolata ; elytris sub-
parallelis, ad apicem conjunctim rotundatis, prothorace vix
latioribus ; anguste marginatis, punctato-striatis ; stria
scutellari brevi ; intervallis planis. Long., 5 mill.

Allongé oblong, convexe, couvert d'une pubescence grise couchée,
plus dense sur les elytres, roux ferrugineuse, un peu enfumé
varié de petites taches noires sur les elytres. Antennes et pattes
plus claires. Téte transversale ; yeux gros, assez saillants, marge
antérieure tronquée, ponctuation serrée. Articles 1 a 5 des
antennes plus longs que larges;.6 a 8 moniliformes, 9 a 11

:* Ericmodes, Reit., Zool. Bot. Gesell, Wien, 1877, p. 167.

142

formant une massue bien marquée. Prothorax environ deux
fois aussi large que long, rétréci a la base et au sommet ; marges
latérales regulierement arqués etroitement rebordées; marge
antérieure arquée, postérieure tronquée; angles antérieurs arrondis,
postérieure obtus ; ponctuation dense, semblable a celle de la
téte ; une impression de chaque cété, le long de la base, prés des
angles postérieurs. Ecusson transversal, densement pubescent.
Elytres un peu plus larges que le prothorax, en ovale tres
allongé, arrondis ensemble au sommet, 2 fois } aussi longs que
larges, ponctués striés ; stries bien marquées jusqu’ au sommet ;
intervalles plans ; un rudiment de strie a cété de l’ecusson. Profil
des elytres légerement concave vers le sommet.

S. Australia. _Trouvé dans les fentes de lecorce du Santalum
acuminatum.
CRYPTARCHA DEPRESSA, 7. Sp.

Ovata, depressa, sat nitida, pubescens, nigro-picea; margine
antico capitis, lateribus prothoracis et elytrorum, lata plaga
humerale et pygidio rufo-ferrugineis ; antennis pedibusque
rufo-testaceis ; capite prothoraceque sat dense punctatis,
epistomo bi-impresso; prothorace transverso, antice angus-
tato, lateribus arcuatis, margine antico subtruncato, postico
subemarginato ; disco in longitudinem levi et obtuse sub-
carinato ; elytris ovatis, ad apicem truncatis, punctato-
striatis ; intervallo secundo, basin versus latiore et elevato.
Long., 1 mill. $ a 2 mill. 3.

Ovale, déprimé, assez brillant, couvert d’une pubescence flave,
couchée, assez dense, disposée en lignes sur les elytres, brun de
poix ; marge antérieure de la téte, bord latéraux du prothorax et
des elytres une large tache humerale et pygidium_ roux-
ferrugineuse ; antennes et pattes un peu plus claires. Antennes
gréles, massue bien marquée. Tété et prothorax assez dense-
ment ponctués ; epistome bi-impressionnés, mandibules bi-dentées
a Vextrémité. Prothorax tres transversal, pars plus large que
ia téte en avant, présentant sa plus grande largeur a la base ;
bord antérieur presque droit, légérement sinué de chaque cété,
bords latéraux régulierement arqués, sensiblement elevés, base
subechancrée, ‘rebordée; sur le milieu du disque un espace
longitudinal lisse, faiblement relevé eu carene obtuse. Ecusson
demi-circulaire. Elytres deux fois plus longs que le prothorax
aussi larges a la base, subparallels les 2 de leur longueur puis
progressivement rétrécis, tronqués au sommet, laissant a découvert
le dernier segment de Vabdomen, ponctués striés; stries bien
marquées jusqu’ au sommet; 2™° intervalle a partir de la sutura
plus large et légérement relevé dans la partie basilaire. Pattes
comprimées. Mesosternum non caché, longitudinalement_ bi-

143

sillonné. Metasternum avec un large impression longitudinale,
peu profonde.
S. Australia. Sous les écorces des Eucalyptus.

La tache humeérale ne parait pas constante chez cette espéce.
Nous n’avons pas cru nécessaire de créer un genre nouveau
pour cette nouvelle forme de Cryptarcha qui se trouve trés
nettement caractérisée par son corps presque complétement
déprime.

COLY DIITD.
TopIMa, 7.9.

Caput basi constrictum, haud deflectum; oculis magnis, productis;
antennis prope oculos et submargine frontis insertis, 11-
articulatis, clava bi-articulata, sulcis antennarum nullis ;
caris coxarum anticarum conclusis ; processu prosterni coxas
superante ; segmentis abdominis 1—2 reliquis longioribus ;
tibiis ad apicem spinosis, tarsis sat elongatis, 1° articulo
longiore, 3° brevissimo.

Ce genre ne fait parti d’aucune des sous groupes indiqués par

Lacordaire ; il vient se placer entre les Synenitodes proprement

dits et les Acropis, Lemnis, Xe.

TODIMA FUSCA, 7. sp.

Elongato-oblongato, leviter convexa, pubescens, fusca, antennis
pedibusque dilutioribus; capite prothoraceque subopacis,
fronte depressa; prothorace transverso, angulis anticis
rotundatis, posticis obtusis, apice et lateribus arcuatis, basi
in medio truncata, utrinque late emarginata; disco depresso,
juxta basin bipunctato; scutello transverso; elytris oblongis,
basin versus prothorace vix latioribus, apice obtuse acumin-
atis, punctato-striatis, intervallis 3 et 6 latioribus. Long.,
32 mill.

Ovale trés allongé, faiblement convexe, brun-noir; pattes et
antennes plus claires. Téte transversale, un peu rétréci en
avant, opaque, couverte d’une pubescence grise, couchée assez
dense; yeux presque contre les angles postérieurs, front déprimé,
limité en arriere par une brusque depression. Prothorax tres peu
brillant, transversal, plus large que la téte y compris les yeux, arrondi
latéralement, présentant sa plus grande largeur en avant du
milieu; angles antérieurs largement arrondis, postérieurs obtus;
bord antérieur arqué en avant, postérieur tronqué dans le milieu,
largement sinué de chaque cété ; disque déprimé, marge antérieure
légerement relevé dans le milieu, marge postérieure avec un
point enfoncé, de chaque cédté, au niveau du commencement du
sinus latéral; pubescence couchée, assez dense surtout sur les cdtés,
orlentée dans des directions convergentes vers la ligne médiane

144

du prothorax. Ecusson transversal, arrondi au sommet. Elytres
brillantes, ovales, plus de trois fois plus longs que larges, un peu
plus larges a la base que le prothorax, obtusement acuminés
ensemble au sommet ; ponctués striés; stries fines; intervalles trois
et six plus larges; strie scutellaire assez courte; pubescence
couchée, plus fine que celle de la téte et du prothorax, disposée
en lignes. Dessous brun, brillant.

King George's Sound, West Australia.

ToDIMA RUFULA, 1%. sp.

Elongata, fere parallela, vix convexa parce pubescens, rufula ;
capite, cisco prothoracis, et lateribus elytrorum ad apicem
nigris; capite quadrato, antice bifoveolato ; prothorace
transverso, angulis anticis acutis, posticis obtusis ; apice
emarginato, In medio subproducto ; lateribus rotundatis, basi
arcuata; disco depresso, utrinque substriato, striis juxta
basin incurvatis et conjunctis; scutello transverso ; elytris
oblongis, prothorace vix latioribus, ad apicem conjunctim
rotundatis, punctato-lineatis, intervallis alternis subelvatis;
tibiis, articulis 1—2 tarsorum fuscis. Long., 3$ mill.

Allongé, oblong, tres faiblement convexe, presque glabre, roux;

téte-disque du prothorax et marges des elytres vers le sommet
noirs. Téte carrée, presque mate, tres finement ruguleuse sur les
cotes, impressionnée en avant de chaque cdté vers la base des
antennes. Prothorax pres opaque, a peine ponctué, de moitié
plus large que long, notablement plus large que la téte, aussi large
a la teas. qu’au Somat bord antérieur échancré, un peu saillant
vers la téte dans son milieu; bords latéraux arqués, présentant
leur maximum d’écartement en avant du milieu, base arquée, tres
légerement sinuée vers les angles postérieurs ; angles antérieurs
aigus, emoussés, postérieurs obtus emoussés; disque deprimé ;
marge antérieure faiblement relevée de chaque cdté pres du
milieu en lobes s’arretant latéralement a une strie longitudinale
trés faiblement marquée sur le disque, profondement imprimée
vers la base qu'elle reborde en s’infiéchissant vers l’écusson.
Ecusson transversal, oblong. Elytres a peine brillantes, ovales
tres allongés, un peu plus larges a la base que le prothorax,
arrondis ensemble au sommet, présentant leur plus grande
largeur vers le tiers postérieur, présentant de chaque cété vers la
marge latérale un pli assez marque, ponctués striés ; intervalles
alternes légerement relevés ; strie scutellaire courte. Pattes sauf
les articles 2 et 3 des tarses enfumeés.

West Australia.
SYMPANOTUS AUSTRALIS, 1%. Sp.
Oblonglus, subparallelus, subconvexus, piceus, setulosus ; capit~

145

antice bifoveolato; prothorace transversim subquadrato,
antice angustato; margine antice bisinuato, lateribus
arcuatis, basi utrinque late emarginata ; angulis anticis et
posticis rectis : disco ineequal, in longitudinem sulcato, setis
piceis et flavescentibus vestito ; scutello transverso ; elytris
parallelis, ad apicem conjunctim subacuminatis, punctato
striatis, piceo-setosis, fasciculis flavescentibus et cinereis
sparsis; antennis pedibusque rufo-testaceis. Long. 4
mill.

Oblong, suparallele, faiblement convexe, noir de poix, garni de
soies dressées, courtes. Téte transversale, arrondie en avant,
impressionnée obliquement de chaque cdté vers la base des
antennes. Prothorax beaucoup plus large que la téte, une fois et
un tiers aussi large que long, rétréci en avant; bord antérieur
saillant sur la téte, sinué de chaque cété; burds latéraux
paralleles dans la partie basilaire, arqués convergents dans la
partie apicale ; base arquée dans le milieu, largement échancrée
de chaque cété; marge antérieure etroitement relevée en
bourrelet ; marges latérales faiblement explanées, ciliées, marge
basilaire profondement rebordée sur les cétés ; disque irregulier,
revetu de soies variant du clair au brun masquant la structure
du tegument sauf sur une ligne longitudinale mediane qui presente
Yaspect dun sillon. Ecusson tres transversal, peu visible.
Elytres deux fois et demie aussi longe que le prothorax, sub-
paralleles, subacumines ensemble au sommet, ponctués striés ;
intervalles, subconvexes garnis d'une rangée de soies dressées ; une
bande suturale peu marquée, deux taches dans la région basilaire
et deux bandes transversales tres diffuses, la 1™° vers le milieu,
la 2™° avant le sommet formées de touffes de poils gris ou
déterminées par des soies plus claires. Pattes et antennes roux
testacees.

Montagnes de Victoria.

146

NEw AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA.
By Oswatp B. Lower, F.E.S.
[Read May 2, 1893.]

Rhopalocera.
SATYRIDA.
HETERONYMPHA PARADELPHA, %. Sp.

Male and female, 54-64 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen
yellowish-brown. Palpi whitish, clothed with blackish hairs
beneath, especially towards apex. Antenne fuscous, annulated
with white. Legs whitish-ochreous. Anterior tibiz fuscous,.
Forewings triangular, costa gently arched, more strongly in
male ; hindmargin rounded, oblique, more so in male; dark-
fuscous, with twelve orange spots, arranged as follows :—First,
costal, elongate from base to about middle, leaving extreme
costal edge fuscous ; second, sphenoid, immediately above inner
margin, from base to near middle, suffused with ground-colour in
middle, more so in male; third, just beyond second, semiovate
(irregular), touching second on lower half; fourth, just beyond
third, above anal angle, irregular diamond-shaped, in: male
anteriorly indented in middle; fifth, immediately beneath posterior
angle of first, irregular-sphenoid, contracted in middle, in male
upper portion very narrow, almost, if not quite, separated by ground-
colour ; seventh, near apex, irregular-ovate, posteriorly obtuse ;
sixth, irregular diamond-shaped, midway between fifth and
seventh ; eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh form a hindmarginal
band; ninth and eleventh, very small, latter obsolete in male ;
tenth, spherical, a black ocellus, with a minute white eye just
below seventh ; twelfth rounded (paler than others), below
ocellus; cilia ochreous-fuscous. Hindwings with hindmargin
rounded, waved; orange-yellow, markings fuscous; a curved
band from middle of costa to middle of disc (in male suffusedly
continued to inner margin), strongly attenuated towards costa ;
a transverse spot at about end of cell; two waved hindmarginal
bands, confluent at apex, attenuated to anal angle, and touching
curved band in centre;in male the two bands are confluent
throughout, leaving four irregular spots of ground-colour. A
black ocellus with minute white eye above anal angle; two
minute black dots in neural spaces at apex of hindmarginal
bands; a blackish line along hindmargin, surmounted by a
strip of ground-colour of same width. Cilia as in forewings.

147

Underside.—Forewings orange-yellow, lighter towards base,
markings dark-fuscous ; a smal] spot in middle of cell, obsolete
in female ; a spot within and near end of cell, larger in female ;
a moderate band, from middle of costa to two-thirds above inner
margin, angulated outwards in middle ; a lunate mark beneath,
in female meeting band; another band from costa near apex to
near anal angle, very broad, and much paler on costa, con-
tracted below middle, anal portion touching posterior extremity
of lunate mark ; a narrow hindmarginal band ; a black ocellus
ringed with yellow, with a minute white eye ; a round yellowish
spot immediately beneath. Hindwings yellowish-brown, mixed
with bluish-grey ; three strongly-waved dark-brown lines from
costa at one-third, one-half, and five-sixths respectively, to inner
margin at one-third, one-half, and anal angle; a series of three
black ocelli, edged with yellow, and ringed with brown, one above
anal angle (largest), two near apex, lower the smallest; two
minute white spots between first and second ocelli, a double
dark-brown hindmarginal line.

Between Lanksiz and Philerope, but quite distinct from either.
Melbourne, Victoria, from Mr. F. Spry.

Heterocera.

Bombyeina.
COSSIDL.
CossUS RHYTIPHORUS, 12. sp.

Male, 66-70 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen
dark slaty-grey, palpi porrected, twice the length of eye. Anten-
nal pectinations four. Thorax with a narrow black anterior
band and two longitudinal stripes, one on each shoulder. Legs
dark slaty-grey, tarsi obscurely ringed with whitish. Forewings
moderate, costa evenly arched; hindmargin rounded, oblique,
dark slaty-grey, with numerous black transverse strigule, edged
with whitish or ochreous, having the appearance of raised cracked
lines ; five irregular, short, black streaks on costa, between base
and middle, irregularly and interruptedly to or near inner mar-
gin; an irregular V-shaped black mark from costa near middle
obscurely continued to inner margin near middle; five or six
similar, but much more obscure, marks on costa from beyond
middle to apex, leaving middle of costa with a clear space of
ground-colour, except a minute dot ; black markings more distinct
towards anal angle, where they form four or more irregular trans-
verse streaks ; a narrow black streak from base to anal angle,
cutting last-mentioned streaks more distinct posteriorly ; cilia
ashy-grey-whitish, darker basally. Hindwings with hindmargin
rounded, slightly sinuate towards anal angle, which becomes

148

slightly prominent, grey-whitish, base densely haired with ashy-
grey, cilia as in forewings. Underside of hindwings slightly
paler than above, with well-marked fuscous reticulations, base of
cilia with an ill-defined fine ochreous line.

One specimen Slape’s Gully, November 9, 1892; another at
Blackwood, South Australia, October 21, 1892; also from Mel-
bourne, Victoria (Coll. Kershaw) ; and one in 8.A. Museum, in
poor condition. Reminds one of Péti/omacra senex, Walk.

Cossus (7?) POLYGRAPHA, 7. Sp.

Female, 28-35 mm. Head and palpi light-fuscous, mixed with
whitish and black, antennz dark-fuscous, slenderly annulated
with white, base ochreous, thorax ashy-grey-whitish, patagia with
well-defined black edge. A similar band on posterior portion of
thorax, divided in middle by a whitish spot. Abdomen with two
basal segments ochreous grey, third somewhat rufous, rest
fuscous grey, margins whitish, crests whitish. Legs light-fuscous,
posterior pair darker, ringed with whitish at apex of joints.
Forewings elongate oblong, costa arched at base, hindmargin
almost straight, slightly oblique, light-fuscous, irrorated with
round patches of white and black scales. Veins before middle
outlined in blackish, a white suffusion from middle of base to
before middle of wing, posteriorly bent down along vein 1 to
two-thirds, thence continued suffusedly (in one specimen very
indistinctly) to costa about two-thirds, suffused at anal angle;
twelve or fifteen blackish spots along costa, from each of which
proceeds an interrupted blackish waved line towards inner margin;
more distinct in middle of disc, where there are some ferruginous
scales suffused ; a small white spot on submedian fold, a fan-
shaped patch from costa before apex to vein 1, where it is edged
by a black line, and on costa with three elongate black marks.
In the patch the veins are thickly outlined with white, and a few
black scales at base; cilia light-fuscous, sprinkled with blackish,
at extremities of veins with elongate white streaks, continued to
tips, giving the appearance of black and white lines. Hindwings
fuscous at base, with ochreous hairs Cilia whitish, base ochreous
tinged.

Mitcham and Parkside in May, two female specimens. With-
out the male it is uncertain as to genus ; perhaps a new one will
be required to receive it. It hardly seems a Cossus, as generally
understood.

ARCTIADAL.
TERMESSA LYELLIANA, 2. sp.

Male and female, 26-28 mm. Head, face, and thorax, snow-
white ; thorax with a broad dark-fuscous transverse median band,
shoulders broadly black. Palpi and antenne blackish. Anterior

149

legs dark-fuscous, middle and posterior pair ochreous-yellowish.
Abdomen ochreous-yellow, anal segments beneath blackish.
Forewings elongate triangular; costa gently arched, hindmargin
obliquely rounded, white; markings blackish, inner margin
ochreous-yellow throughout, a thick elongate streak along costa
from very near base to beyond middle, posteriorly dilated ;
straight slightly dentate line from basal extremity of this streak
to inner margin, but not quite reaching it; a similar, but thicker
line from two-thirds of costal streak to inner margin before middle,
strongly curved outwards in middle; a third similar lne from
about four-fifths of costa to inner margin at four-fifths, strongly
curved outwards in the middle; a ale defined black aesceil dot
midway between second and third lines ; costal edge above discal
dot ochreous-yellow ; a tolerably broad suffused hindmarginal
band, from apex to anal angle, leaving an irregular rounded spot
of ground-colour above middle of hindmargin ; cilia blackish,
with about six ochreous-white teeth at extremities of veins.
Hindwings ochreous-yellow, with a blackish apical patch, con-
tinued midway along hindmargin, strongly attenuated posteriorly.
Cilia ochreous- yellow, suffused with blackish at apex.

Two specimens received from Mr. G. Lyell, jun., who states
that it frequents Lxocarpus cupressiformis (“* Wild Cherry-tree”)
in February and March, at Gisborne, Victoria. A distinct and
neat species, not closely allied to any other, but approaching
T. nivosa, Walk., by the white forewings, but immediately separ-
able by the yellow hindwings. At first sight it is not unlike a
large Comarchis or Thallar ain

SOROCOSTIA ANISOGONA, 7. Sp.

Male, 26 mm. Head, thorax, antenne, and palpi fuscous,
minutely irrorated with einen palpi two and a half; thorax
with a narrow anterior blackish yan indications of another in
centre, transverse, and two black spots posteriorly. Legs and
abdomen grey-whitish, anterior tibie and tarsi blackish ; tarsi
with obscure whitish rings. Forewings elongate triangular,
costa gently arched, hindmargin obliquely rounded; dark-fuscous,
minutely irrorated with whitish iridescent scales ; tufts blackish
anteriorly, posteriorly whitish ; first tuft connected with costa by
a few black scales; a well-marked dentate blackish Tine from
one-fourth costa to one-fourth inner margin, strongly curved, and
touching second tuft in middle, margined anteriorly with whitish
near inner margin; a second similar line from about two-thirds
costa to beyond middle of inner margin, strongly curved outwards
above middle. Concavity beneath occupied by a patch of whitish
scales; a rather thick, well-defined black streak from below
middle of second line to first line, but not quite reaching it.

150

Some black scales connected with this on inner margin, and
enclosing a small spot of ground-colour ; a third line from before
apex to anal angle, upper half indistinct, lower half posteriorly
edged with whitish, with a rounded projection in middle; a hind-
marginal row of elongate black dots; cilia dark-fuscous, with
white teeth at extremities of veins. Hindwings and cilia fuscous,
cilia with a lighter basal line.

One specimen from Blackwood, in November. The large size
and well-marked lines are good characteristics.

LIPARID.
EUPROCTIS PELODES, 7. sp.
Male, — mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, legs, and abdomen
brownish-ochreous. Antennal pectinations six. Forewings

elongate triangular, costa slightly arched near base, apex
rounded, hindmargin oblique, brownish-ochreous. A row of
tolerably well-defined whitish spots from near anal angle to near
apex, slightly angulated outwards in middle, the first spot more
elongate; cilia whitish-ochreous, barred with dark-brownish-
ochreous. Hindwings and cilia as in forewings, but without
markings.
One specimen, Parkside (at light), in January.

DARALA H/EMOPTERA, %. Sp.

Male, 52 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, legs, and abdomen
mahogany -red. Anterior tarsi ochreous-reddish. Antenne
ochreous-yellow ; pectinations eight, fuscous. Forewings triangu-
lar, costa straight, hindmargin bowed, oblique; mahogany-red,
with purple-fuscous markings; an ill-defined curved band from
one-third costa to one-third inner margin, anterior edge well-
defined, posterior suffused ; a well- defined white discal dot ringed
with black ; ; a broad, nearly straight, waved band ; anterior edge
from two-thirds costa to three-fifths inner margin, irregular ; ;
posterior edge from tive-sixths costa to near anal angle, indented
on veins, each indentation being filled up with a black dot; a
moderate hindmarginal line, space anteriorly paler than rest of
wing; cilia reddish-ochreous. Hindwings with hindmargin
rounded, reddish-fuscous, lighter towards base; a black discal
dot; a row of black dots on veins, nearly straight, from costa
near apex to anal angle, edged posteriorly with a lighter band; a
suffused fuscous hindmarginal band ; cilia as in forewings.

Port Lincoln ; one specimen (Rev. T. Blackburn).

BOMBYCIDAi.
BOMBYX ZONOSPILA, 1. sp.
Male, 40 mm. Head, thorax, palpi, and legs pale dove-colour;

151

face blackish, terminal joint of palpi whitish. Abdomen blackish-
fuscous. Antenne whitish ; pectinations twelve, orange. Fore-
wings triangular, costa straight, hindmargin bowed, oblique,
slightly waved ; pale dove-colour; a row of irregular black dots,
edged posteriorly with orange, from near middle of costa to about
one-third inner margin; a similar row on veins from two-thirds
costa to two-thirds inner margin, edged anteriorly with orange ;
cilia pale dove-colour, with a darker hindmarginal line. Hind-
wings slightly darker than forewings. Cilia as in forewings,
with a whitish parting line at base.

Eucla ; one specimen, in June.

BoMBYX GALACTODES, 7. sp.

Female, 58-60 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous ;
lower part of face ochreous. Abdominal segments paler, thorax
mixed with whitish. Antenne fuscous ; pectinations four, orange.
Legs dark-fuscous, tarsi obscurely ringed with whitish. Fore-
wings elongate triangular, costa straight, arched towards apex;
hindmargin slightly waved oblique ; fuscous, irrorated with white,
with darker fuscous markings ; three moderate bands, first from
one-fourth costa to one-fourth inner margin, slightly curved out-
wards ; second from middle of costa to three-fifths inner margin,
with a projection outwards above middle, angulated inwards
below middle, a white discal dot edged with dark-fuscous midway
between the two lines; third line from four-fifths costa to anal
angle, sharply indented inwards beneath costa, thence outwards,
and continued strongly dentate to anal angle; space between
second and third lines mi/ky-white, marked only by brown veins ;
a suffused milky-white patch reaching costa near apex, and con-
tinued along posterior edge of third line; cilia fuscous, tips
whitish. Hindwings milky-white, base densely clothed with
brownish hairs ; cilia as in forewings.

Duaringa, Queensland, two specimens, from Mr. G. Barnard,
who informs me that they are attached to Casuarina, and form
hard woody cocoons on the outside of the bark. In these respects
they agree exactly with wvitwlina, Don, and mioleuca, Meyr., the
present species being intermediate. In Meyrick’s original
description of miolewca (Tr. Roy. Soc. 8.A., XIV., p. 190, 1891)
it is stated that the specimens were taken at “Mount Lofty by Mr.
E. Guest, who has taken others.” This is erroneous, as Guest
never saw the insects until I gave him a pair. They are very
local, and can only be obtained by breeding. Even then they are
difficult to get in good condition, as they usually emerge (60 per
cent.) between midnight and six o’clock in the morning. Park-
side and Knightsbridge are the only places I have found them.

152

Noctuina.
APAMID-.
DASYGASTER MUNDOIDES, Tt. Sp.

Male and female, 38-42 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous-
reddish, sprinkled with ashy-whitish. Antenne whitish, annulated
with black ; base snow-white. Ciliation one. Abdomen greyish-
ochreous, anal-tuft reddish. Legs dark-fuscous, mixed with
reddish and clothed with long whitish hairs; tibie and _ tarsi
fuscous-reddish, with suffused whitish apical rings. Forewings
moderate, posteriorly dilated ; costa gently arched, hindmargin
nearly straight, oblique; brownish, minutely and closely irrorated
with black and white scales ; veins outlined with reddish towards
hindmargin, in middle somewhat with blackish, a_ strongly
angulated reddish-fuscous indistinct line from costa at one-fourth
to inner margin at one-third, a paler ovate spot lying longitudin-
ally in disc above middle at one-third ; an irregular 8-shaped
spot immediately beyond, not indented anteriorly ; an irregular
outward-curved dentate line from about two-thirds of costa to
two-thirds innermargin, with a projection inwards below middle
to beneath middle of 8-shaped spot; a row of suffused black hind-
marginal spots; cilia coppery-fuscous, with two waved fuscous
lines. Hindwings iridescent-whitish, a suffused blackish hind-
marginal band broadest at apex, and gradually narrowing to
a point towards anal angle; cilia snow-white, with a few black
scales at apex (variable). In the female the markings of fore-
wings are almost obliterated in the general ground-colour, and
the hindwings almost wholly suffused with fuscous.

Blackwood, Parkside, South Australia; and Melbourne, Vic-
toria. At first sight very like Agrotis munda, Walk., but the
antenne afford a distinguishing test.

NOCTUIDE.
ORTHOSIA CREMNODES, 7. sp.

Male and female, 35-38 mm. Head _ blackish, minutely
irrorated with grey ; palpi fuscous, mixed with black and white,
internally paler. Antennze rufous beneath, fuscous above.
Thorax blackish, with a distinct narrow whitish anterior band,
cleft in middle. Abdomen whitish-fuscous. Legs reddish-
fuscous, tibize and tarsi with indistinct white bands. Forewings
moderate ; costa straight, hindmargin somewhat waved, rounded ;
blackish or black, minutely irrorated with grey ; veins indistinctly
outlined in black ; a yellow dot in disc at end of cell; a trans-
verse row of black dots beyond ; a narrow pale-fuscous hind-
marginal line ; cilia dark-fuscous, basal-half black. Hindwings
iridescent-whitish ; a suffused blackish apical patch, abruptly

153

narrowed and continued interruptedly to anal angle, more pro-
minent at extremities of veins; a narrow blackish hindmarginal
line; cilia shining white, with a coppery tinge at apex, and a
suffused fuscous dividing line. Underside of forewings fuscous ;
a suffused white streak along costa from base to five-sixths ; a
tuft of yellow hairs near base. Hindwings iridescent-whitish,
costa sprinkled with blackish, an irregular roundish blackish
patch at apex; a transverse discal spot, scarcely perceptible
above. |
Parkside, S.A., in October (at light).

ORTHOSIA MESOMBRA, %. Sp.

Male and female, 31-35 mm. Head, thorax, and palpi greyish-
ochreous, palpi whitish beneath, with a blackish median band,
terminal joint whitish. Thorax with a narrow blackish band
beyond middle. Antenne greyish-ochreous, reddish beneath.
Ciliations one-half. Abdomen and legs grey-whitish, spotted with
blackish, tarsi and tibize with obscure whitish rings. Forewings
moderate, posteriorly dilated ; costa nearly straight, hindmargin
rounded, oblique; greyish-ochreous in male, in female wholly
suffused with fuscous ; an orange-red spot close to base; a short
irregular blackish line from costa to this spot; an indistinct
angulated fuscous linefrom one-fourth costa to near middleof inner
margin ; a wedge-shaped dark fuscous streak in middle of disc,
from two-fifths to five-sixths, dilated and touching costa, ter-
minated by an irregular line from costa at five-sixths ; a small
round reddish spot at beginning, and larger somewhat lunate
spot in middle of the wedge-shaped streak ; a fuscous dentate
line from costa immediately above lunate spot, and passing round
it to three-fourths inner margin, between this line and termina-
tion of wedge-shaped spot, the wing is reddish-tinged in male ;
an interrupted waved hindmarginal line; cilia-greyish ochreous.
Hindwings iridescent whitish, in female suffused with fuscous at
apex and along hindmargin; an indistinct curved series of
elongate marks, placed on veins, in middle of wing; an obscure
fuscous discal spot, both markings more noticeable on underside.

A pretty species, not recalling any other ; the sexes are some-
what dissimilar, but it cannot be well mistaken.

Parkside (at light) in October ; also from Blackwood, 8.A.

PSEUDOPANTHERA HABROCOSMA, 7. Sp.

Male, 35-38 mm. Head blackish-fuscous, palpi and antenne
reddish-fuscous, anterior legs dark-fuscous, posterior and middle
pairs whitish-ocherous, thorax reddish-fuscous, abdomen orange.
Forewings elongate, costa strongly arched at base, apex acute,
hindmargin sinuate beneath apex, thence strongly bowed, oblique;
fuscous-reddish, irrorated with ochreous and lead-coloured scales,

154

veins marked with darker posteriorly ; a short thick streak from
one-sixth costa outwardly oblique to middle of wing, edged
anteriorly by a more or less whitish suffusion, posteriorly by
broad patch of whitish-yellow, in one specimen suffused with
brown, an elongate patch of lead-coloured scales in middle of
wing, just beyond, sometimes obscurely continued towards hind-
margin; an obscure irregular lead-coloured thick streak from
beneath apex to anal anele, obscurely edged with whitish ; an
obscure oblique white apical dash, sharply margined posteriorly
with dark-brown ; an interrupted black hindmarginal line, pre-
ceded by a whitish irroration; cilia greyish-fuscous, with a darker
median line. Hindwings with hindmargin somewhat prominent
in middle, slightly sinuate above and below, bright-orange ; an
elongate black apical patch ; cilia yellow.

A beautiful species, bearing a superficial resemblance to some
forms of Selidosemide. Two specimens beaten from Hakea
rugosa, at Blackwood, February to April. It is an exceedingly
difficult species to net, and hiding as it does amongst the sharp
spiny branches of the above-mentioned plant usually escapes
through the net getting entangled.

Geometrina.
MONOCTENIADZ.

TAXEOTIS GONOSEMELA, %. Sp.

Male, 28 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and
legs pou ochreous; anterior legs infuscated. Forewings
triangular, hindmargin obliquely rounded ; greyish-ochreous,
minutely iepotated Sih black scales ; costa strigulated through-
out with blackish; an indistinct ne Se neni line from

about one-third costa to below middle of disc, thence strongly

oblique to one-sixth inner margin ; a more distines similar line
from immediately before apex to about two-thirds inner margin,
strongly angulated inwards above and below middle; a small
black discal dot in middle of wing; a hindmarginal row of black
dots; cilia ochreous-grey. Hindwings See. speckled with
blackish ; an obscure black discal dot - ; a very obscure row of
minute black dots, from two-thirds costa to two-thirds inner
margin (both plainly visible on underside) ; a blackish hindmar-
ginal line interrupted on veins ; cilia as in forewings.

One specimen, Parkside, at a street lamp.

DARANTASIA PACHYGRAMMA, %. Sp.

Male, 18 mm. Head whitish, thorax, abdomen, legs, and
palpi pale stone-colour. Antennz yellowish-tinged. Forewings
triangular, short; stone-colour, minutely and sparsely irrorated

155

with black ; costa blackish towards base; a very thick black
streak from near base of inner margin to beyond middle of disc
curved upwards and attenuated at both extremities, posteriorly
edged with paler ; a similar black streak from apex to anal angle,
attenuated at apex, edged as other; a hindmarginal row of small
black dots. Hindwings with colour as in forewings ; a very in-
distinct line from two-thirds inner margin going towards costa,
but not reaching it.

Eucla, West Australia. One specimen in June. An ab-
normal-looking species, more lke a small Dichromodes in ap-
pearance.

NEARCHA PSEUDOPHAES, %. 5).

Male, 32 mm. Head, thorax, legs, and abdomen greyish-
ochreous ; palpi two and a-half, black, at base white. Antennz
whitish, pectinations twelve. Forewings elongate ; costa arched
at base, slightly sinuate beyond middle, hindmargin nearly
straight, shghtly oblique ; ochreous-grey, with scattered fine dark-
Sasa scales ; a transverse straight row of three black dots,
from one-third costa to above middle of wing, edged anteriorly
with a whitish-ochreous streak ; a row of black dots from costa
at three-fourths to inner margin at two-thirds, angulated inwards
below middle; each spot is edged posteriorly with whitish, and
beyond this a pale reddish-ochreous suffusion throughout; a large
black discal dot, white centred, midway between the two rows of
dots ; a row of black dots at extremities of veins ; cilia ochreous-
grey. Hindwings with hindmargin nearly straight ; whitish-
grey, fuscous-tinged ; an indistinct dark-fuscous discal dot; a
hindmarginal row of black dots; cilia as in forewings. Huind-
wings beneath without tufts, but with a well-defined black discal
dot.

Near D. curtaria, Gn., but differs in black shorter palpi, «ce.
Two specimens at Blackwood, 8.A

DICHROMODES STROPHIODES, 7%. Sp.

Male and female, 22-25 mm. Head and thorax dark ashy
grey, thorax with a tranverse black median band; palpi three and
a-quarter, black. Antenne, abdomen, and legs dark fuscous.
Abdomen with yellowish segmental margins, tibie ringed with
white, antennal ciliations three and a-half. Forewings triangular;
costa straight, arched at base; hindmargin slightly waved, bow ed,
oblique ; ashy- grey 5 a suffused blackish triangular spot midway
between base and first: line ; ; first line straight from one-fourth
costa to one-fourth inner margin, suffusedly edged on each side
with pale-ochreous ; second line straight from costa one-third to
inner margin before middle; third line from two-thirds costa to two-
thirds inner margin, with a strong projection outwards in middle,

156

OU

sinuate above and below, more strongly below ; space between second
and third lines blackish, with a blacker transverse discal dot, a
narrow line near and parallel to third, on projection suffused with
ochreous; a broad blackish undulating line from costa near apex to
anal angle, edged posteriorly throughout with whitish, a suffused
whitish “apical dash; a waved black hindmarginal tae ; ciha
fuscous, barred with whitish-fuscous, basal-half dark fuscous,
base sprinkled with white. Hindwings with hindmargin waved,
rounded ; slaty fuscous; three short, whitish, dark margined
streaks on inner margin above anal angle, upper one continued
suffusedly across wing to costa at two-thirds, an _ indistinct
blackish discal dot; cilia light-fuscous, with a darker median
line, base whitish.

Very near D. triparata, Walk., but a stouter built insect,
broader winged, hindmargin more bowed, &c. The descriptions
of this species and “ triparata” read somewhat alike, but the
difference in the insects when compared is well marked. Black-
wood and Highbury, S.A., not uncommon in November. Mr.
Meyrick has specimens from the “Grampians,” Victoria.

GEOMETRIDAE.

lopis RHYTIPHORUS, 7%. Sp.

Female, 36 mm. Head, fillet, palpi, antenne, thorax, and
abdomen whitish-ochreous. Palpi rather short, terminal portion of
antenne reddish-fuscous, patagia broadly green. Abdomen above
sprinkled with green near base. Legs pale reddish-fuscous, coxze
white. Forewings elongate triangular; costa nearly straight,
rounded towards apex. ; hindmargin nearly straight, slightly
rounded, 3 and 4 from a point ; lig ht bluish-green, with numerous
minute transverse whitish strigula: ; costa whitish- ochreous through-
out, more broadly in middle; lines white narrow straight, tolerably
well-defined, first from beneath costa at one-sixth to inner margin
at one-fourth, second from beyond middle of costa to two-thirds of
inner margin, a transverse darker green discal dot. Cilia pale
whitish-ochreous, tips fuscous. Hindwings with hindmargin some-
what rounded obtusely-bent on vein 4, three- and four-stalked,
colour and cilia as in forewings, lines as in forewings running con-
tinuously with them, but second more irregular and scalloped twice
between veins | and 3, first line irregular and bent inwards from
vein 3 to near inner margin.

Palmerston, Northern Territory, one specimen. Nearest to
I. albicosta, Walk., but differs markedly in position and shape
of lines, otherwise superficially similar.

ACIDALIA DIDYMOSEMA, ”. Sp.

Male, 23 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen dark-
fuscous. Antenne whitish; ciliations two. Legs fuscous

157

posterior pair whitish. Forewings elongate triangular, costa very
slightly arched ; hindmargin obliquely rounded : light fuscous-
ochreous-tinged ; a_ well- developed nearly straight “denticulate
dark-fuscous line from beyond one-third. of costa to middle of
inner margin; a similar line, more oblique, from costa beyond
two-thirds to inner margin at two-thirds curved inwards on
lower half, a well-developed transverse discal spot midway
between these two lines, a blackish hindmarginal line, somewhat
interrupted by veins. Cilia dark-fuscous. Hindwings with
hindmargin rounded ; colour, lines, and cilia as in forewings.

The present species could easily be mistaken for rubraria, Dbld.,
to which it bears a close superficial resemblance, but differs ccn-
siderably in position of lines and discal dot, and especially by the
shorter antennal ciliations. One specimen at Glen Osmond, 10th
October.

STERRHA AGLAODESMA, 7. Sp.

Male, —mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and legs whitish-
ochreous. Abdomen whitish. Forewings triangular, costa
arched at base; hindmargin nearly straight, oblique; _pale-
ochreous ; a straight fuscous line from one-fourth costa to one-
third inner margin; a similar, but broader, line immediately
beyond ; a dark-fuscous waved line from two-thirds costa to two-
thirds inner margin, with a moderate indentation above middle ;
space between last two lines filled with white ; a narrow dentate,
fuscous line from before apex to anal angle, edged anteriorly
with a darker fuscous suftusion, posteriorly by a fine distinct
white line; a hindmarginal row of obscure white dots, veins
towards hindmargin obscurely outlined with white; cilia
ochreous, with white streaks at termination of veins. Hindwings
whitish ; an indistinct suffused fuscous line from anai angle to
near apex : cilia white.

Eucla, Western Australia; one specimen,in June. This genus
has not previously been recorded in Australia.

PSEUDOTERPNA ARGYRASPIS, 2. Sp.

Male, 36 mm. Head, thorax, and palpi whitish; posterior
portion of thorax with two longitudinal black streaks meeting
anteriorly ; abdomen fuscous, with blackish tufts; legs whitish,
ringed with black. Forewings elongate triangular, hindmargin
rounded, slightly waved, oblique ; silver-grey ; all veins tending
to be outlined with black ; a suffused triangular patch on middle
of costa, costal edge from patch to base broadly and _ suffusedly
irrorated with blackish ; a sharply-defined black streak from base
of wing along fold to about middle; an indistinct row of
elongate streaks between veins from four-fifths costa to anal
angle; a black hindmarginal line; cilia whitish, barred with

158

fuscous. Hindwings with hindmargin rounded, slightly waved,
whitish, becoming white towards inner margin and base; a broad
suffused blackish hindmarginal band, a blackish hindmarginal
line ; cilia as in forewings.

One specimen, bred in February from Lucalyptus rostrata ;
forms a rough silky cocoon beneath the bark ; Blackwood, 8.A.

SELIDOSEMID.
DIASTICTIS GONIOTA, 72. sp.

Female, 28 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax ochreous-
fuscous, antenne spotted with black. Abdomen and legs greyish,
minutely irrorated with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate,
costa strongly arched near base ; hindmargin strongly angulated
in middle, sinuate above and less below this angulation; light
ochreous-fuscous ; a black dot in disc about middle; a dark-
fuscous line from costa at five-sixths to four-fifths Inner margin,
slightly angulated near costa, and margined rather broadly on
each side with darker ground-colour ; a hindmarginal row of in-
distinct black dots; cilia ochreous-fuscous, with a whitish basal
line. Hindwings with hindmargin irregularly waved, whitish-
grey, suffusedly irrorated with fuscous, except towards base; a
minute black dot in middle of wing; an indistinct waved line
from costa near apex to about two-thirds inner margin ; cilia as
in forewings, but slightly paler.

One specimen, Hallett’s Cove, 8.A., in November; larva
feeding on Muehlenbeckia adpressa.

DIASTICTIS ODONTIAS, 7. sp.

Male, 36 mm. Head, palpi, and legs ochreous; posterior
femora whitish; antennz white-spotted with fuscous ; pectinations
six, fuscous-tinged, apical-fifth simple; thorax ochreous-grey.
Abdomen whitish-ochreous, with a double series of dorsal dots
towards base. Forewings triangular ; costa straight ; hindmar-
gin rounded, oblique, -pale dove-colour ; with numerous transverse
ferruginous strigulae ; costal edge yellowish-ochreous throughout,
strigulated with blackish ; a narrow ferruginous line from one-
third costa to about one-third inner margin, strongly curved out-
wards near costa ; a transverse black discal dot ; a thick, straight,
ferruginous line from about two-thirds costa to two- thirds inner
margin, edged beyond throughout by a waved ferruginous line,
included space paler than rest of ground-colour ; a thick, waved,
interrupted ferruginous line from five-sixths costa to anal angle,
lower-half almost lost in general ground-colour ; a waved hind-
marginal line; cilia grey-whitish. Hindwings with hindmargin
very strongly dentate; colour, discal dot, and markings as in
forewings, but apex and part of hindmargin marked with

159

ochreous-orange and brown ; hindmarginal line black, distinct ;
cilia white, tipped with fleck and ochreous at Ae cronies of
veins. °

One specimen from Port Darwin. In appearance resembling
somewhat a Hypochroma.

DIASTICTIS (SELIDOSEMA) HETEROGYNA, 2. sp.

Male and female, 38-43 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and
abdomen fuscous, abdominal segments blackish. Antenne
whitish-ochreous at base, pectinations seven, apical fifth filiform ;
face black, with a whitish-ochreous median bar. Legs ochreous-
whitish, irrorated with fuscous. Forewings elongate triangular,
costa almost straight, hindmargin dentate, more strongly in
female, rounded, oblique ; in female slaty grey, in male ochreous-
fuscous; a short black oblique line from one-sixth inner margin
obliquely outwards ; a black line from one-third inner margin
direct to, but interrupted before apex ; in male ground-colour
above this line is whitish-ochreous, below fuscous mixed with
ferruginous and black, separation sharply defined ; a black line,
tending to be double at origin, on posterior edge throughout, with
a brown shade; a short oblique dash on costa before apex, not
in male, beneath which is a small black dot; a thick black waved
line from three-fourths inner margin to hindmargin below apex,
thicker at extremities, and more distinct in female, irregularly
edged posteriorly by a fine white line; a fine black waved hind-
marginal line ; cilia grey-whitish, barred with fuscous at ex-
fremities of veins; a whitish Basal line. Hindwings with hind-
margin rounded, dentate, more strongly in female, colour and
markings as in forewings ; a transverse black discal dot; in the
male, base and apex are suffusedly irrorated with fuscous, at
extremity of sutfusion is a transverse black linear discal dot ;
hindmarginal line and cilia as in forewings.

Two examples, Parkside, at street lamps in May. This species
is easily recognised by the well-defined longitudinal black line
and curious division of colour of forewings. It is near excur-
saria, Gn.

DIASTICTIS (SELIDOSEMA) CHIONOMERA, 2. sp.

Male, 41 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen brownish-
ochreous ; face blackish, lower-third white; thorax with two
straight transverse dark-brown bands. Legs fuscous. Antenne
fuscous, pectinations six. Forewings triangular; costa straight,
hindmargin hardly waved, obliquely bowed ; light - fuscous,
irrorated with ochreous and whitish; costa strigulated with
fuscous ; a curved oblique blackish line from one-third costa to
one- Sixth 3 inner margin ; a thick blackish streak or shade, thicker

on lower-half, suffusedly continued to hindmargin heli apex

160

from one-third inner margin, posterior edged with yellowish ; a
transverse blackish discal dot before this ; a rather thick suffused
line from above anal angle to apex of shade ; a short black apical
dash ; an interrupted waved, blackish hindmarginal line ; cilia
grey-whitish, fuscous-tinged. Hindwings with hindmargin
rounded, waved, colour as in forewings; a white basal patch,
containing a short black mark in middle; a straight blackish
shade from one-third inner margin to one-third costa; a weli-
defined blackish lunate discal mark ; an interrupted row of black
dots from two-thirds inner margin to four-fifths costa, sometimes
connected with a fine black line; a rather thick ochreous shade
beyond and parallel ; a blackish shade from above anal angle to
costa before apex, where it is broader, followed by a whitish
subterminal line ; hindmarginal line and cilia as in forewings.

Underside of forewings dull ochreous-white, a well-defined
blackish hindmarginal band from vein 2 to apex, broader at apex;
a large blackish discal dot in middle of wing ; hindwings as fore-
wings, but discal dot much smaller.

One specimen at Burnside. Allied to D. lyciaria, Gn., but
smaller ; differs especially in underside. It also has considerable
superficial resemblance to large specimens of D. excursaria, Gn.
The snow-white basal patch is a good and distinct character.

DIasticTis (SELIDOSEMA) MESOMBRA, 7”. sp.

Male, 38 mm. Head, face, palpi, and thorax yellowish-clay
colour, thorax with a blackish suffused transverse median band.
Abdomen and legs greyish. Antenne fuscous, pectinations
nine, apical-sixth simple. Forewings triangular, costa nearly
straight, hindmargin almost straight, obliquely waved ;_pale-
ochreous-yellowish, suffused with fuscous, and blackish towards
costa and base of inner margin; an undulating brownish line
from about one-third costa to one-third inner margin, marked on
costa with black, and more strongly so on inner margin; a similar
more dentate line from middle of wing to middle of costa, with a
strong projection outwards in middle, similarly marked on costa
and inner margin, space between these lines marked with blackish
on inner margin ;.a black mark on costa at three-fourths, with
a row of three or four black dots beneath ; a blackish subterminal
shade tending to form into spots from costa near apex to
anal angle, margined posteriorly with an interrupted whitish
line ; a small sutfused white mark between veins 7 and 8, near
hindmargin, and just before shade; an interrupted hindmarginal
blackish line ; cilia fuscous, obscurely barred with white. Hind-
wings as forewings ; hindmarginal line and cilia as in forewings.

One specimen Fernshaw, Victoria. Somewhat allied to the
preceding.

161

DiastIctis (SELIDOSEMA) CREMNODES, 7. sp.

Female, 39 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen
dark-fuscous, lower half of face with an indistinct median bar.
Legs greyish, posterior and middle pair suffused above with
fuscous. Forewings triaugular; hindmargin strongly dentate,
rounded, oblique ; greyish- ochreous, densely strigulated with
black, appearing almost black; three very indistinct lines,
blacker, outwards curved ; first from one-third of costa to one-
third inner margin; second from middle of costa to beyond middle
inner margin, passing through a black discal dot; third from
three-fourths costa to anal angle; a waved black hindmarginal
line ; cilia whitish, obscurely barred with black. Hindwings
with hindmargin strongly dentate, colour as forewings, a black
interrupted line from costa near apex to anal angle, parallel to
hindmargin ; cilia as in forewings.

One specimen, Blackwood, in May. Nearest to swasaria, Gn.,
but larger and stouter built. The specimen before me not being
in the best of condition, the description is necessarily to some
extent defective.

AMELORA IDIOMORPHA, 7%. Sp.

Female, 30 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen
and legs whitish-grey, sparsely sprinkled with black scales.
Abdominal segments slightly ochreous-tinged. Forewings elong-
ate triangular; costa straight, apex pointed, hindmargin
obliquely rounded; grey-whitish, irrorated with light-fuscous and
minute black scales; costal edge darker thrcughout ; a narrow
blackish waved shade from apex to below middle of disc above
inner margin, bordered beneath throughout with a distinct
narrow whitish shade ; cilia fuscous, darker at tips. Hindwings
whitish ; cilia grey.

One fine specimen, Parkside (at a street lamp) in April. Very
dissimilar from all the species described from Australia.

5 CHLENIAS ‘“MELANOSTREPTA, 7. SD.

Male, 35 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and legs ashy-grey-
whitish, face moderately rounded, without projection, crest of
thorax ‘large and well-developed, anterior edge with an inter-
rupted black line. Antennze white, pectinations six, ochreous-
tinged, abdomen whitish-ochreous, becoming ochreous on the
three basal segments. Forewings elongate, narrow ; costa gently
arched; apex round-pointed ; “hindmargin obliquely rounded,
ashy-grey-whitish ; a black ime from peas costa obliquely
outwards to before middle; a longitudinal black streak from
base below middle to anal angle, attenuated anteriorly, and with
a short angular projection upwards at origin, margined through-

L

162

out with a fine white line; veins tending to be outlined with
black, especially towards hindmargin, where they are margined
beneath with fine white lines; an interrupted black hindmar-
ginal line; cilia grey-whitish. Hindwings with hindmargin
rounded, opal white; hindmarginal line and cilia as in fore-
wings.

One specimen (at light), at Blackwood, 8.A., in May. Narrower-
winged than arzetaria, Gn., to which it seems allied, also without
frontal projection. The black longitudinal streak distinguishes
it at once from the other species.

CHLENIAS PACHYMELA, %. Sp.

Female, 50 mm. Head and thorax ashy-fuscous; crest
blackish in front, whitish behind. Antenne whitish. Abdomen
ochreous-grey, beneath silvery-white. Legs fuscous, tarsi
suffusedly banded with white. Forewings elongate, costa gently
arched, hindmargin slightly waved; grey, suffusedly irrorated
with whitish, and a few fuscous scales ; lines rather obscure, first
from one-third of costa to one-third of inner margin, slightly
curved outwards, second from about two-thirds of costa to
beyond middle of inner margin, a broad blackish suffused
streak from base of costa to apex, leaving costal edge of ground-
colour for its own width; an indistinct whitish dentate subter-
minal line ; a blackish hindmarginal line; cilia greyish. Hind-
wings with hindmargin irregularly waved, apex and anal angle
rather prominent ; grey-whitish, darker posteriorly ; a suffused
fuscous discal dot, hindmarginal line and cilia as in forewings.

Immediately known by the broad, blackish longitudinal streak.
One specimen from Melbourne, Victoria.

CHLENIAS GONOSEMA, “%. sp.

Male, 36 mm. Head palpi, thorax and legs fuscous, face
rounded, rather prominent. Antenne pale ochreous, pectinations
five. Abdomen grey, yellowish-tinged. Forewings elongate
triangular, costa nearly straight, rounded at apex, hindmargin
hardly waved oblique; light fuscous, mixed with dark fuscous,
whitish and ochreous ; veins more or less marked with whitish ;
interneural spaces blackish towards hindmargin ; lines dentate;
dark-fuscous ; first from one-fourth of costa to one-third of inner
margin, tolerably thick throughout, well-defined on costa ; second
from two-thirds of costa to beyond middle of inner margin, with
a strong concavity above middle ; a suffused dentate whitish sub-
terminal line; a black hindmarginal line, interrupted by the
whitish streaks on veins ; cilia greyish fuscous. Hindwings with
hindmargin sinuate-rounded ; grey whitish, posteriorly fuscous
tinged ; cilia whitish.

163

Allied mostly to arietaria, Gn., but distinguished from it by
the absence of the horny projection on forehead, antennal pec-
tinations, narrower forewings, and other details. One specimen
from Toorak, Victoria.

CHLENIAS (?) RHYNCOPHORA, 1”. sp.

Female, 42 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and
legs ashy-grey, minutely irrorated with black, palpi very long,
nearly four ; ; thorax with a black longitudinal streak throughout.
Forewings elongate, costa arched, hindmargin obliquely rounded ;
ashy-grey whitish, minutely irrorated with blackish; a short
black longitudinal streak in middle of wing, another more dis-
tinct beneath and before it ; indications of a line from costa at
two-thirds towards inner margin ; a strongly dentate line from
apex to anal angle, obscurely edged posteriorly with whitish ; a
black hindmarginal line ;_ cilia ochreous-fuscous, tips whitish.
Hindwings grey-whitish, darker posteriorly ; an obscure black
dot at end of cell; cilia as in forewings.

Blackwood, 8.A., one specimen, in August. An abnormal-
looking species, not a true Chlenias, but in the absence of the
male I place it here provisionally. Most probably a new genus
will be required to receive it.

SMYRIODES HETEROCHAES, 7. sp.

Male, 42 mm. Head, palpi, legs, abdomen, and thorax slaty-
grey, thorax with a black anterior band immediately behind
crest, tarsi ringed with whitish. ‘Antenne whitish, pectina-
tions six, reddish-tinged. Forewings elongate, costa straight,
hindmargin bowed, strongly dentate, oblique; slaty-grey ; an
outwards angulated black line at base; a black line from one-
fourth costa to before middle of inner margin, angulated out-
wards in middle, space between the two lines more or less filled
with ochreous, sometimes .entirely suffused with ground-colour ;
a short oblique black streak on costa before middle; a black
irregular line from beyond middle of costa to inner margin at
two-thirds, angulated outwards above middle ; a broad ochreous
patch beyond, from costa to inner margin, containing three
sharply-defined longitudinal black streaks, one above and two
below middle, sometimes suffused with ground-colour ; a strongly
waved well-defined black hindmarginal line; cilia ashy-fuscous,
with a whitish line at base, and obscurely barred with blackish.
Hindwings with hindmargin subdentate; dark-fuscous, lighter
towards base; an obscure black dot in middle of wing; a zigzag
line from three-fourths of costa to anal angle ; cilia whitish, with
a greyish median line.

Quite distinct from the other two known-species ; two speci-
mens at Blackwood, beaten from Hucalyptus rostrata, in August.

164

SMYRIODES CARBURARIA, G7.

Chlenias carburaria, Gn., X., 238; Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc.
NGS We, VL, 666 (1691).

Male, 42-45 mm. MHead and thorax dark cinnamon-brown.
Thorax with a transverse anterior band ot two longitudinal
black lines meeting anteriorly, crest of thorax well developed,
blackish. Antennal pectinations six. Abdomen greyish-fuscous,
segments faintly ochreous-tinged. Legs dark-fuscous, femora
densely hairy, tarsi ringed with whitish at apex of joints. Fore-
wings elongate, dilated posteriorly ; costa arched at base, thence
straight ; apex pointed, hindmargin strongly dentate, bowed,
oblique ; dark cinnamon-brown; two black lines, first, twice
strongly and sharply angulated outwards with indications of a
third angulation on inner margin, first from costa at one-third to
inner margin at one-third: second, strongly dentate from costa
at two-thirds to inner margin at two-thirds ; an indistinct row of
elongate spots from costa near apex to anal angle, between veins;
space between second line and spots much paler than ground-
colour, in one specimen the whole area beyond the second line is
of this pale colour; a black dentate hindmarginal line, interrupted
at extremities of veins ; veins tending to be outlined with dark-
fuscous ; cilia dark-fuscous, tips whitish. Hindwings with hind-
margin rounded, strongly dentate ; reddish-fuscous, basal-half
grey-whitish ; a black discal dot; a very obscure dentate line
from two-thirds of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, indicating
a continuation of second line of forewings ; hindmarginal line
and cilia as in forewings.

Two specimens (at light) in May at Blackwood. As Mr.
Meyrick had not seen this species untii I sent it him, I am at
his suggestion re-describing and referring it to the proper genus.

Pyralidina.
PYRALIDID~.

HEDNOTODES CALLICHROA, %. Sp.

25 mm. Head, palpi, and abdomen yellow, abdominal
segments fuscous, tip of second and tip of terminal joint
of palpi fuscous, face and thorax white, thorax with a dark
fuscous spot on each shoulder, and two broad blackish transverse
bands placed anteriorly and posteriorly. Legs ochreous-whitish,
anterior tibiz and tarsi infuscated with white apical rings.
Forewings moderate, dilated, hindmargin almost straight ; snow-
white, with dark fuscous markings ; a narrow streak along costa
throughout, a thick straight fascia near base; a similar from
one-third costa to one-third inner margin, slightly waved; a
thicker irregular fascia from three-fourths costa to about

165

two-thirds inner margin, strongly angulated outwards below
middle and emitting two teeth so as to touch hindmarginal
fascia; a thick hindmarginal fascia strongly curved inwards
above anal angle; a hindmarginal row of white lunules; cilia
whitish. Hindwings orange ; a broad dark fuscous hindmarginal
band; broadest at apex, obsolete on lower-half of hindmargin ;
cilia orange, along band fuscous.

Mr. Meyrick, to whom I submitted this specimen, informs me
that it is referable to this family and is a very abnormal species ;
it is very handsome and somewhat resembles a //ednota. One
specimen from Arthurton, Yorke Peninsula, in September.

BOTYDID:.
SEDENIA ERYTHRURA, 7. sp.

Female, 28 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen
whitish-ochreous, reddish-tinged, palpi whiter beneath. Anterior
legs fuscous (others broken). Forewings elongate, posteriorly
dilated; costa slightly sinuate beyond middle; hindmargin
rounded, oblique, whitish-ochreous, reddish-tinged with darker
reddish markings ; a thick suffused streak along costa from base
to apex, leaving extreme costal edge ochreous-whitish ; a rather
large discal dot beyond middle, indistinctly centred with white ;
a streak from five-sixths costa to anal angle, slightly curved in-
wards ; a small patch at anal angle touching this streak; a
moderate hindmarginal fascia from apex to anal angle, enclosing
a well-detined streak of ground-colour between this and preceding
line; cilia ochreous-whitish, towards base tinged with reddish,
and mixed with blackish towards tips. _Hindwings ochreous-
whitish, reddish-tinged ; a suffused reddish hindmarginal line ;
cilia as in forewings, but becoming paler towards anal angle.
The markings on the posterior portion of wing being in part
obliterated, the description may need expansion.

One specimen, Belair, December 28, 1892.

SCOPARIAD A.
SCOPARIA LEUCOMELA, 7. Sp.

Male and female, 22-25 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, antenne,
and legs fuscous ; legs suffusedly irrorated with, and _ posterior
pair wholly, white ; abdomen dark-grey, basal segment orange.
Forewings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa nearly straight,
hindmargin obliquely rounded, silver-grey, costal edge very
narrowly whitish throughout ; a blackish longitudinal line above
middle, from base to three-fourths, where it is lost in the ground-
colour ; all veins tending to be outlined with black, interspaces
filled with white, giving the wing the appearance of alternate

166

black and white lines ; a fine black line along inner margin from
middle to anal angle; cilia ashy-grey-white, mixed with black.
Hindwings iridescent-grey ; cilia iridescent white, with a dark
fuscous basal line.

One specimen on Lucalyptus sp. (“Stringybark”), the bark of
which is similar in colour to the insect. April 3, 1893, at.
Blackwood, 8.A, ; also one specimen, Eucla, W.A., in May, 1892.
It is an exceedingly neat-looking insect.

CRAMBIDA.

HEDNOTA CRYPSICHROA, 7. Sp. |

Male and female, 24-25 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax
whitish-ochreous, fuscous-tinged, palpi nearly three times as long
as head, fuscous-tinged beneath. Abdomen ochreous, sometimes
fuscous-tinged, Thorax with a suffused blackish mark on each
side, legs whitish, fuscous-tinged. Forewings, moderately dilated,
hindmargin slightly rounded oblique; varying from ochreous-
white to fuscous; a suffused blackish streak along fold almost
from base to anal angle, sometimes absent or interrupted
posteriorly ; a transverse elongate discal spot, outlined with
blackish, beyond middle, generally suffusedly margined on either
side with fuscous patches; a row of semi-confluent blackish
spots from just above anal angle to near apex, ending in a
suffused fuscous triangular patch on costa, which contains a short
streak of white; an indistinct row of elongate spots on veins
along hindmargin ; cilia whitish, with three lines of dark-fuscous
and a narrow basal line edged with dull-leaden. Hindwings .
greyish; cilia pale-greyish, with a darker line near base.

Blackwood, Parkside, and Belair, usually at light, in March
and April. An obscure though distinct species.

PHYCITIDAi.

LASIOSTICHA MICROCOSMA, %. Sp.

Male, 13 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and
legs fuscous, irrorated with whitish, terminal joint of palpi black,
anterior tarsi suffusedly irrorated with white, anal tuft ochreous-
yellow. Forewings triangular, costa gently arched, hindmargin
hardly rounded oblique ; dark fuscous-reddish ; a black streak at
base, suffused on inner margin; a thick black line slightly
curved from one-third to middle of inner margin, edged anteriorly
with a line of metallic-leaden scales, between basal line and this
there is a large patch of leaden-metallic scales, posteriorly edged
by a line of ground-colour, broadly dilated below middle; an
angulated black line from four-fifths costa to three-fourths inner
margin, edged posteriorly by a line of leaden-metallic scales and

167

anteriorly by a suffused patch of same colour; a sphenoid mark
on middle of costa reaching half-way across wing, centre filled
with ground colour, a suffused and interrupted blackish hind-
marginal line ; cilia greyish, with a black line near base. Hind-
wings with hindmargin rounded, apex prominent: orange; a
narrow fuscous hindmarginal line continued to apex and costa,
where it is broader, obsolete at anal angle; cilia fuscous, with
two whitish lines.

A handsome species. One specimen on a burnt log at Black-
wood, S.A.

Tortricina.

TORTRICIDA.

CaAPUA LEUCOSPILA, 7. sp.

Male and female, 14-15 mm. Head, antenne, thorax, and
abdomen dark-fuscous. Antenne annulated with white. Palpi
whitish-ochreous, externally fuscous. Legs fuscous, tibize banded
with whitish. Forewings rather broad, somewhat dilated pos-
teriorly ; costa gently arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin oblique,
ochreous-fuscous minutely strigulated with whitish and blackish,
costa and inner margin more strongly so; outer edge of basal
patch represented by a black line from one-fourth of costa to
before one-half of inner margin, strongly indented below middle ;
central fascia light reddish-fuscous, well-defined, oblique, anterior
edge from one-third of costa (almost touching basal patch) to
beyond middle of inner margin, twice angulated inwards, pos-
terior edge from same point as anterior, on costa, curved out-
wards to about two-thirds of disc, thence outwards to anal angle ;
a very distinct white spot, outlined with black, on upper portion
of posterior edge of central fascia ; five large quadrate spots on
costa, separated by similar whitish spots, between central fascia
and apex; a black hindmarginal line; cilia ochreous, with a
black basal and fuscous median line, and a black tooth at apex.
Hindwings greyish-fuscous, spotted with darker ; cilia grey, with
darker basal and terminal lines.

Easily separated by the well-marked white posterior spot. Two
specimens, Golden Grove, in September ; and two specimens at
Glen Osmond, in October.

CAPUA AMMOCHROA, 7%. Sp.

Male and female, 17 mm. Head and thorax yellowish-ochreous,
thorax with one or two black scales posteriorly. Palpi whitish-
ochreous, fuscous beneath, and with a fuscous band at base.
Antenne and abdomen fuscous. Legs whitish-ochreous. Tore-
wings moderate, broad; costa strongly arched, hindmargin
obliquely rounded ; pale whitish-ochreous, with scattered black
scales; two or three black scales towards base ; outer edge of

168

basal patch indicated by two well-defined black spots at about
one-fourth, median patch very indistinct, slightly darker than
ground-colour, anterior edge from one-third of costa to about
middle of inner margin, posterior from before middle of costa
to anal angle, with a deep wedge-shaped indentation in middle,
edged somewhat by a few black scales; a small patch of black
scales in disc beyond; costa and inner margin strigulated
throughout with well-defined black dots, those on apical portion
of costa being larger and more tooth-like ; cilia pale-ochreous,
with an indistinct median line at anal angle blackish. Hind-
wings and cilia fuscous, spotted with darker colour; cilia with
a well-marked darker basal line.

Three specimens at Glen Osmond, and two at Blackwood, 8.A.,
in October. This is a difficult species to get in good condition,
but when fresh it is a very neat insect.

DICHELIA THERMATERIMMA, 7%. Sp.

Male and female, 12 mm. Head, antenne, thorax, and legs
dark fuscous, tibie and tarsi with whitish rings, posterior legs
greyish, palpi ochreous-grey suffused with fuscous, abdomen grey.
Forewings elongate, moderately dilated; dark fuscous; basal
patch well-defined, blackish, limited by a blacker line from one-
fourth costa to one-third inner margin ; a suffused blackish line
from about middle of costa to about middle of inner margin; whole
space of wing beyond this darker fuscous ; space between last
mentioned line and basal patch varying from dull-ochreous to
reddish-ochreous, with a few waved obscure transverse blackish
lines ; a row of about seven or eight small ochreous white
quadrate spots along costa throughout ; cilia fuscous, tips greyish.
Hindwings dark-grey, spotted with darker ; cilia grey, with a
darker basal line.

Always recognisable by the patch of reddish colour after basal
patch. Glen Osmond, Blackwood, and Parkside, 8.A., during
April; rather common. Mr. Meyrick has it from Tasmania.

CONCHYLIDZ.

HETEROCROSSA MIMICA, 7%. sp.

Male and female, 18-20 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax,
and abdomen white. Antenne annulated with fuscous, basal
joint of palpi beneath fuscous. Thorax with a well-defined
anterior brown band. Legs dark-fuscous, posterior pair whitish,
all tarsi banded with white. Forewings elongate, posteriorly
somewhat dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, hindmargin
very obliquely rounded ; white ; a brownish streak on costa from
base to one-fifth ; four blackish equidistant oblique spots, occupying
median-third of costa; an irregular triangular patch of mixed

169

blackish-reddish and leaden-metallic scales from inner margin
at one-fourth to before anal angle, anterior edge marked by a
curved black streak containing two tufts of raised black scales ;
a curved fuscous line from fourth costal spot to near posterior
extremity of triangular patch reaching inner margin ; anteriorly
margined throughout by a distinct white line ; a variable irregu-
lar suffusion between last three costal spots, reaching more than
half-way across wing, anteriorly partly enclosing an oval black
spot ringed with whitish, posteriorly bordered by a reddish
transverse patch margined laterally with whitish; a suffused
leaden-metallic patch above anal angle; a row of large suffused
leaden-metallic spots along hindmargins and apical fourth of
costa ; a row of distinct black dots anterior and parallel to these;
cilia leaden-metallic, with a darker median line. Hindwings
pale grey, thinly scaled (in male with a large patch of dense
ochreous scales occupying basal third cf wing); cilia paler, with
a whitish median line.

Two specimens at Parkside and two at Blackwood. In repose
this species has a. wonderful superficial resemblance to birds’
droppings.. It is a very beautiful insect, and is met with
sparingly. It is most allied to the New Zealand //. yonosemara,
Meyr.

Tineina.
GELECHIAD&.

GGELECHIA LEUCOCEPHALA, 7. sp.

Female, 19 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax snow-white. Thorax
with an anterior blackish band, palpi with a blackish ring at
apex of basal and terminal joints. Antenne and abdomen dark-
fuscous. Legs blackish, posterior pair light-fuscous. Forewings
moderate, rather narrow; costa gently arched; apex round-
pointed ; hindmargin very oblique ; fuscous, coarsely strewn with
black and whitish scales; a snow-white spot at base of wing;
markings black, suffused ; a spot on inner margin at base ; a spot
in dise at one-third, another obliquely beyond and beneath it; a
suffused elongate patch on costa about middle ; a transverse spot
above anal angle; a paler tooth of ground-colour on costa at
three-fourths ; cilia whitish-ochreous, with rows of black points.
Hindwings dark-grey; cilia grey-whitish.

One example at Parkside, October 17th. The white head and
thorax contrast effectively with the dark colour of forewings, and
make the species easy of recognition.

GELECHIA THERMOCHROA, 1. sp.

Male and female, 16-17 mm. Head dark-fuscous, postorbital
rims yellowish, palpi ochreous-yellow, second joint infuscated

170

towards apex, apex of terminal joint whitish. Antenne yellowish-
ochreous, annulated with black. Thorax ochreous-yellow, with
an anterior black band. Abdomen dark-fuscous. Legs ochreous-
fuscous, with whitish tarsal rings. Forewings rather narrow,
moderate ; costa arched near base, thence straight; apex
rounded ; hindmargin very obliquely rounded; deep-ochreous,
with well-defined black markings; a rather thick fascia at base,
continued along inner margin to about one-fourth; a few
scattered scales along inner margin ; a minute dot on costa at
one-sixth ; a large quadrate dot in disc at one-third, and a similar
one above anal angle, anterior edge sharply defined, posterior
suffused ; about five dots along costa from immediately above
first quadrate spot to apex ; between first and second costal spots,
but below, is a small black spot; hindmarginal area suffusedly
blackish, broader at apex; cilia dark-fuscous. Hindwings
blackish ; cilia dark-fuscous, with a darker basal line.
A distinct species. Two specimens from Gisborne, Victoria.

GELECHIA MACROPLACA, 7%. SD.

Male, 14 mm. Head palpi, antenne and thorax dark-fawn.
Legs fuscous. (Abdomen broken.) Forewings elongate, hardly
dilated ; hindmargin obliquely rounded; dark-fawn colour ; a
black fascia, somewhat edged with white, from one-third of costa,
not reaching inner margin, slightly dilated on costa ; a black spot
at base of costa and a similar one beyond, both connected by a
fine line along costa ; a series of blackish dots along apical-fourth
of costa, and continued along costa around hindmargin to anal
angle, first three more conspicuous ; a minute black dot on inner
margin at two-thirds, and a smaller one above, surmounted by a
small white spot; cilia clay-colour, base sprinkled with darker.
Hindwings dark-grey ; cilia grey, with a darker line near base.

Gisborne, Victoria. One specimen received from Mr. G. Lyell,
junr.

GELECHIA THANATODES, 7. sp.

Female, 10 mm. Head, antenne, palpi, thorax, and legs
dark-fuscous, suffusedly sprinkled with white, especially the legs,
tarsal joints ringed with white, hairs of posterior legs yellowish.
Abdomen coppery-fuscous. Forewings elongate-oblong, dilated
in middle, hindmargin bowed, oblique, dark-fuscous, minutely
irrorated with whitish, so as to appear ashy-grey-whitish ; a small
black mark along basal-fifth of inner margin; an oblique trans-
verse series of about four or more elongate black streaks from
one-fifth costa to one-fourth of inner margin; a very oblique,
somewhat interrupted blackish fascia from middle of costa to
anal angle ; a somewhat curved series of black spots from be-

171

neath costa at two-thirds, continued round, and parallel to hind-
margin above anal angle, the one on the angulation being the
longest ; a fine black hindmarginal line; cilia grey, tips whitish.
Hindwings and cilia dark-coppery-fuscous.

Parkside. One specimen. Certainly allied to Ge/. loxodesma,
Meyr., of which it may prove to be a variety, but it is such a
ditterent-looking insect (especially in the hindwings) that I have
decided to give it a distinctive name.

GELECHIA CENTROSEMA, 7. Sp.

Male and female, 12 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax
golden-ochreous-brown, sides of thorax whitish, face whitish
palpi whitish internally. Legs grey-whitish, anterior pair in-
fuscated externally. Abdomen dark-fuscous, anal tuft whitish.
Forewings narrow, costa hardly arched, apex somewhat pointed,
hindmargin extremely obliquely rounded ; golden-ochreous ; costa
very narrowly whitish throughout; a well-defined straight
whitish-ochreous median streak from base to apex, anteriorly
attenuated, margined beneath with darker ground-colour ; cilia
dark-fuscous. Hindwinys fuscous ; cilia light fuscous, lighter on
costa.

Three specimens, Gisborne, from Mr. G. Lyell, jun.

POGONIAS EURYPLACA, %. sp.

Male, 10 mm. Head, antenne, palpi, and legs dark-fuscous ;
tarsi obscurely ringed with whitish, terminal joint of palpi with
four whitish rings. Antenne somewhat annulated with white.
Thorax ochreous-white, patagia more ochreous with a quadrate-
fuscous spot posteriorly. Abdomen blackish, anal tuft yellowish.
Forewings narrow, lanceolate, blackish; an ochreous - white
subquadrate patch on inner margin beyond middle, three obscure
tufts of blacker scales placed triangularly, first on anterior
portion of patch, second obliquely above, third near base ;
cilia dark-fuscous, with a few grey scales. Hindwings lanceolate,
fuscous ; cilia greyish.

One specimen from Banksia marginata, at Highbury, January
26, 1893.

XYLORYCTIDE.
CRYPTOPHAGA AGLAODES, %. sp.

Female, 50 mm. Head, antenne, thorax and palpi white,
second joint internally black at base. Legs whitish, tarsi ringed
with black. Abdomen whitish ; second segment broadly orange-
red, others anteriorly suffused with fuscous. Forewings moderate,
oblong, costa gently arched, apex rounded, hindmargin rather
oblique; 2 from three-fourths ; pale whitish-ochreous, slightly
infuscated ; costa towards apex slenderly blackish; a small

172

well-defined black dot in dise at one-third, and another similar
obliquely beyond, at about middle; cilia whitish-ochreous, with a
row of well-defined black spots at extremities of veins, and con-
tinued along apical-fourth of costa. Hindwings whitish-
ochreous, 6 and 7 stalked ; cilia as in forewings.

One specimen, bred from Caswarina quadrivalvis, at Arthurton,
Yorke Peninsula, in September. Nearest C. lurida, Meyr., but
differs by the sparse markings and wholly whitish hindwings.

CATORYCTIS POLYSTICHA, ”. Sp.

Female, 26 mm. Head, thorax, and antenne fuscous, collar
white, palpi fuscous, second joint externally whitish. Legs
whitish. Abdomen fuscous, segmental margins dull ferruginous.
Forewings elongate, costa rather strongly arched, apex some-
what pointed, hindmargin very oblique; 7 present; slaty-
Tuscous ; markings white outlined with blackish; a moderate
streak along costa from base to beyond two-thirds posteriorly
strongly attenuated and leaving extreme costal edge fuscous
towards base ; a moderate streak from base direct to middle of
hindmargin, attenuated at ends; a similar streak immediately
beneath, from base to anal angle attenuated posteriorly ; three
rather short fine lines towards hindmargin, between last two
streaks; a slender line from three-fourths of disc to costa before
apex; a similar but shorter streak beneath to apex; some
obscure whitish scales along inner margin indicating an unex-
pressed streak; cilia fuscous. Hindwings grey, posteriorly
fuscous-tinged ; cilia whitish with a dark-fuscous basal line.

Intermediate between “ swbnewella,” Walk., and “ trierena,”
Meyr. One specimen (at light) in November, at Parkside, S.A.

LICHENAULA MONOSEMA, %. Sp.

Male and female, 12-16 mm. Head and thorax white, antennze
black. Palpi black, base of second and terminal joint white.
Abdomen ochreous-fuscous. Legs whitish, slightly infuscated,
posterior pair pale ochreous-yellow. Forewings elongate, costa
moderately arched, apex pointed, hindmargin very obliquely
rounded ; shining white, slightly ochreous posteriorly ; extreme
costal edge blackish towards base; a distinct black spot in middle
of wing above anal angle; cilia ochreous-whitish, base darker.
Hindwings fuscous ; cilia ochreous-white, base darker.

Var. A.—Whole of forewings suffused with light ochreous-
yellow.

Parkside, Blackwood, Highbury, &c., not uncommon during
December, January, and February. A neat little species, not
unlike a Sczeropepla, which I took it to be until corrected by Mr.
Meyrick.

173

PHTHONERODES (?) LEUCOMERATA, 2. 87).

Female, 17 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and
legs whitish ; segments of abdomen fuscous-reddish. Forewings
oblong, costa strongly arched towards base ; hindmargin obliquely
rounded; pale-ochreous ; a suffused reddish patch of scales above
inner margin near base; some scattered fuscous scales mixed
with white from base along inner margin to anal angle; an
indistinct irregular line from one-fourth of costa to one-third of
inner margin ; a similar line from five-sixths costa to above anal
angle, included space strongly irrorated with white, and all veins
tending to be marked with black ; cilia fuscous. Hindwings
grey, paler towards base; cilia grey-whitish, with a dark basal
line.

One specimen (at light), Parkside, S.A. In the absence of the
male, it is impossible to refer this species with certainty to its
genus.

XYLORYCTA CHIONOPTERA, 1%. Sp.

Female, 36 mm. Head yellowish, palpi whitish, antenne and
legs fuscous, posterior pair ochreous ; thorax whitish-ochreous.
Abdomen greyish, segments dull-orange. Forewings elongate,
costa gently arched, hindmargin obliquely rounded ; shining snow-
white ; costal edge blackish from base to one-fourth, rest of costa
orange; cilia shining snow-white. Hindwings light fuscous-grey ;
cilia white, ochreous-tinged at base. Underside of all wings
suffused with orange, especially on margins.

One specimen, Fernshaw, Victoria. Whether this is a
Xylorycta or Cryptophaga, 1 am unable to say in the absence of
the male. It is very similar to /wteotactella, Walk., but longer
winged.

PROCOMETIS (/) ORTHOSEMA, 7. sp.

Female, 19 mm. Head, palpi, antennz, thorax, abdomen and
legs snow-white, two basal segments of abdomen orange, other
segmental margins fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow,
costa gently arched, apex pointed, hindmargin strongly oblique ;
shining snow-white ; a golden-ochreous line along costa from base
to near apex, finely attenuated anteriorly ; a broad golden-brown
longitudinal line in centre of wing from base to apex, attenuated
posteriorly ; cilia snow-white, except on streak. Hindwings and
cilia shining snow-white.

One specimen, Parkside, in October ; also from Gippsland,
Victoria, in February ; a fine and distinct species. I think it is
rightly referred to this genus, but absence of male makes it
doubtful.

AGRIOPHARA LEUCOSTA, 7. Sp.

Male and female, 24-27 mm. Head and thorax ashy-grey-

174

whitish, palpi whitish, apex of terminal joint fuscous. Antenne
fuscous, basal-fourth annulated with white. Abdomen dark-grey,
beneath snow-white. Legs white, tarsi with blackish apical rings.
Forewings moderate, in female more elongate, costa gently
arched, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded ; ashy-grey-
whitish ; costal edge snow-white throughout; a faint short
oblique blackish streak from costa at one-fourth, and another
similar before middle; an indistinct longitudinal streak from
near base to above anal angle; a curved series of faint blackish
dots from costa at three-fourths to anal angle parallel to hind-
margin ; cilia fuscous, at base chequered with black and white
points. Hindwings grey; darker in female; cilia grey, with
two darker parting lines.

Two specimens, Parkside, October 18 ; beaten from Hucalyptus
rostrata. Although most of the species of this genus are extremely
similar, this species is readily known by its white costal edge.
The markings of the female are more pronounced.

AGRIOPHARA LEPTOSEMELA, 7%. Sp.

Male, 18 mm. Head, antenne, and thorax dark-fuscous, post-
orbital rims white. Palpi fuscous, apex of second joint white.
Abdomen grey. Anterior and middle legs dark-fuscous with
whitish tarsal rings, posterior pair grey-whitish, tarsi fuscous
with whitish rings. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa
gently arched, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded ;
ashy-grey, with well-defined black markings ; veins tending to be
streaked with blackish ; a suffused spot on costa at about one-
third; another similar on costa before middle, both indicating
unexpressed fasciz; a slender line from base of costa to anal
angle ; another similar immediately beneath, but uot reaching
base or anal angle, and a third similar streak from base to near
anal angle, terminating in a suffused patch of scales ; a suffused
dot midway in disc near termination of first line and resting on
its upper extremity ; a rather thick suffused streak at termina-
tion of first streak to below middle of hindmargin; a few
scattered black scales above and below this; cilia grey, basal-
half blackish with a few white points. Hindwings whitish-
grey, darker posteriorly ; cilia grey, with distinct darker basal
line.

One specimen, Parkside, in October. Between cinerosa,
Rosen., and axesta, Meyr., but distinct from either.

(ECOPHORID.
HELIOCAUSTA IOZONA, ”. Sp.

Male, 32 mm. Head, thorax, and antenne greyish-ochreous.
Antenne strongly tinged with carmine basally, thorax with a

175

posterior carmine spot. Palpi ochreous-whitish, apex of second
and terminal joints carmine-tinged. Legs ochreous-white,
anterior and middle pair carmine-tinged. Abdomen ochreous-
whitish, segments suffused with orange-fuscous. Forewings .ob-
long, rather broad ; costa strongly arched near base ; hindmargin
somewhat sinuate, rounded beneath; greyish-ochreous; costa
broadly carmine throughout ; inner margin carmine from base to
one-fourth, followed by a few carmine scales; a broad fuscous
carmine, nearly straight, oblique band from one-third of costa to
middle of inner margin, dilated beneath, anterior edge well
defined, posterior somewhat suffused ; a fuscous-carmine suffused
dot in dise at one-third, and a larger one more suffused obliquely
beneath ; indications of a curved series of fuscous carmine dots
from above anal angle to two-thirds across wing; cilia fuscous-
carmine, mixed with greyish-ochreous, especially around anal
angle. Hindwings ochreous-whitish, posteriorly carmine-tinged,
more pronounced at apex; cilia whitish-ochreous, with a grey
parting line at apex. Underside of forewings, with costa and
posterior two-thirds, strongly suffused with rosy.

One specimen, Blackwood, 8.A., at light, in May. <A very
handsome species, having the fascies of a Huchetis. It is excep-
tionally distinct from all others known to me by the broad band
of forewings.

HELIOCAUSTA EUSPILOMELA, 7. sp.

Male, 28 mm. Head, palpi, antenne and thorax ochreous-
fuscous, thorax anteriorly darker-fuscous. Palpi externally
white. Face white. Legs ochreous-whitish, faintly carmine-
tinged. Abdomen fuscous. Forewings moderate, costa moder-
ately arched, more strongly towards base, apex obtuse; hindmargin
almost straight, slightly rounded; ochreous-fuscous ; costa nar-
rowly pale-carmine throughout ; markings rather obscure; three
black dots at base in a line between costa and inner margin; a
tranverse row of black dots from beneath costa at one-third to
middle of inner margin, from apex of these proceeds an out-
wardly curved row of similar dots to about anal angle ; immedi-
ately beyond this is another strongly-defined curved row of
similar dots ending at anal angle ; a hindmarginal row of black
dots ; cilia greyish-ochreous, with a darker parting line. Hind-
wings and cilia pale grey-whitish.

One specimen, Parkside (at light), in October. An obscure
looking species. Nearest to severa, Meyr.

EUCHZTIS CRYPSICHROA, 7. sp.
Male, 23 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax and abdo-
men greyish-ochreous, face whitish; palpi externally whitish.
Legs ochreous-whitish, anterior and middle pair (except coxz)

176

carmine-tinged. Forewings moderate, costa rather strongly
arched especially towards base, hindmargin almost straight,
slightly sinuate, rounded beneath ; greyish-ochreous ; costal edge
carmine throughout, extreme costal edge ochreous-grey-whitish
from about one-third to apex; a few ferruginous scales along
inner-margin near base ; a darker ferruginous spot in disc at one-
fifth, and another immediately below it, a large transverse
fuscous-carmine blotch occupying median third of wing, anterior
edge inwards curved from about one-fourth of costa to about
middle of inner margin, posterior edge from near apex to anal
angle strongly curved inwards; on centre of posterior edge of
this patch is a well-defined ferruginous spot; the patch is
bounded on either side by a variable reddish sutfusion ; an irregular
curved row of ferruginous spots from anal angle and ending in
patch above middle; cilia dark-fuscous carmine, tips whitish,
round anal angle wholly grey-whitish. Hindwings pale-yellowish ;
cilia paler, with a dark-grey basal line.

One specimen, Blackwood, 8.A., beaten from Hucalyptus, sp.
(‘Stringybark ”) in October. Apparently most allied to metal-
lota, Meyr., but without any white spots.

EUCHETIS SARCOXANTHA, 1%. Sp.

Female, 20 mm. Head, palpi, legs, antenne, abdomen, and
thorax ochreous-yellow, antennz and anterior legs carmine-
tinged. Thorax with a suffused leaden-metallic posterior spot,
edged posteriorly with dull carmine, shoulders carmine-fuscous.
Forewings elongate-oblong, costa strongly arched, hindmargin
bowed, oblique; ochreous-yellow, suffusedly irrorated with
carmine, especially on edges of markings; markings leaden-
metallic; a rather thick costal streak from base of costa through-
out and continued uninterruptedly around hindmargin to anal
angle, extreme costal edge carmine, becoming paler towards
apex ; a small ill-defined streak from base of costal streak ; a
semi-erect mark from inner margin near base reaching half-way
across wing ; an irregular triangular patch about third of costa,
from which proceeds a row of four or five well-defined dots to
near anal angle ; a large irregular suffused patch from one-fourth
of inner margin to anal angle occupying half of wing, in upper
portion are three much darker discal spots, one larger about
middle of wing, and two others beyond and placed one above the
other, all edged posteriorly with a small patch of ground-colour,
making them conspicuous ; cilia on upper-half of hindmargin and
apex reddish-orange, rest metallic-coppery. Hindwings and cilia
orange.

A fine species; the apex of wing is so rounded that vein 7
seems to fluctuate between apex and hindmargin. Kewell, Vic-
toria ; one specimen, from Mr. J. A. Kershaw.

177

ZONOPETALA (?) STENOPTERA, 1. Sp.

Male, 15 mm. Head, thorax, and palpi white, thorax with
a posterior fuscous patch or band; basal two-thirds of second
joint of palpi dark-fuscous, legs and abdomen yellowish, anterior
legs dark-fuscous. Forewings moderate, costa gently arched,
hindmargin obliquely rounded; white, somewhat ochreous-
tinged ; costal edge pale-yellowish throughout, except at base
and on second fascia ; a narrow blackish fascia at base ; a golden
brown, rather narrow fascia, dilated on costa and inner margin
from about one-fifth costa to middle of inner margin ; an inwards
curved similar fascia from three-fourths of costa to anal angle,
anteriorly edged with blackish and_ well-defined, posteriorly
suffused ; a fine fuscous streak from apex of this to above anal
angle ; a suffused fuscous patch near apex, containing a blackish
curved streak along hindmargin; cilia yellow, towards apex
fuscous-tinged. Hindwings pale yellowish, with a distinct
fuscous apical spot ; cilia yellow, fuscous-tinged at apex.

Trafalgar, Victoria; two specimens received from Mr. J. A.
Kershaw. As the heads of the specimens are covered partly
with mildew, I am not quite certain as to the proper genus. It
seems referable here.

KULECHRIA GYPSOTA, 1%. sp.

Male and female, 23-30 mm. Head, antenne, and thorax
greyish-fuscous. Palpi whitish, externally infuscated, especially
at apex of basal joint. Abdomen ochreous-fuscous, segments
greyish. Legs dark-fuscous, posterior pair ochreous-whitish.
Forewings moderate, elongate ; costa gently arched, apex
rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded ; whitish, with fuscous
markings somewhat suffused ; a broad costal streak from base to
two-thirds, posteriorly attenuated, leaving extreme costal edge
white ; a variable suffusion along inner margin from near base to
near anal angle; a black dot in dise at one-third and another
immediately below it, somewhat larger; a black dot in disc
beyond middle resting on costal streak, a variable suffusion in
middle of disc; a distinct crescentic mark beneath apex of central
streak, immediately followed by a variable suffusion above anal
angle ; a curved interrupted streak from costa near apex to anal
angle, indented beneath costa; a hindmarginal row of elongate
dots ; cilia grey-whitish. Hindwings rather dark-fuscous ; cilia
paler, with two indistinct grey lines.

Six specimens, Belair, 8.A., November 14th; beaten from
Eucalyptus. A conspicuous species belonging to the “ Adoxella
Group,” Meyr., but broader-winged.

EULECHRIA XANTHOCEPHALA, %. sp.
Male and female, 18-20 mm. Head orange, antenne fuscous,

M

178

ciliations two. Palpi and thorax ochreous-whitish, palpi exter-
nally fuscous. Abdomen grey, anal tuft yellowish. Forewings
elongate, moderate ; costa gently arched, apex somewhat pointed ;
hindmargin rounded, oblique; shining white, somewhat yellowish-
tinged, especially round margins ; costal edge blackish at base ;
markings blackish, well- defined - ; a small dot i in middle of wing : :
a similar spot before and below it ; a larger spot in disc at about
two-thirds; a similar spot at apex, and a longer one placed
obliquely between these, but nearer to apical one; cilia ochreous-
white, basal-half yellowish-tinged. Hindwings grey, cilia as in
forewings.

Several specimens at Blackwood and Highbury in March.
Allied to elgota, Meyr., but without any costal streak, and the
dots differently placed. In one specimen veins 4 and 5 of the
forewing are very closely approximated at base.

EULECHRIA ADELPHODES, 7. sp.

~ Male and female, 22-25 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax,
and legs dark fuscous, palpi irregularly suffused with whitish,
coxee of anterior legs white. Antenne obscurely annulated with
white ciliations. Abdomen greyish-fuscous, segmental margins
somewhat ochreous. Forewings elongate, costa somewhat sinuate
in middle, hindmargin obliquely rounded ; dark-fuscous, .irregu-
larly mixed with ashy-grey-whitish; markings very suffused,
hardly traceable ; a very thick black streak from base to middle
of disc, where it meets a tolerably well-defined small patch of
white scales; from lower extremity of this streak proceeds a
narrow black interrupted line from base to near anal angle; a
strongly-curved row of elongate black marks from three-fourths
of costa to three-fourths of\inner margin, those on upper portion
more elongate ; a hindmarginal row of elongate spots; cilia ashy-
grey-whitish, base sprinkled with black. Hindwings dark-fuscous ;
cilia grey, with darker basal and terminal lines.

Very near “athletis” and “ dryinodes,” Meyr., but markings
much thicker, hindwings darker and stronger built. On bark of
Eucalyptus rostrata, where they are difficult to discern; taken
at Parkside, S.A., commonly in May.

EULECHRIA LITHODORA, 7. Sp.

Male, 16 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, antenne, and abdomen
slaty-grey, posterior legs greyish-ochreous. Antenne whitish
towards base, ciliations two. Forewings moderate, costa slightly
arched, hindmargin obliquely rounded, slaty-grey ; a narrow
narrow whitish costal streak from very near base to apex ; cilia
pale slaty-grey, tips whitish. Hindwings dark-grey ; cilia grey-
whitish, basal half fuscous, lighter towards anal angle.

179

A neat-looking species, having a silky appearance, and some-
what the facies of a Philobota. One specimen at Blackwood in
November.

LINOSTICHA CHRYSOLOMA, 7”. sp.

Male, 10 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen
blackish, palpi internally whitish, second joint with a white
apical ring, terminal joint spotted with whitish at base. Legs
dark fuscous, posterior pair yellow, tibizee and tarsi ringed with
whitish. Forewings with costa slightly arched, apex rounded,
hindmargin obliquely rounded ; dark-fuscous ; cilia dark-fuscous,
tips lighter. Hindwings bronzy-fuscous; cilia golden-orange,
apical-third fuscous-tinged.

An interesting little species, known by the small size and
golden cilia of hindwings. One specimen, Parkside, in May.

LLINOSTICHA DICHROA, 7. Sp.

Male and female, 17-22 mm. Head and thorax dark-fuscous,
sprinkled with whitish. Palpi fuscous, minutely sprinkled with
whitish. Antenne fuscous, annulated with whitish. Abdomen
blackish. Legs dark-fuscous, anterior tibie banded with white,
posterior pair densely clothed with long orange hairs. Forewings
elongate, slightly dilated posteriorly ; costa nearly straight,
somewhat arched near apex ; apex round-pointed ; hindmargin
obliquely rounded ; dark-fuscous, more or less irrorated suffusedly
with whitish, so as to appear ashy-grey-whitish ; a black dot in
disc before middle, a second on fold obliquely beneath and
beyond it, and a third in disc at two-thirds ; a slender suffused
blackish streak beneath costa from base to third discal dot,
sometimes continued to anal angle; a hindmarginal row of
suffused black dots, continued along apical third of costa ; cilia
ashy-grey-whitish, tips paler. Hindwings clear-orange, paler in
some specimens ; cilia fuscous-yellowish.

Common at Parkside, in October, on post and rail fence
during a high wind. Probably dislodged from the adjoining
Eucalyptus rostrata ; the species is easily known by the hind-
wings. In the present genus vein 7 of the forewings extends
to the apex, but in the present species it is continued slightly
above, or more correctly to costa; though it is undoubtedly
rightly referred.

NEPHOGENES XYLOCHROA, 7. sp.

Male and female, 25 mm. Head, thorax, palpi, and antenne
ashy-fuscous. Legs dark-fuscous, posterior pair and all tibiz
light ochreous-yellow. Abdomen ochreous. Forewings elongate,
moderate, posteriorly dilated, especially in male; costa rather

180

strongly arched, apex rounded, hindmargin rounded oblique ;
fuscous, strewn with darker fuscous and whitish scales ; markings
blackish ; a suffused mark near base forming an indistinct fascia ;
a thick streak along costa from base to beyond middle, posteriorly
attenuated ; a dot in disc at one-third, another immediately below
it; an elongate spot midway but slightly beyond these ; two
spots immediately above this; an indistinct crescentic series of
three spots immediately below apex of costal streak ; a streak
from costa at about three-fourths to anal angle, indented below
costa; a hindmarginal series of dots, apical portion more
elongate ; cilia fuscous, at base yellow with a distinct darker
median line. Hindwings and cilia ochreous, more or less fuscous-
tinged. In the female the markings are almost obliterated
through the density of the ground-colour, and the hindwings are
darker.

This species is usually found at rest on trunks of Hucalyptus,
and are consequently difficult to perceive on account of their
colour. Two specimens were taken at light, Parkside, in Sep-
tember ; and eight specimens in October.

PHILOBOTA PLATYPTERA, 7. Sp.

Male, 36 mm. Head, thorax, and palpi slaty-grey. Abdomen
grey-whitish, posterior segments dull-orange. Antenne whitish-
ochreous. Legs fuscous, posterior pair ochreous-whitish. Fore-
wings elongate ovate, moderate, broad ; costa gently arched, apex
rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded; slaty-grey, extreme
costal edge blackish ; a broad white costal streak from base to
near apex, attenuated posteriorly, margined beneath throughout
by a dark slaty-grey shade, more pronounced anteriorly where it
becomes blackish; cilia greyish, terminal-half lighter. Hindwings
ochreous-grey whitish ; cilia grey.

One fine specimen beaten from Styphelia Sonderi at Teatree
Gully, 8.A., Ist September. The largest of the genus, and very
distinct from any other species.

PuHiLopotTa I[Dz, xn. sp.

Male and female, 22-24 mm. Head and thorax orange, thorax
with an anterior light-fuscous spot. Palpi ochreous-whitish,
externally infuscated, except at base. Antenne fuscous. Abdomen
and legs pale yellowish-ochreous, anterior and middle pair infus-
cated. Forewings elongate, costa slightly arched, apex round-
pointed, hindmargin oblique ; shining snow-white, with brownish
markings ; a thick streak from base to costa at three-fourths,
thence continued along costa to apex, leaving costal edge for its
own width white ; extreme costal edge fuscous ; lower edge of

18]

brown streak emitting two large teeth, one before one-half, and
one at about two-thirds, larger and strongly curved inwards ; an
irregular streak from base of subcostal streak to anal angle,
upper edge with two projections, first almost touching first tooth
of subcostal streak, second near anal angle ; a streak along inner
margin, with a projection upwards near middle, from base and
joining median streak at second tooth ; an elongate wedge-shaped
spot from anal angle reaching about three-fourths across wing ;
anterior edge suffused, posterior sharply defined ; a suffused hind-
marginal line, anteriorly suffusedly edged with a streak of orange;
a nearly straight orange streak from base to anal angle, cut in
middle and at base by the median biangulated line ; cilia dark-
fuscous, tips paler, with a snow-white tooth at apex. Hindwings
fuscous, apex ochreous-tinged ; cilia pale-greyish, ochreous-tinged
round apex.

Five specimens, taken at Blackwood by my sister, to whom I
have dedicated it. A remarkably distinct and beautiful species,
most allied to cosema, Meyr.

PHILOBOTA PORPHRYXANTHA, 7. sp.

Male, 22 mm. Head yellow, palpi yellowish, thorax purplish-
fuscous, yellow posteriorly, and with a yellow spot on each
shoulder. Antenne, abdomen, and legs dark-fuscous, posterior
legs yellowish. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex
pointed, hindmargin very obliquely rounded; bright yellow ;
markings purplish-black ; a moderate fascia at base, apex con-
tinued narrowly along to about one-third, posteriorly attenuated ;
a thick streak proceeding from submedian fold before middle to
costa beyond middle, and continued along it to apex, posteriorly
attenuated ; from middle of lower portion of this streak proceeds
a somewhat thicker streak direct to anal angle ; a moderate
streak along hindmargin from anal angle to apex, dilated above ;
cilia dark-fuscous, base yellowish-tinged. Hindwings dark-
fuscous ; cilia as in forewings, but more yellowish round anal
angle.

Stawell, Victoria; ten specimens. Nearest ophiodes, Mey., and
the preceding species, but differs in position of markings and
shape of wing.

Ca@sYRA PORPHYRYPLACA, 7. sp.

Male, 17 mm. Head and palpi orange-yellow, legs and
antenne dark-fuscous, posterior pair yellowish. All tibiz and
tarsi ringed with yellowish, thorax purplish-fuscous, abdomen
fuscous, anal tuft orange. Forewings elongate, costa slightly
arched, apex somewhat pointed, hindmargin obliquely rounded ;
orange; a narrow oblique black fascia at base ; a large reddish-

182

purplish patch, nearly occupying posterior half of wing, anteriorly
edged with darker, from three-fifths costa to beyond middle of
inner margin, strongly curved; cilia orange, on anal angle
fuscous-tinged. Hindwings and cilia ochreous-fuscous.

Port Lincoln, 8.A.; one specimen. Perhaps a variety of
dichroélla, Zell., but the form of fascia is quite different, and
wing more rounded.

MAcCROBATHRA PARACENTRA, 12. Sp).

Female, 17 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax yellowish-ochreous,
terminal joint of palpi externally fuscous, thorax with a purplish
quadrate anterior spot. Antenne fuscous, annulated with yellow,
abdomen and legs dark-fuscous, posterior pair yellow. Forewings
elongate lanceolate ; ochreous yellow; extreme base of costa
dark-fuscous ; a curved brownish-purple, on lower-half black,
anterior edge of fascia from two-thirds costa to one-half inner
margin, posterior from two-thirds costa to anal angle ; a purplish-
fuscous hindmarginal patch indented in middle anteriorly ; cilia
yellow, at anal angle fuscous. Hindwings and cilia fuscous.

Immediately recognisable by absence of first fascia. One
specimen, Gisborne, Victoria (G. Lyell, jr.).

MACROBATHRA ISOSCELANA, %. Sj).

Female, 19 mm. Head, thorax, and antenne dark fuscous,
antenne slightly annulated, palpi fuscous, internally edged with
whitish, tip of terminal joint whitish. Abdomen greyish, anal
tuft yellowish. Legs fuscous, tibie and tarsi ringed with white,
posterior pair ochreous-fuscous. Forewings elongate, lanceolate ;
dark purplish-fuscous ; a conspicuous yellow triangular spot on
costa at three-fourths; cilia fuscous, tips paler, at anal angle
greyish. Hindwings greyish-fuscous ; cilia greyish-fuscous, tips
paler.

One specimen, Blackwood, 25th October. A neat and easily
recognised species; in the neighbourhood of JL. porphyrea,
Meyr.

GLYPHIPTERYGID.
GLYPHIPTERYX LYELLIANA, 7. Sp.

Male and female, 15-16 mm. Head, thorax, antenne, and
abdomen blackish-fuscous, anal tuft yellowish. Collar broadly
dark-ochreous. Palpi golden-ochreous, apex of terminal joint
blackish. Legs blackish-fuscous, apex of tarsi obscurely ringed
with whitish. Forewings moderate, costa gently arched, apex
round-pointed, hindmargin rounded, rather oblique ; dark golden-
ochreous, with brassy-metallic markings, well-defined and irregu-
larly margined with black scales ; a curved line from middle of

eo
(o2)
eo

base to inner margin before middle, but not quite reaching it; a
curved, anteriorly produced fascia from one-fourth of costa to
one-third of disc, reaching half-across wing; a slightly curved
fascia from middle of costa to middle of inner margin, contracted
in centre; a strongly curved streak from two-thirds of costa to
about middle of disk ; a streak from apex to immediately above
anal angle, near and parallel to hindmargin, apical portion
whitish, and produced along costa posteriorly ; midway between
last two streaks is an elongate spot; an irregular triangular
patch above anal angle, at the upper extremity of which are two
very distinct black dots, one on each side; cilia grey-whitish,
with a blackish basal line. Hindwings dark-fuscous ; cilia hght-
fuscous, with a whitish basal line.

Two specimens from Mr. G. Lyell, junr., of Gisborne, Victoria,
an esteemed correspondent, to whom I have dedicated the species.
It is immediately recognisable by the black spots above anal
angle.
GLYPHIPTERYX PLATYDISEMA, 7. Sp.

Male and female, 8-10 mm. MHead, antennz, thorax, palpi,
and abdomen dark-fuscous, palpi with three rings of whitish
scales, segments of abdomen and anal-tuft whitish, legs blackish,
tarsi and tibia broadly-banded with white. Forewings moderate,
slightly dilated posteriorly, apex pointed, hindmargin sinuate
beneath apex; blackish-fuscous, somewhat purple shining; a
broad, straight, whitish fascia from one-sixth costa to one-sixth
inner margin, posterior edge with a slight concavity above
middle ; a similar, almost parallel, fascia from two-fifths costa to
about middle of inner margin, slightly attenuated on costa; a
violet metallic line from beyond middle of costa to anal angle,
slightly angulated outwards in middle ; three short whitish fascia
from costa between this and apex, lower portion violet metallic,
the first longest, reaching half-way across wing; some golden-
metallic scales along hindmargin at anal angle and towards apex ;
cilia blackish, terminal one-half white, with a blackish tooth at
apex, and a whitish indentation at about middle of hindmargin.
Hindwings and cilia dark-fuscous.

Allied to G. meteora, Meyr., but distinct by the two anterior
fascia going right across wing, and other points. Four speci-
mens, bred by Mr. G. Lyell, Jun., of Gisborne, Victoria; larve
feed in stems of rushes.

GLYPHIPTERYX HALIMOPHILA, ”. Sp.

Male and female, 7-9 mm. Head and thorax shining-bronzy-
fuscous, thorax with a longitudinal white stripe on each side.
Palpi fuscous, with black rings, whorl of hairs whitish. Antenne
blackish. Abdomen shining-bronzy-fuscous. Legs dark-fuscous,

184

tarsi with whitish apical rings, posterior tibie with whitish cen-
tral and apical rings. Forewings moderate, slightly dilated,
shining-ochreous-bronze ; markings white, margined with black,
a longitudinal streak from base to two-thirds, separated from
inner margin by its own width of ground-colour; an oblique
streak from costa before middle, reaching about half-across wing ;
a similar streak hardly beyond middle, and a streak from anay
angle, extremities meeting, latter portion metallic-purple; a
streak from two-thirds of costa to anal angle, lower two-thirds
purplish-metallic; a triangular tooth immediately before apex
containing two wedge-shaped streaks of ground-colour, broader
beneath ; a round black spot immediately below apex, its lower
edge containing a few purple-metallic scales ; a patch of purple-
metallic scales near anal angle, almost confluent with third costal
streak ; cilia dark-fuscous, tips white ; a white tooth immediately
below apex, and another below the round black spot. Hind-
wings fuscous ; cilia fuscous, paler towards base.

Common at Glenelg, 8.A., in September, frequenting Lepido-
sperma gladiatum. In markings allied to Phrygonostola euthy-
belemna, Meyrick, but differs in position and breadth of markings,
besides being a smaller insect.

DEPRESSARID A,

PACHYCERA CATORYCTOPSIS, 7”. sp.

Male and female, 23-27. Head and antenne white, antenne
beneath annulated with fuscous, palpi, thorax and legs ashy-
grey-whitish, hairs of posterior legs yellowish-tinged, abdomen
grey. Forewings moderate, costa gently arched, hindmargin
obliquely rounded; fuscous, suffusedly mixed with whitish; a
white streak along costa from base to beyond middle, attenuated
posteriorly and continued to near apex, the anterior portion con-
taining a fine grey line, lower portion edged with a fine black
line; an elongate white mark in middle of wing, outlined with
black ; a thick white streak from base along fold, suffusedly con-
tinued to near anal angle, partially edged below with a fine
black line; all veins towards hindmargin sharply defined by
black lines, interspaces filled with white ; a hindmarginal row of
black dots; cilia ashy-grey-whitish, tips darker. Hindwings
grey ; cilia white, with a darker line.

Highbury and Blackwood in March; four specimens. Re-
sembles greatly Catoryctis tricrena, Meyr., one of the Xyloryctide.

ELACHISTID.
STATHMOPODA CALLICHRYSA, %. Sp.

Female, 12 mm. Head and palpi ochreous-yellow, thorax

185

purplish-fuscous, abdomen dark-fuscous, anal tuft yellowish.
Legs and antenne fuscous. Forewings elongate, apex pointed
bright golden-yellow ; a purplish fuscous basal patch, hardly as
wide as wing ; a similar patch occupying apical one-half of wing,
and a narrow line along costa connecting the two; cilia golden-
brown. Hindwings and cilia golden-brown.

One specimen bred from Wattle-gall (species of Acacia un-
known), by Mr. J. A. Kershaw, of Melbourne, Victoria, Novem-
ber 24, 1892.

186

ON THE POISONOUS CONSTITUENTS OF
STEPHANIA HERNANDIFOLIA,

By Proressor Epwarp H. Rennisz, M.A., D.Sc., and
EK. F. Turner.

[Read June 6, 1893.]

Some considerable time ago, Dr. Thomas L. Bancroft, of
Brisbane, forwarded to us for examination a quantity of the
roots of Stephania hernandifolia, Walpers. He had found that
an extract of the roots was exceedingly poisonous to frogs, and
published an account of his experiments in vol. IV. (series 2nd)
of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales
(27th November, 1889.) He pointed out that the physiological
action of the active substance appeared to be identical with that
of picrotoxin, the active principle of Cocculws, a genus of the
same order as Stephania, but having failed to obtain picrotoxin
from the plant, he suspected the poisonous effects to be due to an
alkaloid.

In order to isolate the active substances, the following method
was adopted :—The roots cut up into fragments were exhausted
with boiling alcohol, the alcohol distilled off, the residue extracted
repeatedly with boiling water, and the solution filtered. While
still warm basic lead acetate was added, and the liquid filtered
again through linen. The excess of lead was then precipitated
by dilute sulphuric acid, and the acid liquid, after filtration,
extracted with chloroform. The chloroform having been distilled
off, the residue, which was crystalline, was repeatedly recrys-
tallised from boiling water till colourless and apparently pure.
Various samples of the substance thus prepared melted at tem-
peratures varying from 193° C. to 197° C. The substance so
obtained closely resembled picrotoxin in external characters, and
was intensely bitter. The melting point of picrotoxin is var-
iously given as from 199° to 201° C. Authorities differ as to its
exact composition, and it is apparently very liable to decomposition
and change. According to the latest and most authoritative
statements there are two substances, much alike, and both very
bitter and poisonous, called picrotoxin and picrotoxinin, the latter
arising from the decomposition of the former, the formule
ascribed to these substances being respectively C,)H3,O,, and

C,;H,,O¢

18%

The substance obtained by us gave the following results on
combustion :—

Substance taken. COR. eaty ZO:
-2128 A756 26
“224 ‘4710 DOs

Calculated for Calculated for Found
Cie ls ed COR Cy gE 0). I II
C 59-80 61:64 60°95 60:5
He 5°64 ara 6°50 5-49
On754-56 32°89 —— —-
100-00 100-00

A sample of picrotoxin purchased some time ago was subjected
to various modes of treatment, being recrystallised in different
ways, and gave the following percentage of carbon and
hydrogen :—

Carbon ... 60°66 61-06 60°10 61:90 60:79

Hydrogen... — 6°31 5°78 6:20 5°91

It will be seen that the figures obtained by us for the substance
from Stephania come well within the limits of those obtained
from different samples of genuine picrotoxin. We have no doubt
whatever, therefore, that the crystalline substance obtained as
above described from Stephania-roots is picrotoxin, or a mixture
of picrotoxin and picrotoxinin. Dr. Stirling kindly injected
some of the aqueous solution into the dorsal lymph sac of a frog.
Violent convulsions speedily set in, resulting in death—a result
quite in accordance with the known physiological effects of
picrotoxin.

There was, however, reason to suspect that some other poison-
ous matter was present in the roots besides that just described.
The acid liquid, therefore, from which the picrotoxin had been
thoroughly extracted by chloroform, was made alkaline with
caustic soda. This caused the precipitation of a substance
which, however, dissolved in excess of soda, but was partially
reprecipitated on the addition of sodium bicarbonate. The
precipitate was filtered off, and the alkaline solution extracted
with ether. The ether, on evaporation, left a yellow amorphous
mass which gave all the characteristic reactions of an alkaloid ;
but from which no crystalline salts could be obtained. Its chief
chemical characteristic was the brilliant green colouration which
it gave on the addition of strong sulphuric acid. We at first
suspected the presence of berberine, but all efforts to isolate this
alkaloid have so far failed. The yellow alkaloid was not obtained
in sufficient quantity for analysis. It is very easily decomposed ;
for instance, if dissolved in dilute acetic acid and evaporated on

188

the water bath or even im vacuo, the residue is darker in colour,
and partly insoluble in water, but if the solution be made alkaline
and again extracted with ether, the yellow residue is again
obtained on evaporation. A solution of this substance is
intensely poisonous, but possesses physiological properties very
different from those of picrotoxin. Injected into the dorsal
lymph-sac of a frog in a large dose it produced complete
paralysis and speedy death without convulsions.

No definite satisfactory results could be obtained with the
substance referred to above, as partially precipitated from the
caustic soda solution or addition of sodium bicarbonate; but it
appeared to possess poisonous properties.

We forwarded a small quantity of the solution of the yellow
alkaloid to Dr. Bancroft, who sent us the following account of
its effects :—‘ This substance was intensely poisonous, and _ pro-
duced death in a frog in quite a different manner from the
‘Stephania’ extract, or from picrotoxin. There was excessive
vomiting at first, then extreme irritability, so that the slightest
touch produced exaggerated movements. The reflex excitability
of the spinal chord was increased quite as much, or more perhaps,
than by strychnine, yet there were no tetanic convulsions pro-
duced. Nevertheless there were what might be termed moderate
convulsions. I suppose if the dose were very great death would
occur without convulsions, yet it would be hardly right to say
there were no convulsions, if less then a lethal dose be given.
There are some remarkable phenomena connected with the respira-
tion, leading one to think the substance was a respirating stimul-
ant. It seems to have no bad effect on the heart.”

Perhaps in the future we may be able to do more towards the
investigation of these substances, but at present the material is
exhausted and time is wanting.

—_—
(o4)
Ne)

ON SOME NEW SPECIES OF AUSTRALIAN
MARINE GASTROPODA.
By Proressor Raupw Tare.
PuateE I.
[Read June 6, 1893.]
Sipho (?) mimeticus, spec. nov. Pl. i., fig. 10.

Shell pyriform, imperforate, uniformly sordid-white, whor]s
four and a-half, suture distinct but not canaliculate ; embryo of
one and a-half turns, naticiform, smooth ; first spire-whorl and
anterior-half of second angulated medially ; the rest angulated
over the suture, flatly-convex behind, with five revolving threads

at the posterior suture a double thread which is slightly cren-
ulated by oblique slender cost fading-off anteriorly into threads.

Body-whorl ventricose in front of the periphery, periphery
ornamented with subacute nodulose crenatures (about twelve),
posterior area slightly concave with five raised threads finely and
closely elevate-striated in the intervals, at the suture a thickened
lira which is slightly crenulated ; anterior part of body-whorl
with raised threads, which are more or less equal and equi-
distant.

Aperture rhomboid-oval; outer lip smooth within ; columella
covered with a thin callus, regularly concave; the base is
gradually contracted into a moderately-elongated snout, nearly as
long as the aperture, bent to the left and slightly upturned.

Dimensions.—Total length, 15-5; greatest diameter, 8-5; length
of aperture, 12; width of aperture, 4.

IHabitat.—Dredged by Mr. E. H. Matthews, on December 31,
1888, from a sandy bottom on Tapley’s Shoal, about eight miles
off Edithburgh, in 12 to 16 fathoms (one dead specimen).

Affinity.—This shell is probably immature and its generic
location is uncertain. It has a general resemblance to Mulgwr
canaliculatus, Linn., from the young of which it is separable by
its more ventricose body-whorl, shorter and more tortuous snout,
and generically by the absence of a columella-fold. It bears a
resemblance to some species of Sycwm, though the form of the
embryo and the smooth test in that genus prohibit its attach-
ment thereto. It is also like Streptosiphon porphyrostoma, which
has, however, an oblique double fold on the columella.

Taking separately the conchological characters of this shell

190

not one of them will exclude it from Szpho, though the facies is
not proper to this genus; here I tentatively place it, awaiting
fuller material to determine its proper classificatory position.

Columbella (Mitrella) vineta, svec. nov. Pl. i., fig. 11.

Shell small, narrowly oval, shining lght-horn (dead shells
white) with a revolving red or brown band next to the anterior
suture. Nuclear whorls one and a-half, smooth, globose, with a
small blunt tip. Spire-whorls five, very slightly convex (abruptly
but feebly so at the posterior suture). Aperture oval, outer lip
7-dentate within.

Dimensions.—Height, 9°5 to 10; diameter, 4°25.

Localities.—Fowler and Streaky Bays, Middleton, and Cape
Northumberland, 8. Australia; also north coast of Tasmania.

This species in respect of coloration is readily recognised by
its brown band, which though of variable width is always mar-
gined with white at the posterior suture; the band is usually
uninterrupted, but is occasionally scalloped at its posterior mar-
gin, or at both margins on the body-whorl. In shape and size it
is near C. dictua, Ten.-Woods, but is narrower, and the whorls
are not so flat; also near C. lineolata, Pease, but is much
narrower. The proportion of height to width is, in C. vincta,
100 to 45 and 42:5; in C. dictua, 100 to 47.

Cerithiopsis marmorata, spec. nov.

Shell elongately acuminated, marbled with white and brown,
encircled by rounded cinguli and axially striated in the intervals.
On the posterior whorls there are four cinguli; five on the
penultimate ; five on the body-whorl posterior to the periphery,
with or without a slender one interposed between the first and
second from the suture; the base with one cingulus in front of
the periphery.

Dimensions.—Height, 15 (estimated) ; width, 3:25.

Localities—Head of Great Australian Bight, Streaky and
Fowler Bays, St. Vincent Gulf, Middleton, Cape Northumber-
land.

Affinity.—This species is more elender than C. crocea, and
stouter than C. purpurea, but with a distinctive coloration.
In ornament it approximates to C. crocea, but appears to have
more cinguli on the body-whorl.

Bittium estuarinum, spec. nov. PI. v., fig. 12.
B. pyramidale,* Tate, m.s.

* As the name pyramidale is already occupied in some closely-related
genera, ¢.g., Potamides and Cerithium, I have thought it safer to select
that of estuarinum, which is not in use for any species of the Family
Cerithiidz, and thus avoid the possibility of duplication.

On

Shell elongate, stoutish; apex acute; whorls about twelve,
convex, the uppermost whorls angulated medially, covered with a
bluish-black to grey epidermis beneath which the colour is
reddish ; suture distinct. Base convex. Aperture circular,
slightly angulated and effuse at the base of the columella;
shining-black within; outer lip thin and arcuate; columella
arched, obliquely excavated so as to form a slightly-raised border
exterilorly. Operculum circular and multispiral.

Ornament consisting of depressed spiral threads, five or six on
the penultimate whorl, and of slightly-arched plice (from eleven
to fifteen on penultimate whorl) which terminate abruptly at the
second lira from the anterior suture ; the lire as they pass over
the plice produce nodular crenatures; the whole surface is
sculptured with fine arcuate strie. The plice vary much in
strength, rarely obsolete ; in the latter case the shell approxi-
mates to 6. Lawleyanwm, from which it is conspicuously
distinguished by its elongate form, less dense, and more thread-
like spiral ornament. The base is concentrically ridged and
transversely striated.

Dimensions.—Of a large specimen, length 22, major diameter
of base, 5; of a medium-sized specimen, length 17, major
diameter of body-whorl, 4:5. The proportion of length to the
basal diameter varies from 100 to 22°5 to 100 to 33; but the
extremely-broad forms are rare.

Habitat.—Living on the mud, between tide-marks, Port
Adelaide Creek; Franklin Harbour; in shallow water on
Zostere in Lake MacDonald, West Coast.

Affinity.—The plicate ornament without distinctive granula-
tion reduces the comparison of this species to a very few
congeners ; but the non-plicate supra-sutural area, the number of
the spiral lire and the elongate form separate it from all of
them.

Torinia foveolata, spec. nov. Pl. i., fig. 13-13a.

Shell small, depressed, slightly convex, semitransparent-white ;
whorls of rather slow increase, four, separated by an impressed
suture, but not conspicuously channelled. Last whorl angulated
at the periphery ; base rounded, profundly and widely umbilic-
ated. Aperture quadrately rounded.

Ornament of penultimate whorl consisting of four spiral rib-
lets (of which one in the anterior-third is the strongest), and
slightly-oblique transverse threads (nearly as stout as the largest
of the spirals); the intersection of the spiral and transverse
threads produce rhombic pits, within which are a few spiral
strie ; the largest spiral riblet is delicately granulated at the
intersections with the transverse threads. The body-whorl has a
gemmulated keel, the medial portion of thé upper surface has two

192

gemmulated ribs of about equal magnitude, at the suture there
is a double smaller rib, and there is a finer one posterior to the
periphery. The transverse riblets of the penultimate whorl with
increasing revolution of the whorls become more slender and
closer together, and thus the fenestrated ornament is somewhat
obscured on the front part of the body-whorl. Below the peri-
phery there are about five revolving equal-sized ribs, more or less
gemmulated at the intersections of transverse sigmoidal threads,
the one margining the umbilicus most conspicuously so. The
umbilical wall has about five flat threads crossed by lamella-like
strie.

Dimensions.—Height, 1:75; basal diameters, 4°25; and 5
(viz) ; major diameter of umbilicus, 2:5 (via).

Localities.—Three dead shells, Aldinga Bay and Semaphore.

Affinity—The conspicuous oblique ribbing and very wide
umbilicus are characters which separate this species from the
majority of its congeners. Its near allies are 7. aspera and
T. fenestrata, but it is flatter than the former, and more angu-
lated than the latter; unacquainted with either, except by
Tryon’s figures and descriptions, a critical comparison is not
possible.

Turbo (Astralium) rutidoloma,* spec. nov. Pl. i., fig. 9.

Shell lenticular-conoid, about equally sloping above and below
from the angular periphery; whorls four and a-half, flat, the
embryonic one and a-half whorls fimbriated at the suture;
umbilicus minute. Operculum as in 7’. awreus.

Upper-surface of body-whorl with a stout and a broad lira
next the suture, which is transversely crenulate-ridged ; peri-
phery bluntly angled by a slightly compressed convex keel,
which is obsoletely crenulated ; between the keel and the sutural
band are three granulose lire about equidistant and equal-sized
but the anterior one is close to the keel (in senile specimens a
small lira is interposed next the suture, and there is a tendency
in the granules of the lire to become somewhat confluent); the
intervals between the lire are smooth. The base has four
granulose lire ; the umbilical region is bounded by a broad ridge,
which is broken-up into claviform tubercles obliquely disposed.

Colour greenish-brown in living specimens, flesh-coloured with
rufous lire and darker-tinted at the suture and keel in beach-
examples. The interior of the aperture of living examples is
greenish and of a pearly lustre.

Dimensions.—Height, 7:5; basal diameters, 10°5 and 12.

Localities.—At low tides, Moonta Bay (Messrs. Maughan and
McDougall); in eight fathoms, Hardwicke Bay (Dr. Verco).

* Tn allusion to the,wrinkled border at the anterior suture.

193

Affinity.—This species has a general resemblance to Astraliwm
aureum, but is more depressed, umbilicated, and has a different
ornamentation and coloration.

Claneulus consobrinus, spec. nov. Pl. i., figs. 1, la.

Shell perforate, depressed, pinkish-brown, sparsely black-dotted.
Spire low-conic, apex acute ; whorls tive, suture subcanaliculate ;
body-whorl obtusely bi-angular at the periphery, base somewhat
convex. Aperture rounded, oblique ; outer and basal margins
lirate-dentate. Columella oblique, neither tortuous above nor
entering the umbilicus; its front edge plain, except a tooth at the
base. Umbilicus wide and deep, its margin crenate-dentate.

Ornament of penultimate whorl of four equal and equidistant
granulose lire, and obliquely-transverse raised threads; of the
body-whorl, a small granulose lira interposed between the third
and fourth, anterior to the fourth are two smaller equally-distant
from one another, the fifth is slightly granulose, whilst the sixth,
which is at the periphery, is broad and obtuse ; the interspaces
between the lire are faintly spirally striate; base with seven
concentric lire, the inner ones subgranose, the outer ones plain,
with a few coincident striz in the interspaces.

Dimensions.— Height, 8; basal diameters, 14 and 12 mm.

Localities.—Cast-up: Holdfast and Aldinga Bays, S. Yorke
Peninsula ; Head of Great Australian Bight (several examples).
Dead shells dredged in Yankilla Bay, Backstairs Passage, and
Corney Point in 30 fathoms (Dr. Verco ).

Affinity.—This species has the form of C. plebeius, but I can-
not attach it to any of its recognisable varieties or to any
described congener. It is slightly more depressed than C. plebeius,
whilst it attains nearly twice the size ; the umbilicus is deeper,
reaching to or beyond the junction of the penultimate and last
whorls. The absence of the trenchant tessellated sculpture and the
equidistant granular lire of the posterior area of the body-whorls
are distinctive characters, which are furnished by the ornament.

Claneulus euchelioides, spec. nov. Pl. i., fig. 8.

Shell turbinately concoid, somewhat solid, opaque, concolorous
(reddish); whorls about six, the ordinary spire-whorls separated
by a canaliculate suture and flattened posteriorly, the last whorl
convex in the anterior-third ; base flatly convex, falsely umbili-
cated, the columella entering the umbilical depression, which is
shallow and moderately narrow. Aperture oblique, rhomboid-
oval ; outer lip slightly depressed at the suture; outer and basal
margins thin, lirate, and iridescent within (the lire not extending
to the margin). Columella oblique, straight, rib-like, with an
attenuated keel elevated into a tooth-like prominence at the base,
_ and separated from the basal margin of the aperture by a deep

N

194

notch. (Immature shells are without the columella-characters).
Operculum multispiral.

Ornament of early spire-whorls consisting of three plain
cinguli, the posterior one smaller than the others ; of penultimate
whorl with a riblet between anterior suture and first cingulus,
between first and second, and second and third cinguli; of last
whorl with seven cinguli on the upper-surface and interposed
riblet here and there, base with seven cinguli, with an interposed
riblet in the one or two exterior sulci; there is no conspicuous
rib margining the umbilical area. The whole surface of the shell
(except apical whorls) is sculptured with fine close oblique striz,
which pass over the principal cinguli, which occasionally show a
tendency to granulation.

Dimensions of a large specimen:—Height, 6°25; basal
diameters, 5:75 and 6:5.

Localities.—Living at low tide-mark, under stones, Moonta Bay
(UM. Maughan and McDougall); off Rapid Bay Head, in 10 to 12
fms. ; off Corney Point, in 30 fms., and off Rickaby (Dr. Verco).

This Euchelus-like shell, which has been known to me for
several years, [ had thought might be immature; but it is only
recently that I have had the opportunity of studying a large
suite of specimens, which permits me to alter my opinion. The
simplicity of the apertural and umbilical characters combined
with those afforded by the ornamentation are such as to render
unnecessary a comparison with other species of the genus.

Thalotia neglecta, spec. nov. Pl. i., fig. 6.

I separate under the above name a shell, which has been con-
founded with 7’. chlorostoma with which it agrees in its arcuate
and truncated columella, but is without the acutely-carinated
periphery, and thus establishes a passage from Z'halotia to the
section Odontotrochus, though it has more of the facies of the
latter than the former.

The columella, as in 7’. chlorostoma, is sharply defined by a
coincident umbilical depression. The species differs by the
absence of the supra-sutural carina, its slightly convex whorls,
and less elevated spire.

The whorls, eight in number, have the spiral and transverse
ornament, as in 7. chlorostoma. The colour is usually brown
or yellowish, spotted with white or brown-white blotches, and
more or less with white and brown above the suture and on the
periphery, rarely unicolorous (greenish-yellow).

Adult specimens, as shown by the thickened outer lip bevelled
to a sharp edge, have been dredged in life on Troubridge Shoal,
St. Vincent Gulf, in six fathoms, by Mr. Matthews. Taken
abundantly, living and dead, in St. Vincent and Spencer Gulfs
at various depths from 5 to 15 fathoms (Dr. Verco ).

195

Dimensions.— Height, 18; basal diameters, 13:5 and 15.

A single specimen of what may prove to be a distinct species
allied to 7’. chlorostoma, taken at Geugraphe Bay, W. Australia,
is of a buft colour, except the red-tinged apical whorls, the
oblique striz are obsolete, and the revolving lire are replaced by
linear sulci.

Calliostoma spinulosum, spec. nov. Pl. i., fig. 7.

Shell small, imperforate, broadly conical, pale reddish-yellow
with small white blotches ; whorls six and a-half, slightly imbri-
cating ; base almost flat.

Ornament of penultimate whorl consisting of three spiral lire
crossed by equal-sized, stout, slightly obtuse, oblique ridges ; the
interstitial pits deep, rhombic, smooth ; the points of intersection
of the spirals and oblique coste are produced into spiniform
granules. The lire diminish in size from the anterior to the
posterior suture ; the oblique ridges being as stout as the median
spiral. The spiral ridges on the body-whorl are increased by a
slender lira interposed between the first and the second, and by a
subperipheral lira nearly equal in size to the peripheral one, the
two together forming a truncated sulcated keel. Base with about
six concentric liree, somewhat depressed, subacute, and showing a
tendency to subgranulose, crossed by strong radial growth-lines.

Dimensions.—Height, 5; basal diameters, 4 and 4-5.

Locality.—Moonta Bay ; one living example receive | from the
late Mr. McDougall.

A ffinity.—This exquisite little shell is readily distinguished
from all congeners, except C. rubropunctatum, A. Adams, by its
clathrate and echinate ornament; from that species it would
seem to differ by its subimbricating whorls and fewer lire.

Euchelus fenestratus, spec. nov. Pl. i, fig. 2.

Shell imperforate, oval-conic, solid, thick ; spire conical, whorls
four and a-half, suture canaliculate by reason of the approxima-
tion of the infra- and supra-sutural lire, Aperture rounded,
oblique; outer margin lirate, basal margin tuberculate.
Columella concave, its margin sharp and nearly straight, fur-
nished with a sharp tooth at the base succeeded by a deep basal
notch ; the first tubercle on the basal margin is equal in size to
the columellar denticle.

Ornament of strong spiral ribs decussated by less elevated
oblique ribs, which cut the interstices into rhombic pits ; at the
intersections the spiral ribs are subnodulose. On the penultimate
whorl there are three lire, the posterior one of which is much
smaller than the others ; the latter by their prominence give the
whorl a biangulate section. The body-whorl, the convexity of
which is only slightly interrupted, has six lire, of the three in

196

front of the periphery the posterior one is nearly as prominent
as the peripheral one.

Colour white, with spots of reddish-brown on the lire, grouped
in nearly axial lines across the anterior-half of the penultimate
whorl, and across the body-whorl to its base.

Dimensions.—Height, 4; diameter, 3°25.

Habitat.—West Australia, exact locality not known. (Three
examples in my collection.)

Affinities—In its clathrate ornament, elevated spire, and
biangulated whorls, this new species resembles #. angulatus,
Pease, #. pauperculus, Lischke, £. scrobiculatus, Souverbie, but
differs from them inter alia by its unidentate columella.
EF. instrictus, Gould, may perhaps approach nearer, but the
Australian shell has fewer lire, and the transverse ornament is
closer and finer; and though the mouth-aperture is similar, yet
the Polynesian shell is deeply umbilicate.

Euchelus pumilio, spec. nov. Pl. i., fig. 3.

The shells to which I give this name are closely related to those
of the foregoing species, Z. fenestratus, they differ by their more
rapidly-increasing whorls, in having two stout lire on the penul-
timate-whorl, five on the body-whorl, the stouter and more
distant transverse riblets which, moreover, are less oblique or
nearly axial in direction, and by the feebler nodosities on the
lire. The colour-spots are usually confluent on the axial riblets.

Dimensions.—Height, 3 ; diameter, 3°25.

Localities.—Fowler Bay and Head of Great Australian Bight.
(Six examples in my collection.)

Euchelus vixumbilicatus, spec. nov. Pl. i., fig. 4.

Shell similar to Z. scabriusculus, but relatively broader and
the whorls more convex. The penultimate whorl has four narrow
subequal and equidistant cinguli latticed by nearly equally thick
oblique cost, which produce slight granulations on the cinguli
and divide-up the surface into rhombic spaces. This open latticed
ornament, though present in #. scabriusculus, is almost concealed
by the closeness of the thick cinguli, which are densely studded
with granules. There are fourteen beaded cinguli on the body-
whorl between the beaded umbilical border and the suture. The
colour is white, with pink spots; but the shell has not been seen
in a fresh state.

Dimensions.—Height, 5°5 ; basal diameters, 5:5 and 5.

Localities.—West coast of South Australia (many examples);
Hardwicke Bay (one example); also West Australia.

Euchelus annectans, spec. nov.
This species has the same shape as the preceding, but differs in
the following particulars:—The penultimate whorl has five

197

beaded cinguli fenestrated in the sulci; the last whorl usually
with ten cinguli; there is no umbilicus and no prominent beaded
cingulus bounding the umbilical region.
Dimensions.—Height, 5 (vix); basal diameters, 4 and 5.
Habitat.—West Australia; exact locality not known (six
examples).
Euchelus ampullus, spec. nov. Pl. 1.,*fig. 5

Shell globose-conic, imperforate in the young, narr owly umbili-
cated or reduced to a fissure in the adult ; ; whitish, spotted with
red on the revolving ribs ; spire-whorls quadrate, separated by a
linear suture ; last whorl convex, except a little flattening at the
suture.

Ornament of penultimate whorl consisting of three equally
thick, obtuse, and plain cinguli, separated from one another and
from the sutures by nearly equal interspaces, with or without a
small riblet in each interval; all over regularly clathrate, the
interstitial pits narrowly oblong. Last whorl with about eight
cinguli, clathrate in the intervals; the supra-peripheral intervals
with a riblet ; the four basal cinguli granulose.

Aperture roundly oval, outer and basal margins smooth
within; columella arcuate, slightly explanulate concave,
edentulous.

Dimensions.—Height, 11:5; basal diameters, 9:25 and 11°5.

Locality.—Probably Cambridge Gulf, N.W. Australia (several
examples).

A ffinity.—This species will fall into Pilsbry’s Section Hybo-
chelus. Of the four described species £. Delpreti is the only one
with the basal diameter equal to the height; in the others the
proportion of the height to the diameter is 100 to 120-130. #.
Jossulatus has four principal lire on the penultimate whorl. Z£.
mysticus is imperforate. In £. cancellatus and £. Delpreti the
number of the basal cinguli is greater than in the present species,
the latter having two cinguli on the penultimate whorl.

EXPLANATIONS TO PLATE I.

Fig. 1-la. Clanculus consobrinus, Tate. 2x.
«c 9... Euchelus fenestratus, Jate. 5x.
s¢ =~ 8. _Euchelus pumilio, Tate. 2x.
‘¢ 4, Euchelus vixumbilicatus, Jate. 3 x.
‘« 5. Euchelus ampullus, Tate. 1°5 x.
* Z Thalotia neglecta, Tate. 1°5 x.
<¢ . Calliostoma : spinulosum, Tate. 3x and magnified ornament.
i 8. Sa. Clanculus euchelioides, Vate. 3 x (vix).
c\ 9 Turbo-rutidolona: ate. Iri:x:
Peels) Siphon?) mimeticus, Pater (2 xe
‘¢ 11. Columbella (Mitrella) vincta, Tate. 2x.
‘* 12, Bittium estuarinum, 7'ate. Nat. size, and magnified ornament.
«+ 13-l3a. Torima foveolata, Tate. 3 x.

SOME ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF THE MARINE
GASTROPODA OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA.

By Proressor Raupu TATE.
[Read June 6, 1893.]

In the recently published “Hand List of the Aquatic
Mollusca inhabiting South Australia,’ Mr. Adcock, the compiler,
has made me responsible for some specific names which are in
reality only manuscript ones. In the foregoing paper I have
established the major part of those names by appropriate
diagnoses and figures.

Whilst the ‘“ Hand List ” was passing through the press I had
not the opportunity of consulting my cabinet, and as a conse-
quence some species escaped notice ; and, moreover, in the mean-
while some species have been added to the fauna through the
dredging operations conducted by Dr. Verco during January of
this year.

Briefly, then, this communication consists of addenda and
corrigenda to the ‘‘ Hand List,” and the numerals in brackets
prefixed to the species-names are in correspondence with those in
that publication.

(3). Murex umbilieatus, 7'en.- Woods.

Trophon umbilicatus, T.-Wds., Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, for
1875, p. 135 (1870).

This species is distinct from JZ. octogonus, Q. & G., as pointed
out by Mr. Brazier, an opinion with which we concur. JZ. scalaris,
Adams, is an older name, but as it is preoccupied for a well-known
fossil of the Piedmontese Pliocene, Tenison-Woods’ name appears
in substitution.

Sipho (?) mimeticus, Zate (ante p. 189).

(89). Latirofusus nigrofuseus, Ja‘e.

Since the publication of my diagnosis and figure of the above-
named species, I have examined several private collections of
Tasmanian shells in Hobart and Launceston and the local collec-
tion in the Hobart Museum. In these I find the names of Yusus
Spicert and /. Legrandi indiscriminately applied ; and I am not
sure that I have seen the type of either. But from Woods’
description, I do not hesitate to select /’. Spicera as the one
which is synonymous with my Latirofusus nigrofuscus, the other
shell I consider to be a young state of Siphonalia sulcata. The
specimens received from Mr. Legrand, which were said to have

199

been identified by Tenison-Woods, undoubtedly belong to
L. nigrofuscus. Had I been aware of this before publication I
would have adopted Tenison-Woods’ specific name. Now, the
question is whether under the circumstances it should have
preference. I think not, as the diagnosis, unaccompanied by a
figure, is inadequate to define the species; the most important
character—the plicated columella—was overlooked, though the
apex is described as mammillated, a character of the highest
classifactory value in the Family Fuside. Had Woods correctly
interpreted the columella-characters, he would probably have
referred the species to asciolaria, in which case it might have
been recognised by his diagnosis.

(46). Cantharus rubiginosus, Reeve.

(74). Mitra rufoeineta, 4. Adams.
This includes (82) Afitra vincta, Adams (not Angas).

(83). Mitra Legrandi, Z'en.- Woods.

(101). Ancillaria Petterdi, nom. mut.
A. obtusa, Petterd, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. for 1885, p. 342,
(1886), non Swainson.
A. obesula, Tate, non Deshayes.

(112). Columbella vineta, Vate (ante p. 190).

Clathurella Brenchleyi, Azgas.
. Off Corney Point in 17 fathoms, and off Rickaby in six
fathoms, Spencer Gulf ; Yankalilla Bay in 15 to 20 fathoms and
off Rapid Head, St. Vincent Gulf (Dr. Vercv). Also Victoria !
and N.S. Wales.

(138). Mangilia spurea, Hinds.

This includes (141) Clathurella crassina, Angas.

(152). Cancellaria purpurinaeformis, Va/c.
By a clerical error the species name was written paludine-
ormis ; (151) C. laevigata is probably the same.
g p y.

Calyptreea pellucida, Reeve.

iicon.,Conch= "Mom rochita, t.1.,.f. 2:

Dredged in life in St. Vincent and Spencer Gulfs by Dr. Verco
(many examples). Also New South Wales, N. Australia, S.
Papua, Phillipines.

Toreula runecinata, B. Watson.

Turritella runcinata, Voy. Challenger, t. 30, fig. 3, p. 475.

South Australian examples of this species agree in all details
with Watson’s description; but they attain to a length of
44 mm., and diameter of 13 mm.; the fissural notch is triangular

200

with rounded basal angles and acute apical angle, its height is
4mm. <An individual variation has the anterior carina con-
spicuously elevated.

Dredged in life, in 15 fathoms, in Backstairs Passage, by Dr.
Verco (several examples). The “Challenger” specimens were
obtained from 38 to 40 fathoms, off east Moncoeur Island,
Bass-strait.

Torinia foveolata, J ate (ante p. 191).

(236). Bittium estuarinum, 7'aie (ante p. 190).
(228). Cerithiopsis marmorata, Tate (ante p. 190).

Rissoina (Phosinella) horrida, Garrett.
fh. australis, Sowerby.
Cape Northumberland in shell-sand (one example). Also
Queensland and Viti Islands.

(263). Rissoina (Phosinella) toxopleura, (nom. mut. ).
Rh. lirata, Angas, non Gould (1861).
I have specimens from King George Sound.
Potamopyrgus niger, Quoy and Gaimard.
Paludina nigra, Voy. Astrolabe, t. 58, figs. 9-12.
An estuarine molluse inhabitating Port Adelaide Creek, Coffin
Bay ; also in Tasmania; 267 is, and 268 probably, congeneric.

(299). Phasianella variegata, Li.
I do not consider P. Angasi (300) to be specifically distinct.

(307). Astralium rutidoloma, Vate (ante p. 192).
(316). Claneulus econsobrinus, 7'ate (ante p. 193).
Claneulus euchelioides, Zave (ante p. 193).
(432). Thalotia neglecta, Zate (ante p. 194).

Calliostoma spinulosum, 7'aée (ante, p. 195).

Calliostoma ciliaris, Menke.

Trochus ciliaris, Motl. Nov. Holl., p. 17 (1843); Tryon, Man.
Conch., vol. XI., p. 338.

Of this, one of the largest species of the genus, measuring one
inch by one and a-quarter, three living examples were dredged in
Spencer Gulf by Dr. Verco. Menke records it from the north-
west coast of Australia, without any particular locality.

Calliostoma australis, Broderip.
Tryon, op. cit., p. 348, t. 18, £. 23.
This species belongs to 8.W. coast of W. Australia, but has
been dredged off Normanville, St. Vincent Gulf, by Dr. Verco.

201

(860). Euechelus seabriuseulus, Fischer.

Trochus scabriusculus, Fischer, Coq. Viv., p. 374, t. 114, f. 2,
1880: Euchelus (Herpetopoma) scabriusculus, Pilsbry, Tryon’s
Man. Conch., vol. XI., p. 445, t. 38, f. 12, 1889; Huchelus Tas-
manicus, Ten.-Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. for 1875, p. 152
(1876).

There can be no doubt that the shell which is known to the
conchologists of N.S. Wales as £. scabriusculus is identical with
£. Tasmanicus. Though J must admit that the figure of it given
by Pilsbry, whether original or copied from Fischer is not stated,
is not much like Woods’ shell, which approaches more to the
figure of £. Fischert. E. Tasmanicus has the multispiral
operculum attributed by Pilsbry to £. scabriusculus, which
uniquely represents his section Herpetopoma.

The question arises as to priority of name. The description
given by Tenison-Woods lacks that minuteness which is essential
to specific definition ; Fischer’s diagnosis is much more detailed,
and though certain good characters are omitted, yet is worthy of
acceptance. The first employment of the species-name, scabrius-
culus, is traceable to Angas in his list of N.S. Wales Marine
Mollusca, P.Z.S., 186%, p. 215, where it is alluded to as a M.S.-
name in Coll. Cuming by H. Adams and Angas, with the remark,
‘a very small species differing from £. baccatus in its cancellated
sculpture and being umbilicated ; length, 2 lines.” These com-
parative characters are sufficient had we the two species only
before us, but they are inadequate to locate the species among
congeners. However, I think the best interests of conchology
will be served by employing Angas’ name, though perhaps a rigid
application of the law of priority would require the substitution
of Tenison-Woods’ name.

Based upon four Tasmanian examples, I have drawn the
following brief description :—The colour is ashen-reddish beneath
a thin epidermis (I fail to recognise the red spots disposed in
oblique lines mentioned by Ten.-Woods). There are four cinguli
on the penultimate whorl, in one example a small cingulus
between the third and fourth, which are larger than the other
two; the last whorl has eight cinguli between the beaded
umbilical border and the suture.

The 8. Australian examples which I refer to, Z. scabriusculus,
have never less than five cinguli on the penultimate whorl,
sometimes all equal, in others the medial one slender ; on the last
whorl the cinguli vary from ten to thirteen, more frequently
twelve. The colour is bluish-grey to reddish-brown, whilst the
beaded umbilical margin is conspicuously white.

(361) Euchelus vix-umbilicatus, 7ate (ante p. 196).
(362) Euchelus pumilio, Zate (ante p. 196).

202

Subemarginula stellata, A. Adams.

Clypidina stellata, P.Z.S., 1851, p. 87; Reeve, Icon. Con., t.
81.90% ‘Tryon, Man.’Conch.,vol. X1D., p: (283; t. 29) faa:

St. Vincent Gulf in shell-sand (two examples); also N.S.
Wales.

Patella aeculeata, Reeve.

Conch. Icon., f. 90; Tryon, Man. Conch., vol. XTTL., p10
i: 02.

Rosetta Head (dead shells) ; also N.S. Wales and Tasmania.

Patella stellaeformis, Reeve.
Conch: Tcon.,. figs. .48;. 535 Tryon; op. cit., pe. OS) st. eae
Fe 29e, Oe:
Rosetta Head and Fowler Bay ; also N.S. Wales to Japan.

Acmaea sacecharina, Linie.
Var. stellaris, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Astrolabe, t. 71, £. 1-4.
Fowler Bay and Wallaroo Bay ; also Tasmania, and New
South Wales, «ce.
Acmaea Jacksoniensis, Reeve.
Patella, Icon. Conch., f..127; Tryon, op. cit., t. 42, f. 71-75.
P. Gealei, Angas, is, in my opinion, a synonym.

(405). Isehnoehiton Haddoni, Pilsbry.
Tryon’s Man. Conch., vol. XIV., p. 88, t. 22, figs. 67-73.
The Australian examples of the so-called Ll. longicymba are
shown by the above-named author to differ specifically from the
New Zealandian species of that name.

Ischnochiton (Isehnoradsia) australis.

Chiton australis, Sow., Mag. Nat. Hist., 1840, Conch. Lllus.,
f. 46; Reeve, Con. Icon., sp. 10; Lepidoradsia australis (Sow.),
Carpenter. Encounter Bay (two sps. in 1879); also Encounter
Bay (Dr. Perks) and 8 Australia (Mr. Adcock) on the authority
of Mr. Bednall.

A not uncommon shell in N.S. Wales and Tasmania.

Bueeinulus affinis, A. Adams.

This N.S. Wales shell has occurred in a dead state at Moonta
Bay.

CORRELATION OF THE MARINE TERTIARIES OF
AUSTRALIA.

By Professor R. ‘Tate and J. Drnnant, F.G.S., F.C.S., Corr.
Memb.

PARE TE, ViICTOREA;
WiTH SpeciAL Notes oN THE EocENE BeEps At SPRING CREEK
AND AT THE MoutTH OF THE GELLIBRAND RIVER.

[Read May 2, 1893. ]

INTRODUCTION.

During the last few years our knowledge of the marine
tertiaries of Australia has been considerably advanced. New
observers have entered the field, fresh localities have been ex-
plored, and, most important of all, some members of the series
not previously known to exist on this continent have been dis-
covered. The various beds, although not’ yet exhaustively
searched, have yielded an exceedingly extensive suite of fossils,
quite sufficient to enable geologists to come to definite con-
clusions concerning their relative age.

The marine tertiaries of the southern colonies belong to three
distinct epochs, and adopting Lyell’s method of classifying such
beds, viz., by the percentage of living species they contain, the
terms Eocene, Miocene, and Pliocene are as applicable to them
as to the tertiary series of the Northern Hemisphere. In
Europe, as is well known, a fourth subdivision, viz., the Oligocene,
has been intercalated between the Eocene and the Miocene, but,
so far, no beds are known in Australia which can be at all re-
garded as bridging over the gap between these two well-marked
groups.

Extended observations have convinced us that not only all the
tertiary beds hitherto called Oligocene, but also a// those classed
as Miocene by the Geological Survey of Victoria, must certainly
be referred to the Eocene. These so-called Miocene beds consist
usually of hard polyzoal limestones, in which, with the exception
of casts of echinoderms, a few lamellibranchs and brachiopods,
the identifiable fossils are comparatively scarce. By the early
geologists they were said to overlie certain arenaceous and
argillaceous deposits, rich in fossil remains, of supposed Oligocene
or Eocene age, and were therefore assigned to a younger epoch.
Our observations lead us to conclude that this order of deposition

204

is not invariable. According to Messrs. Hall and Pritchard, the
reverse is the sequence in the Geelong district. As a fact, the
fossil evidence indicates a close relationship between the two sets
of strata, and we class them both as Eocene.

The recognition, a few years ago, both in Victoria and South
Australia, of deposits of undoubted Miocene age, but of quite
ditterent lithological character to the prevailing calciferous rocks
mentioned, supplied fresh data for the classification of the ter-
tiaries. They invariably overlie both the so-called Oligocene
and the calciferous rocks, and are usually demarked off by an
eroded surface, while the general facies of their molluscan fauna,
as well as the percentage of living species represented, definitely
fixes their geological horizon. They are succeeded in South
Australia by. fossiliferous strata provisionally referred to the
Older Pliocene. In Victoria the latter are wanting, but a
younger member of the same group is known, and the tertiary
series is thus fairly complete. If, then, the middle member of
the series be Miocene, how can the inferior one, with its very
much smaller percentage of recent species, be placed on the same
horizon ?

Compared with the Eocene, the marine Miocene and Pliocene
are of limited development, the great mass of our tertiaries
belonging to the oldest of the three periods. In fact, it requires
careful search to recognise them at all, and they were evidently
overlooked by the pioneer geologists. This is the only feasible
explanation of the serious blunder committed in referring nearly
all our wide-spread ter tiary deposits to the Miocene period.

In support of the opinions here expressed, it will be necessary
to refer brietly to the chief outcrops of the marine tertiaries in
Victoria and South Australia, beginning with the Eocene.
Details will be given only when the beds have not previously
been describel; for the rest the original papers may be consulted.

EOCENE.

The rocks of this period commence at the Snowy River, in the
east of Victoria, and extend with numerous breaks along the
south coast to beyond the westerly boundary of South Australia;
they are also visible inland at various localities in both colonies,
and appear as outliers of limited mass on the north-west coast of
‘Tasmania.*

The sections in Victoria already described are :—

Mitchell River, Bairnsdale;+ Moorabool and Barwon Rivers; {

* Vide Trans. Roy. Soc. N.S.W., vol. XXIIT., 1888.

* Reports of Progress, Nos. 2 and 4 Geol. Survey of Victoria; Roy.
oc. of _ Vie-, vol, ITl., 1891.

+ Ibid, vol. IV., 1892.

205

Muddy Creek (lower beds);* Portland, Glenelg River, and
Apsley.t

1. MircHeELL River, GEELONG, Muppy CreEe&x,. «c.

The sections of the Mitchell river-clifts are interesting, because
both the calciferous rock and the arenaceous beds are found in close
proximity, the one showing principally casts in limestone of fossil
shells, and the other yielding numerous species of univalves and
bivalves in an excellent state of preservation. That the
difference is simply one of sedimentation and not of geological
age is here abundantly plain. Certainly every species recog-
nisable in the hard rock has also been collected in the underlying
softer beds. To the south-east, on the margin of the Gippsland
Lakes, and elsewhere in the vicinity, the true Miocence makes its
appearance, resting against the basal part of the eroded escarp-
ment of the forementioned Eocene clifts.

Diagram sections, showing very clearly the stratigraphical
relations of these two sets of strata, are given by Mr. Howitt in
his Reports.

In comparing the results of their observations in the GEELONG
Districr with those made by us at Muddy Creek and on the
Murray Clitis, Messrs. Hall and Pritchard remark :—“ The evid-
ence we have adduced shows that in this locality as well, the
sequence of the beds, as might have been expected, is similar.
The deposit at Orphanage Hill, and consequently its extension
up the valley of the river, is usually spoken of as Oligocene,
though coloured Miocene in the quarter sheet ; while the Waurn
Ponds rock, which, like the Batesford limestone, is a true poly-
zoal rock, is called Miocene. ‘This is, however, a reversal of the
true sequence, for the limestone is undoubtedly the underlying
member of the series.”

Regarding the Muddy Creek lower beds but little has to be
added to what has been already recorded. The number of species
has been slightly imcreased, and though much yet remains to be
done, progress has been made in the systematic revision of the
gasteropoda. Out of a total of 725 species of all classes from
the two well-marked zones at Muddy Creek, 511 have been
definitely traced to the lower beds. Of these, from six to eight
still survive, and the percentage of recent to extinct forms is
thus about one and a half. Independently of the small per-
centage of living species, the facies of the fauna is strikingly
Kocene, and is in marked contrast to that of the overlying
Miocene beds. It is significant, that of the total number of
species recorded from the lower zone, only about 5 per cent. pass

* Roy. Soc. of S.A., vol. XI.
+ Trans Austr. Assoc. Adv. of Science, Melb., 1890.

206

up into the higher, though in the former 511 and in the latter
205 species have been recognised.

Referring to the Foraminifera of the Lower Beds, Mr. Howchin
remarks :—‘‘ The occurrence of Mummulites variolaria in very
great numbers in the Lower Bed is of special interest as showing
uniformity of paleontological features between the Older Ter-
tiaries of Australia and rocks of a like age in Europe.”*

2. SPRING CREEK.

These beds were described and mapped many years ago by the
late Messrs. Wilkinson and Richard Daintree, when they were
members of the Victorian Geological Survey staff. Their original
report is now out of print, but extracts containing the major
part of it were given by the late Prof. Martin Duncan in his
description of the corals of the Australian tertiaries.t The
locality was again reported on, but more generally, by Mr. F. M.
Krause, in 1873. The survey of the country by these gentlemen
occupied some months, and as there were no roads, and few if
any inhabitants, they had dithculties to contend with which by
uhe progress of settlement are now entirely removed.

It will be found as we proceed that the reading of the Spring
Creek beds offered by us differs materially from that given in the
Survey Reports. That these, as well as other tertiary sections,
were misunderstood by the first observers we attribute, not so
much to errors of observation, as to hasty generalisations on
slender paleontological data. In the first place it was assumed
that the main mass of our tertiaries was Miocene instead of
Eocene. When their explorations were made, though the number
of fossils collected was large, very few were identified—indeed,
it is only within the last few years that the work of comparing
and naming them has been systematically carried out. The
attempt, therefore, to fix the horizon of the beds before analysing
their fossil contents was, it must be admitted, contrary to the
usual practice of geologists. As a fact, the percentage system
could not be applied, and the principle of classification relied on
seems to have been the resemblance of a few shells to some in the
European tertiaries ; whilst no account seems to have been taken
of the generic grouping, which is so distinctive of the Eocene-
fauna In comparison with that of the Miocene, and is, moreover,
largely cosmopolitan in its distribution.

Of twenty-seven species of mollusca from strata on the same
horizon as those now treated of, descriptions of which have been
published by the Victorian Geological Survey, thirteen are

*Roy. Soc. of South Australia, vol. XII.

+ Fossil corals (Madreporaria) of the Australian Tertiary deposits ;
Q. J. Ge's., vol. 26, 1870.

207

admittedly unlike any others, fossil or recent, and thus cannot
serve for comparison. For the remainder, close analogies are
claimed with shells in the European tertiaries, viz., seven with
Eocene, one with Oligocene, five with Miocene, and one with
Pliocene forms. Even in this short list of fossils the balance is
if anything favourable to the Eocene rather than to the Miocene,
though with the extremely rich fauna of our tertiaries a decision
either way was at the time necessarily premature.

In the second place, the beds at Spring Creek were divided
into upper, middle, and lower Miocene. Waiving for a moment
the question as to their being Miocene at all, we conclude, after
a careful study of the section, that there is no evidence to justify
a tripartite division of the strata, except that afforded by
lithological differences. Sections of great thickness, and as a whole
rich in organic remains, do usually show a diminution in the
numbers of fossils, both specifically and individually, as they are
traced to higher levels; but it does not necessarily follow that
there 1s a paleontological break between the upper and lower
portions. In the original memoir a distinction was made
between beds containing bivalves and others underlying them
containing chiefly univalves. This distinction does not exist.

The upper portions of the cliffs are, it is true, not easily
accessible ; but huge fallen masses detached from near the top
have yielded numerous fossils, whilst intermediate portions are
brought within range of observation in consequence of their dip.
Those at the bottom are, as might be expected, the best pre-
served, and even 20 or 30 feet up many of the most fragile shells
have perished, strong bivalves, such as Pectunculus, Cardita,
Limopsis, Cucullea, Chione, &c., chiefly weathering out on the
face. From this: circumstance has arisen the mistake that
separate geological horizons are represented at different heights.
The bivalves, brachiopods, and echinoderms supposed to be
characteristic of the upper zones are also found at the base of
the section, while the univalves, as Zyphis, Murex, Voluta,
Cancellaria, &c., are by no means confined to the lowest strata,
but may be collected not only in the fallen masses referred to,
but also as high up the cliffs as it is possible to reach, though in
the latter position more or less decomposed, and in diminished
numbers.

According to the Survey, the univalves are at the base of the
section ; then come the bivalves, and at the top the brachiopods
and echinoderms. Now, at the northern end of the section the
dip of the strata actually brings a well-marked bivalve-band down
below sea-level, and it passes out of sight; while above it the
univalves exist in greater profusion than in any other portion of
the whole exposure! Again, on the southern side the polyzoal

o)

208

C

rock full of echinoderms is at the base of the cliff, while actually
resting wpon it are strata containing the bivalves which are
supposed to characterise the middle division! The fact is that
the section throughout contains practically the same fossils, and
the difference in the relative proportion of univalves, bivalves,
brachiopods, or echinoderms present may be due to such causes
as change in the sediments, and probably to certain portions of
the strata representing a deeper sea deposit than the rest.

In general the polyzoal limestone is the chief repository of the
echinoids and palliobranchs; the lamellibranchs are represented
by species of Ostrea, Pecten, and others whose test is calcitic, the
greater number of species of the class being known only as casts.
The clays are rich in gastropods, the lamellibranchs are fairly-
well represented, whilst palliobranchs are uncommon, and
echinoids rarely present. The high state of evolution of the
higher gastropods, eg., Murex, Fusus, Triton, Peristernia,
Voluta, Mitra, &c., imparts to each chief locality a complexion of
its own, and increases the difliculty of correlating widely
separated fossiliferous clays; this phenomenon may be attributed
to a degree of isolation of the different areas greater than that
which obtains to-day in approximately the same areas, or it may
be due to climatic effects pertaining to different oceanic currents.

The fossil-bearing cliffs commence about a mile from the mouth
of Spring Creek—at Bird Rock, a small outlier of the adjoining
cliff. This is a landmark well known to geologists, though quite
insignificant to the ordinary visitor. It is connected with the
ywainland at low tide only, a circumstance which was forcibly
impressed upon us more than once, when we had to wait for
hours for the sea to subside between us and the fossil treasures
we expected to obtain on its sides. The dittculty of getting to
Bird Rock is not the only one which besets the geologist, who
does not carefully time his visits with the ebb of the tide. The
cliff opposite, which protrudes as to a point, cannot be rounded
long after the turn of the tide, and there is no other passage to
the coast beyond. Even if this point is passed there is a second
formidable one a little farther on, and beyond that still another ;
while to be caught by the rising tide between any of these points
would be extremely dangerous, for the cliffs are too abrupt to be
scaled. Beyond the third point there is certainly a haven, which
we were always glad to reach, and where, though close prisoners
till the waters fell again, we spent many profitable hours.

The lower part of the cliff opposite Bird Rock is hollowed out
into caves by the action of the waves, the strata being soft.
Both in the caves and on Bird Rock itself small shells can be
easily picked out with a penknife ; with patience, many varieties
of univalves may be collected, and generally in a good state of
preservation.

209

Bird Rock is topped by a thin stratum of hard material corres-
ponding with a projecting ledge on the adjoining cliff. This
serves to mark the dip very clearly, which was found to be 6° to
the north.

From Bird Rock, the coast curves round to the north-east, and
the strata become very hard and rough, in which only fragments
of fossils appear. The dip of this rugged limestone cannot be
very accurately taken, but appears horizontal when viewed from
the beach. At one place, however, where the cliff is cut back,
the true dip is seen; it is approximately 10° to the N.N.W.

A few yards to the east of Bird Rock, a narrow flat reef is
visible at low tide, commencing at the shore line and stretching
fully 150 yards out to sea, not however, in a straight line, but
with a gentle curve westward, as if forming a section of a large
circle. Near its shore-end the dip is to the north, but this
gradually changes until at the seaward extremity it is to the
east. The rock is very hard, but is gradually wearing away by
the formation of pot-holes on its surface. The reef is a con-
tinuation of the topmost stratum of Bird Rock, the intervening
portions having been degraded. On the adjoining landward
cliff, the corresponding hard band previously mentioned stands
out from the inferior and superior softer strata and is continuous
right to the edge of the flat rock, which is in reality a seaward
extension of it. At very low tide, small sections of two outer
circles also show, representing hard bands still higher up the cliff,

Along the coast in a south-westerly direction from Bird Rock,
similar extensions of the cliff-strata rise at intervals from a few
inches to a foot or more above low watermark, but they are
mainly parallel to the coast, and stretch only a short distance
seaward.

About half a mile to the south-west of Bird Rock, however,
and close to the ledge in the cliffs which served as our retreat at
high tide, a spit runs out for some distance and curves in an
Opposite direction to that on the north-east. The dip is here to
the south-east and the same direction is maintained on a flat
reef close to Rocky Point. The section is thus evidently a
hemi:dome, the rocks in the middle inclining seawards, 7.e., to the
east, and those on the sides to the north and south-east respectively.
The strata slope more gently on the southern flank of the dome
than on the northern. Exact measurements of the dip in the
former direction are difficult to obtain, but it does not probably
exceed three or four degrees. In the centre of the section the
rocks for a short distance are apparently horizontal. The general
contour of the coast in the neighbourhood of Bird Rock is well-
illustrated in a lithograph copied from a photograph by the late
Mr. R. Daintree, and published in the Geological Quarter-sheet,
No. 28, S.E.

O

210

We did not observe any signs of disturbance in the strata, and
the forces which have raised them from the bed of the sea must
have operated very gradually. The tertiary strata of Australia
have, as a rule, a very small inclination, and many are horizontal.
There are exceptions, as at Longford, near Sale, where an Eocene
limestone, full of fossils, is inclined at a high angle.

According to aneroid measurements, the highest cliff in the
Spring Creek strata is 220 feet above sea-level. This is in Half
Moon Bay, and is probably the summit of the hemi-dome. For
about half the distance up, the usual fossils show, chiefly in bands,
where they are very thick; Pectwnculus laticostatus, Chione
Pritchardi, Cardita polynema and a few other strong bivalves
especially weathering out. Their predominance here has given
rise to the erroneous theory, previously alluded to, that there is
a separate zone of bivalves above, and another of univalves
beneath. That this is not the case we proved by examining
these bands where the dip brought them within reach, as
univalves and other fossils supposed to be peculiar to the lower
zone were plentifully mixed with the bivalves.

In the underlying softer strata the whole series was also repre-
sented—univalves, bivalves, brachiopods, polyzoa, echinoderms
and corals. The remaining half of the cliff consists of red and
yellowish sandy clays, with bands of hard rock. Owing to a land-
slip close at hand the topmost portion of these clays are acces-
sible. At first sight they appear unfossiliferous, but on a closer
examination fragments of shells, with occasionally a whole
specimen, can be found scattered very sparingly among them In
a two-hours’ search the following were collected, chiefly on the
surface of the reddish strata:—(whole shells) Zntalis Mantelli,
Cardita delicatula, Limopsis Belcheri, Pecten Foulcheri ; (frag-
ments) Voluta sp., Turritella sp., Cytherea or Chione sp.,
Cardita polynema(?). Our attention was first drawn to the
probably fossiliferous character of these clays by information
obligingly furnished by Mr. Mulder, that he had found fossils in
some clays about half-way up a steep bank thirty yards north of
Bird Rock, and which he supposed had fallen from above. The
following fossils were found on the spot indicated by Mr. Mulder:
—Murex n. sp., Peristernia lintea, (2?) Voluta sp., Ancillaria
hebere, A. ligata, Pleurotoma sp., Turritella Murrayana, Entalis
Mantelli, EB. subfissura, Limopsis Belcheri, Pecten Foulchert.

In the lower of the two subdivisions of the cliff section the
sediments consist mainly of soft, brown, calcareous sandstones,
which not infrequently pass into hard rock. At the base of the
cliff they have a dark-bluish color, which changes to a reddish-
brown higher up, the first band of bivalves forming roughly a
dividing line. The blue sands occur only below high-tide mark,

211

and even there they are turning red in places. The red color is
of course simply due to the reduction of the iron in the sediments
from the state of g/aucoiite to a higher state of oxidation by the
atmosphere, where they are not kept moist by the tide waters.
It should be noted that the strata are remarkably dry, not a drop
of water trickling down on any part of the cliffs.

A thin layer of ironstone is found coating some of the fallen
boulders, as well as some of the rocks still 2m situ. The iron’
carbonate of the strata has been converted into oxide, and has
segregated or blistered out at the surface. This segregation of
iron-oxide, though perhaps ditticult to explain, is not uncommon.
Without pursuing the subject further in this paper, we may
instance the red sands of Arabia, which were found by Mr. J. A.
Phillip to be coated with iron ina similar manner. According
to his analyses, the iron in the external coating of the grains
almost equalled the total amount contained in them.*

Incidentally, reference has been made to the rugged limestones
to the north-east of Bird Rock. Not only do they appear there,
and also at the mouth of Spring Creek, but they crop-out again
on the southern slope of the dome at Rocky Point, and continue
on still farther to the south-west. They are full of polyzoal and
coral remains, and contain also echinoderms, brachiopods and
fragments of pectens. They are most unpromising-looking rocks,
and by all previous observers have, we believe, been regarded as
the topmost layer of the fossiliferous strata. From their com-
mencement at Spring Creek they continue with a slight inter-
ruption to within a short distance of Bird Rock, when the clifis
almost suddenly change their character and become rich in
gasteropods and lamellibranchs. The actual juncticn of the two
sets of strata is concealed by fallen masses of clay, which cover
the face of the cliff. On the southern slope, as previously stated,
the echinoderm-rock underlies strata containing the usual
bivalves, but sparingly distributed. This rock, though softer and
less rugged than the polyzoal limestone on either ‘flank of the
dome, certainly represents it. The latter was followed step by
step from Rocky Point in a north-easterly direction until the
bivalves showed a good way up on the cliffs. A few yards farther
on the strata had assumed the usual appearance, with bands of
bivalves, &c., and this was maintained until the polyzoal rock
was again encountered on the other side of Bird Rock. Judging,
however, from some fallen boulders on the beach a little to the
south of the middle of the section, certain portions of the more
elevated strata, while not devoid of gasteropods, &c., evidently
contain more than the usual proportion of echinoderms and

* ail pesos VOL. XX VLE pe 112,

212

brachiopods, but it is doubtful whether these indicate a continua-
tion of the echinoderm-rock observed at sea-level nearer the
Point. The true explanation probably is, that there is a gradual
passage of the one kind of rock into the other, the changes in
the relative proportions of gasteropods and lamellibranchs to
echinoderms, brachiopods, &c., being dependent upon conditions
already alluded to.

The base of the tertiary strata is not visible in the neighbour-
hood of Spring Creek. Mesozoic rocks make their appearance at
Point Castries, about 20 miles to the west, and continue thence
over a wide area. They also crop out on the north, at Mount
Moriac, about 12 miles distant.

At the Eagle’s Nest, near Airey’s Inlet, strata containing
echinoderms and brachiopods of the same species as those from
Spring Creek, and therefore, also of Eocene age, are underlain by
the “Older Basalt ” of the colony. The outcrop there is described
by the Survey as a black sub-columnar rock, and as probably
analogous to the Western Port basait.

This basalt rests directly upon Mesozoic strata at San Remo,
on the eastern shore of Westerr Port, while at Flinders, on the
west, it is overlain by the Eocene tertiary. The ‘ Older Basalt”
is commonly called Miocene, because the strata overlying it were
assumed to belong to that period. Instead of such being the
case, they are, as we have endeavoured to prove, of Eocene age,
and the epoch of the basalt must be correspondingly altered. It
cannot be younger than Eocene, and may ultimately prove to be

Cretaceous.
3. GELLIBRAND.

The deposits generally known as the “ Gellibrand-beds” are,
nevertheless, actually situated on the coast, east and west of the
river's mouth. ‘The village of Princetown, 12 miles east of Port
Campbell, is a convenient centre to work from.

The cliffs on this part of the coast are so precipitous, that the
beach is accessible only in a few places. Towards Princetown
the slope is more gradual, but the dense undergrowth and the
broken character of the ground make the descent very difficult.
Fortunately, steps have been cut, and a rude kind of ladder
made by Dr. Curdie, a former settler, quite close to the fossili-
ferous banks, and they can be reached with comparative ease.

The most interesting section is about three miles west of the
Gellibrand, and is apparently the same as that described by the
Survey in the report already referred to. In that report the
deposit is called Miocene, but in more recent publications of the
Survey this is altered to Oligocene. As before intimated,
wherever the latter term is used, the Lower Tertiary or Eocene
beds are indicated.

213

Briefly, the section may be described thus :—-Blue clay from
80 to 90 feet thick, highly fossiliferous ; yellowish clay 20 to 30
feet ; and above this about 40 feet of recent calcareous sandstone
of xolian origin. The upper part of the blue clay is turned
yellow in places by drippings from above.

The easiest method of getting fossils in the blue clay is to
look closely for those that have weathered out, either wholly or
partially, from the face. Occasionally, the cliffs have weathered
down so much that mounds of clay only are left ; on the surface
of these, small shells are abundant. It requires very hard work
and great patience to unearth fossils with the pick, though some-
times fine specimens are thus obtained. On our first visit we
madea large collection without much trouble, the shells weathered
out on the cliffs and clay-mounds for many years evidently fall-
ing tous. On returning a year later, we were unable to increase
our stock much, the interval being too short for another crop to
weather out.

The amount of dip in the strata is, according to the Survey,
5°; we made it 4°, which is not a wide divergence in this kind
of rock. But in regard to the direction of the dip, there is a
marked disagreement betwen the observations, not only here, but
also at another special section to the eastward. As certain con-
clusions formed concerning the tertiary deposits of this area
depend in a great measure upon the direction in which the strata
incline, it will be necessary to enter into details.

Speaking -of the section just described, the Survey Report
says :—‘ The section is taken nearly at the apex of an anti-
clinal curve of the strata, which now dip N.W. at 5° for nearly
a mile, when they become nearly horizontal. . . . . From
here the strata gently undulate until within a short distance of
Curdie’s Inlet, when they dip to the west and disappear at sea
fevely *. .\ 208A Port Campbell the clits 2" 357 dip
S.W. at 5°; they contain very few fossils. They exhibit numer-
ous faults in the cliff section ; in the short distance of a mile I
observed five or six of them.”

The dip here given is approximately in the direction of the
coast line, and, if correct, the beds would of course fall to sea-
level, and pass out of sight; to account, therefore, for their
repeated reappearance on the coast further west, as near the
Sherbrook River and other places, there must either be faults in
the strata or a series of anticlines and synclines. Instead of the
dip at this section being north-west, we make it W. 12°S., 2e.,
almost to seaward. At the other section referred to, a similar
dip was observed, both in direction and amount, though, accord-
ing to the survey, it changes to the east. When the real direc-
tion of the dip, viz., west by south, is recognised, there is no

214

difficulty in reading the sections right along the coast from the
mouth of the Gellibrand to Curdie’s Steps, on to the Sherbrook
River, and thence to Port Campbell, the most westerly point we
examined.

As before said, the inclination of the beds is approximately
seaward, the general trend of this somewhat broken coast being
to the north-west. The strata, therefore, appear horizontal
whenever a cliff happens to be cut at right angles to the dip, and
seem to rise or fall according as the coast line changes in direction
slightly towards the north or west. There is certainly no
evidence of disturbance here any more than there is in similar
strata in more westerly areas, where the beds are practically
horizontal. In order to bring the same beds again into view at
Camperdown, Muddy Creek, &c., at comparatively low elevations,
we must adopt the reasonable theory that there are long undula-
tions, or rolls, in the strata, altogether unrecognisable in a single
outcrop. (See pl. 2.)

The second or more eastward section mentioned is about half
a mile from the river mouth, and just opposite Bowker’s Hotel,
in the village of Princetown. It is only about four feet thick,
and is raised above the beach from 30 to 40 feet, the underlying
portion being hidden by masses of recent dune-limestone fallen
from above. The strata consist of hard sandy rock, much im-
pregnated with iron. There is also a layer of ironstone pebbles
firmly cemented together, resembling in appearance the bog iron
ore on a swamp bottom. It is possible that the ironstone is
actually in sitw, and has been formed by the percolation of water
containing iron in solution through the strata.

By the Survey the section is called Miocene, and is supposed
to represent strata overlying the blue clays at Curdie’s Steps.
The evidence relied on to establish this sequence is, mainly, the
direction of the dip in the two sections, but the observations
made were, as we have shown, erroneous.

Very few fossils can be extracted from such strata, but among
them we noticed Pecten semilaevis and other pectens, Spondylus
gaederopoides, Echinoderms, and Polyzoa characteristic forms of
the Eocene, but unrecognised, or very sparingly so, in the
Miocene, and we conclude, therefore, that just as at Spring
Creek, the former group is the only one present in the marine
tertiaries of the Gellibrand.

East of the river we found but few fossils, and none in the:
blue clays. About a mile and a half from the mouth, Mesozic
sandstones emerge from beneath the Eocene strata, but it is
doubtful whether they extend much further westward. What
formation underlies the coast tertiaries in that direction is
unknown, as, from Gellibrand to the border of the colony, and

215

far on into South Australia, the outcropping strata consist of the
same, or still younger, rocks.

A list of the fossils collected is given in the appendix. With
few exceptions, they are identical with those from Muddy Creek
(lower bed). On the Geological Map of Victoria, the blue clays
are marked as Oligocene (Eocene), and bracketed with the
Mornington beds, which they closely resemble.

4. BuLtuten MeErRRI AND GNoTUK LAKES.

In the volcanic country around Camperdown these lakes form
prominent and very interesting features. They are situated in
a deep hollow, with steep banks leading down to the water’s
edge. A narrow ridge, not more than 20 feet at the lowest part
above the surface of Bullen Merri, though very much more than
that above Gnotuk, separates the two lakes.

Both on the shores, and for some distance up the banks of
Lake Bullen Merri, the only one we visited, fossil shells are
fairly plentiful. When we were there the supply was more
limited than usual, as one of our party had picked up all he
could find a few days before. However, as he submitted them to
our inspection shortly afterwards, we decided to forgive him.
We are indebted to the same gentleman for a collection of shells
from Gnotuk. From the latter only 39 species were obtained,
but from Bullin Merri the number recorded is 104. Of the
Gnotuk species, 14 are absent from the Bullin Merri gatherings,
so that the actual total amounts to 116. By reference to the
tabulated list of species appended, it will be seen that the deposit
belongs to the Muddy Creek (lower beds) and Gellibrand types.
Its elevation is—for Gnotuk 391 feet, and for Bullin Merri 531
feet above sea-level, the surface of the water being in the latter
lake 140 feet above that in the former. For information con-
cerning levels in the two lakes we have to thank Mr. King, the
Engineer of the Shire of Hampden.

5. WARRNAMBOOL.

The recent dune-limestone is the prevailing rock at Warrnain-
bool, and though tertiary strata were known to exist, it is only
lately that fossils have been obtained. The credit of finding
them belongs to Mr. A. D. Dobson, a late arrival in the town,
and it is remarkable that they escaped observation so long. The
fossiliferous sectlons commence close to the mouth of the
Hopkins, and continue for a few miles up the river. The rocks
consist of the well-known rugged limestones, in which the fossils,
principally casts, are with difficulty extracted whole. Overlying
them is the eolian limestone just mentioned, rough and jagged,
like the fossil-bearing strata beneath, but easily distinguishable

216

by its constantly changing dip. The fossils are exceedingly
scarce in the cliffs, but the following list, though a very short
one, sufficiently indicates their horizon :—Chthamalus sp.,
! Voluta sp. (casts), Pecten LFoulcheri, var., P. Gambierensis,
Walhheimia insolita, Magasella Woodsiana, Lovenia Forbesi
(numerous), spines of Cidaris sp., and bryozoan remains.

6. MORNINGTON AND CHELTENHAM.

In the Prodromus of the Paleontology of Victoria, the first
of these two deposits is correctly placed at the base of the
tertiary series, but to the second a most unwarrantable position
is assigned, viz., in the Pliocene division. The number of species
from both has been greatly increased recently, fully 400 being
now recorded from Mornington, and 126 from the less prolific
beds at Cheltenham. As it is intended to describe them in
detail in a succeeding paper, we will merely say at present that
the former is certainly Eocene, and that the latter belongs,
probably, to a higher level of the same group.

MIOCENE.

The beds previously described are:—Muddy Creek (upper
beds),* Jemmy’s Point, Portland and Glenelg River. ¢

The number of species now definitely traced to the Upper
deposit at Muddy Creek is 205, but as a large proportion of
these are still undescribed, its classification, strictly on the per-
centage system, must be postponed. Thirteen of the species, or
rather more than 6 per cent., are certainly recent, and it is
probable that this number will be at least doubled by a critical
examination of all the fossils. Twenty-seven species, or 13 per
cent., pass down into the underlying Eocene zone; several of
these are prevailing forms, spread throughout the whole series.
In its general facies, the fauna of the upper zone at Muddy
Creek bears a str iking resemblance to that in the J emmy ’s Point
deposit, though in the latter the percentage of living species is
much higher, “reaching fully 16 per cent.

In summarising his examination of the Foraminifera of Muddy
Creek, Mr. W. Howchin, F.G.8., makes the following remarks
upon the distinction between the upper and lower zones at Muddy
Creek :—“The stratigraphical distinction between the two beds
of the section concerned is sufficiently marked from the fact that
the Foraminifera common to both only amount to 28 per cent. of
the whole. There is alsoa marked change in the general facies
of the rhizopodal fauna as we pass from the lower to the upper

* Roy. Soc. of S. Austr., vol. XI.
+ Roy. Soc. of Vic., vol. ITI., 1891.
~ Trans. Austr. Assoc. Ady. of Science, Melbourne, 1899.

217

geological horizon, pointing to a shallowing of the sea bottom,
which is indicated not only by the relatively larger numbers of
shallow-water species in the upper beds, but these are pro-
portionally more numerous and better developed as individuals.”*

Quite a large area in the south-west of Victoria, including
nearly the whole of the county of Follett and a portion of
Normanby, is occupied by strata which have been tentatively
included in the Miocene. The deposit is of moderate thickness,
nowhere perhaps more than from 20 to 30 feet through, and
from the prevalence of a species of oyster in it has been named
Ostrea-limestone. This, together with two other common fossils
accompanying it, belong to living species; but besides these
there are casts of other shells, which can only be doubtfully
determined. The three living species referred to do not occur in
the Miocene strata just described, and the Ostrea-limestone is
classified as Miocene chiefly on stratigraphical grounds. It over-
lies the Eocene calciferous rock, and was certainly deposited
before the Pliocene beds to be mentioned presently At Portland
its junction with the Eocene rock is very plainly seen, a pebble
band, a few inches thick, separating the two. Fine sections of
the Ostrea-limestone are visible on the Glenelg cliffs at Dart-
moor, and the same rock has been traced through Strathdownie,
and on to the Dismal Swamp, just across the border in South
Australia. Lithologically, the strata consist of flaggy limestones
showing much false bedding. When disintegrated, they form
immense beds of sand, which become the leading feature of the
country where the formation prevails. Where the rock is
exposed it is often smooth, and breaks up into flat cakes of
limestone, which are so thickly strewn over the ground in places
as to make it difficult to drive over the roads. Possibly these
blocks of stone may sometimes consist of travertine, formed by
the re-deposition of carbonate of lime, which has first been
dissolved out by water from the original rock ; that this is not
the case for all of them is certain, as they frequently contain

fossil shells.
NEWER PLIOCENE.

The only marine Pliocene outcrop known in Victoria is that
on the Glenelg River, at Limestone Creek, described a few years
ago.t It rests upon the polyzoal rock, and from its position is
evidently of later date than the Ostrea-limestone on the top of
the river cliffs. The proportion of living to extinct species of
mollusca present amounts to more than 80 per cent., so that it
must be referred to the latter part of the Pliocene period.

* Roy. Soc. S. Aus., vol. XII.

tRoy. Soc. of Victoria, vol. XXIII., 1887; and Trans. Aust. Assoc.
Adv. of Science, Melb., 1890.

218

The section is a very instructive one, as it throws much light
upon the geological history of the Lower Glenelg, and the
surrounding area, during Pleistocene and recent times. Since its
deposition, hundreds of square miles of Jand have emerged from
the ocean, through which the Glenelg has since cut a channel
120 miles long, over 100 feet deep, and from 100 yards to nearly
a mile in width. Moreover, the outpouring of the sheets of lava,
which cover a great part of the surface in the South-West, is
probably a subsequent event ; while it is certain that one entire
formation, the Dune-limestone, now the most striking feature of
the coast scenery, belongs to a still later period.

LIST OF FOSSILS.

The list of fossils is incomplete in the Family Pleurotomidae
(as its very considerable number of species have not yet been
elaborated), and in the class Polyzoa, whilst the Foraminifera are
wholly omitted. The asterisk (*) in the geographical columns
indicates that the occurrence is restricted.

OTHER OCCURRENCES,

Bi ee ie te Ae
ee a
a tte, Bliss
MAMMALIA. co S Ss) = =
Squalodon Wilkinsoni, McCoy i
CEPHALOPODA.

Aturia australis, McCoy x 34 x

Nautilus transennus, J'ate . =

Spirulirostra curta, Tate

GASTROPODA.

Typhis acanthopterus, Tate et aie x x é x
laciniatus, J'ate ak Moa Me 2 : x x
MecCoyii, Ten.- Wds. ser ye : x x
evaricosus, 7’ate Be x F x

Murex velificus, J'ate ee CMe x Be x x
rhysus, Tate a ede x : 53
lophoessus, V'ate x x x x
amblyceras, Tate... eee x x >a
Kyrei, Ten.-Wds. ... af Pex x x x
camplytropis, Tate ... x x x
asperulus, T'ate < > x 5-4
prionotus, J'ate x Adelaide
sublevis, Tate ee Adelaide

Trophon expansilabrum, Tate se as :

fontinalis, Tate .. 1 ae : : i 2
elatus, Jate £52 Rat * ; : :
polyphyllus, Zen.-Wds. ... x ; : x x

Rapana aculeata, Tate Ren ie. x f x x

Ranella (Argobuccinum) Prattii,

Ten.-Wds. 3 ee By 7 se x F 2 x

Triton Woodsii, 7'ate od eee ve: me Se D8 x
cyphus, 7'ate x 26g x

textilis, T'ate oer Doerr x x x
annectans, 7J'ate He, aR x X »6 ,
tumulosus, Tate We ad a 3 a: ; x x
tortirostris, Tate... Cour: xi x x x
gemmulatus, J’ate ... ak is x ‘ x x
granoliratus, Tate ... eae :

fodinalis, J'ate f- ate cs ;

Distorsio interposita, J'afe ... oes ‘ :

Epidromus tenuicostatus, Zen.-Wds. . x : x
texturatus, J’ate es x : x x
intertextilis, Z'ate nero) et a :

Fusus foliaceus, J'ate ay ee x : x x

acanthostephes, 7'ate Ng: x x x x
craspedotus, J'afe ... eich x x x %
senticosus, Tate see Patards x : x x
‘ dictyotis, Tate ah See x : x x
hexagonalis, Vafe... hs ts x : a
simulans, V’ate uae Beg: hs : x x
macrorhynchus, V'ate Pee a: : : ‘

Latirofusus aciformis, V’ate en ks x : x x
alternans, Tate... the : : ,

Fasciolaria exilis, 7’ate io, bogs x : x x
cristata, Tate ... Sea miga x x x
cryptoploca, Tate ... . x : me ;
rugata, Tate ... peta. x 2 x x
decipiens, Tate Gay, x f x
Dennanti, Vate een z , :
Gellibrandensis, Jate... . XK : : Fyansford

Siphonalia dictyotis, Tate ... oe x : ; :
longirostris, Tate See 2 x x x x
Tatei, Cossmann ee x : x x
ischna, Tate ... eaten a x : x . Fyansford

Sipho crebrigranosus, Tate ... baer ss x ; x

Peristernia lintea, Tate... Sa ns x x x
succincta, Zen.-Wds. ... . x 5 % .
interlineata, T'ate ae x : x

d | : R. Murray,
Murrayana, Tate Sieniics , x : 3 ee veeanr y
subundulosa, Tate .... x : Be
tenuistriata, J'ate coe, * :
dyscrita, Tate ... Ee a Me : :
crassilabrum, Zateé |... * : :
rudis, Tate es Sel ; : .

Tritonidea acrobeles, 7J’afe ... ae as as ; ;
Halli, V'ate se SAR es ‘ ‘ : :

Dennantia Ino, Ven.- Weds. ... eS q ; x x
cingulata, T'ate ... sit x : : x
tenuisculpta, T'ate ae 2 : : . Fyansford

Leucozonia staminea, 7'ate ... Rees te x ‘ : x

Zemira precursoria, Tate ... sce x ; ‘

Eburnopsis tessellatus, Tate eer win : : :
lateliratus, J'ate 4 A x na

Phos variciferus, Jaze me Fe es x ‘ x me

Nassaria tabulata, Tate... aa ‘ ; :

Nassa Tatei, Zen.-Wds. ... ae x : x x

Lyria harpularia, 7’ate is cats x ; x x

Voluta Hannafordi, WeCoy peo. 4 x : x bi

McDonaldi, Tate... Wee ks x , x x

limbata, Tate bs ee x ‘ ; x
macroptera, McCoy ... Bee ; : : .
acuminata, J'ate he ‘ : : ;
lirata, Johnston aoe Eur ays x : 3 ’
pseudolirata, Tate ... Sas ifite x : x x
strophodon, McCoy ... ei te x x x x
antiscalaris, McCoy... aw ae x X x x
anticingulata, McCoy Soe OX : : : . Table Cape
Weldii, Ten.- Weds. ... a ae : x x :
ancilloides, Tate... aotere 3 ; x XK
McCoyii, Ten.- Wds. : x : ae x
sarissa, T'ate de ae , : x :
pagodoides, Tate... Trias. 3 ; ‘ : . Adelaide
cathedralis, Tate x ‘ x :
uncifera, T'ate “sh Pip SoS : : R. Murray
Mitra alokiza, Ten.-Wds. ... wae, US x ne x
dictua, Ten.- Wds. Dery be x x
ligata, Tate ... ees Pe x = 2< 3:4
othone, Z’en.-Wds. ... Seer ae x : x x
atractoides, Tate... ee 4 x x x
leptalea, Tate a ibia be x x x x
exilis, Tate ... os ay, te x : x f
paucicostata, Tate ... jae x : 4 > 6
biornata, Z'ate ae ie Me x x ‘
semilzevis, J'ate ee ees x x % x
conoidalis, T'ate vas sac? OX : oe
fontinalis, J'ate 1 are ;
clathurella, Tate... rs, Oe x x
Marginella Winteri, Vate ... rae < : x
Woodsii, Tate ... eae Di 4 x
propinqua, Tate es 4 x x %
Wentworthi, J'en.-Wds. . x x x x
submicula, J'ate coi x ‘ x :
micula, Tate, var. Seeks x v3 Table Cape
strombiformis, Ven.-Wds. x x Table Cape
obconica, Tate ... ca : : ;
globiformis, Tate x x x

cymbula, J'ate ae : é : :
Oliva Adelaide, Tate sae hee x x : . Adelaide
Auncillaria orycta, Tate x ‘ x : . Cheltenham,
Mioc., Gippsland

ok

apiculata, Tate

hebera, Hutton Ds : : x
ligata, Tate =a x : x
pseudaustralis, 7’ate x m x x x
semilevis, 7en.- Wds. mg P x Xi
Harpa lamellifera, 7’ate : x x
pachycheila, TJ'ate : ; ;
Columbella clathrata, Tate... : 54 x
Cainozoica, Ten.- Wds. : x - 5 3 ae
funiculata, Ten.-Wds.... . 3 x 5 x
atrateeformis, J'ate x x
curtansata, Tate 3 De : x
nodulosa, Tate ... ae bie ; x
granosa, Tate ... seep : : : ;
lirata, T'ate ea ‘ : :
aciculata, J'ate ... og Une x ; x x

crenulifera, T'ate
Oxleyi, Ten.-Wds
Cancellaria platypleura, Tate sa
varicifera, Ven.- Wds. ..
ptychotropis, T'ate
Etheridgei, Johnston ...
capillata, Tate ...
fontinalis, V'afe...
lauta, Wate
continua, Jafe ...
Terebra platyspira, Tate
additoides, Ven.- Wds.
simplex, 7’en.- Wds. aoe
Cassis exigua, Ten.- Wds.
Semicassis transenna, 7’ate...
Cassidaria gradata, J'ate
Wilsoni, 7'ate as
Trichotropis quinquelirata, Tate ...
apicilirata, Tate
Conus Dennanti, Vase ;
pullulescens, 7’en.- Wds.
extenuatus, Tate
cuspidatus, V'ate
ligatus, Tate ...
heterospira, Tate
acrotholoides, Tate ...
Dolichotoma angustifrons, Tate
decomposita, Tate
asperulata, Tate
fontinalis, Tate
Pleurotoma perarata, Tate... sop
consutilis, T’en.-Wds....

bo
bo
om

4 &

* EM MM A

val

mH

Murndaliana, Ten.- Wds.

Clare, Ten.-Wds.
Samueli, Ten.-Wds.
paracantha, Ten.- Wds.
cristulata, Tate
hemipsila, ate, var. ...
Drillia integra, Ten.-Wds. ...
Johnstoni, Ten.- Weds.
fusiformis, Hutton
Bela sculptilis, 7ate, var.
Woodsii, Tate ...
tenuisculpta, Ten.- Was.
Mangelia bidens, Ten.- Wds.

Raphitoma daphnelloides, Ten.- Was.

Daphnella gracillima, Ten. Wds.
Pusionella hemiothone, Ten.- Wds

columbelloides, Ten.- Wds.

Cypreea contusa, McCoy
subpyrulata, Tate
brachypyga, Tate
pyrulata, Tate
leptorhyncha, MeCoy
eximia, (. B. Sow. ...
platyrhyncha, sack
gigas, McCoy
platypyga, McCoy .
dorsata, Tate

ste
aS PS

<i <i <a

rh

ra bd mM

i a i

Mh mM mM me

bas

Mme

Me MMM

ri mM

rbd bod HO

os i a a

a

bh bd bd bd pe

nw

MM hd Md bt bd

Moo Mob Md

mop mM”

Mm ps

ia

Table Cape

Adelaide
Table Cape

Belmont

Table Cape
Table Cape

Fyansford

Table Cape

Table Cape

Table Cape
Table Cape

Table Cape

. ? Table Cape

Mb DM

Trivia avellanoides, IcCoy

Erato australis, Tate at

Crossea semiornata, Tate ... Ae

Scalaria microrhysa, Tate
pleiophylla, Tate
polynema, Tate

orycta, /ate an
leptalea, Tate ee "
Natica Hamiltonensis, 7’ez.- Was...

polita, Ten.- Wds.
limata, Tate .
Wintlei, Ten. Was. .
subNoe, Tate
substolida, Tate
(Sigaretopsis) subinfundibulum,
Tate ry ie
Sigaretus microstira, Tate ...
Calyptreea undulata, Tate ...
Solarium acutum, T en.- Was.
squamogranosum, Tate ...
Torinia Simsoni, Tate
ephamilla, 7'ate
Turritella Murrayana, Tate
tristira, J'ate
fontinalis, Tate
acricula, /ate
septifraga, Tate ...
platyspira, Ten.- Wds.
Vermetus conohelix, 7en.-Wds.
Tenagodus occlusus, Ten.- Wds.
Eulima Dane, 7’en.- Wds.
arcigerens, Tate
Niso psila, Ven.- Wds.
Kulimella porrecta, 7'ate
Leiostraca Johnstoni, Tate ...
Turbonilla cylindrica, Tate ... Pe
lireecostata, J’en.- Wds. .
Acteopyramis olivellieformis, Tate
Odostomia microlirata, Johnston ?
leptoskeles, Tate
decurtata, Tate...
Mathilda transenna, Ten.- Wds.
angulifera, Tate
multilirata, Tafe ...
Cerithium cribarioides, Ten.- Wds.
apheles, Zen.-Wds.
Ataxocerithium fenestratum, Tate
Triforis suleata, Ten.-Wds. ...
Wilkinsoni, Ten.- Wds.
planulata, Ten.-Wds.
Lovenella platyspira, Tate ...
marginata, Tate ...
accrescens, Tate ...
linneata, Tate
quinquelirata, Tate
subimbricata, 7'ate
nodulifera, Tate .
(Cinctella) ornithopetronica, Tate

bo
bo
bo

.

* * Dd bd

Mok

bd °

nn AM?

A .

eM MW

~

i a a

a a

Aldinga

“Aldinga, Corio Bay

a
x x
a x
x
Table Cape
: . Table Cape
x . RB. Murray
x x
x
x
x
: Table Cape
x
x ;
x
: . Table Cape
x . R. Murray
: Table Cape
4 x
x x
ze hg
x)
é Table Cape
i
: Table Cape
x
x
x R. Murray
a
x =
x x
x
x ;
x m
x
ta:
><
x

Risella alta, Tate

Fossarus (Isapis) eothinos, Late

Rissoa (Cingula) varians, T ate

Rissoina Mulderi, 7’ate a
platycheila, 7ate

Adeorbis marginatus, 7ate...

Liotia Roblini, V'en.- Wds.

Delphinula aster, Tate ;

Astralium quadriseriale, 7'ate

longispinum, Tate

Collonia parvula, T'en.-Wds.

Leptothyra fontinalis, Tate...

Cantharidus subalternans, Tate

biserialis, 7'ate...
cavatus, T ate :

Phasianotrochus tenuisculptus, Late

Eumargarita strigata, Ten.- Wds.
lucens, Zate ...

Gibbula echinulata, Tate

Calliostoma lithocolletum, Tate

ornithopetronicum, Tate
inornatum, Tate
escharoides, / ate

C. (Astele) fontinale, Tate

seminornatum, Zate

Euchelus subfenestratus, Tate

Fissurellidza laqueata, Tate

malleata, Tate

Emarginula aduncta, Tate ...

cymbium, Tate
aperturata, Tate
cassida, Tate

Subemarginula Senge Tate

Chiton sp. es

Bulla scrobiculata, Ten.-W rds. +

Tornatella scrobiculata, Ten.- Weds.

olivelleformis, Tate

Ringicula lactea, Johnston ...

Cylichna exigua, Ten.- Wds.

crebrelineata, Tate ate
paucilineata, Tate
imparistriata, Tate

Volvaria sp.

Utriculus sp.

SCAPHOPODA.

Entalis annulatum, Tate ..
Mantelli, Zttel ae
subfissura, Tate...

Dentalium aratum, Tate

lacteum, Deshayes
bifrons, Tate . Pe

Cadulus mucronatus, Tate ... ae

PTEROPODA.

Vaginella eligmostoma, Tate

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

Gryphea tarda? Hutton...

Anomia fontinalis, J'ate ah

Placunanomia sella, Tate ... Bae

wow eM

via

mm

ow

Met MO

a

.

®
» |

bd Pd bd

wrt oA

mo

*

Fyansford

Table Cape

Aldinga

Dimya dissimilis, 7'ate
Pecten consobrinus, /'afe, var.
Hochstetteri, Zitte/ ...
Murrayensis, / ate
Peroni (?) Tate
Sturtianus, Tate
lucens, Ta/e ... es;
Zitteli, Hutton ae
Yahlensis, Ten.- Wds.
dichotomalis, Taze ...
polymorphoides, Zitted
Foulcheri, Zen.- Wds.
Lima Bassi, Ten.- Wds.
Limatula Jeffreysiana, Tate
polynema, Tate
crebresquamata, Tate

Spondylus pseudoradula, McCoy .

gaderopoides, McCoy .
Modiola sp.

SDs: ay oe
Modiolaria singularis, Tate
Crenella globularis, Tate

trapezina, Tase
Nucula Atkinsoni, Johnston

tumida, Ten.- Weds.
Morundiana, Tate
Leda apiculata. Tuse
Huttoni, Ten.- Wds.
obolella, Tate
vagans, Tate
Woodsii, Tate ...
embolos, Tate
Poroleda lanceolata, Tate
Limopsis insolita, Sow.
Belcheri, Ads. & me
aurita, Broechi 7

.

Pectunculus cainozoicus, Ten.- VI rds.

laticostatus, Quoy
convexus, Tate
Barbatia consutilis, Tate
erustata, 7ate
celleporacea, J’ate
pumila, Zate
simulans, Zate, var.
interclathrata, Tate
Plagiarca cainozoica, Tate ...
Cucullza Corioensis, McCoy
Crassatella communis, Tufe...
Dennanti, Tate
abbreviata, Tate
Halli, Tate a
Trigonia semiundulata, McCoy
tubulifera, Tate
Mytilicardia alata, Tate...
Cardita delicatula, Tate...
polynema, Tate...
compacta, Jate...
scabrosa, Tate ee

D4 Dt dd be

.

Si bd) sis

a

Lod MMs

i.
1

.

‘

ee |

era

ia

i

4 x ms
; : . Aldinga
x Aldinga, R. Murray
‘ 24 d
: : . Aldinga
: x :
R. Murray, Mioc., Aldinga

x x x

x x :
: , x
: i ;
: x
x Be
: x
: ; . Adelaide
: x x
é Mitchell R., Aldinga
: ; . Aldinga
x x :
: x x
: x :
: x x
x x x
x x ;
. x x
x x Sg
: x x
x x x
x x :
: ; x
= ; . Aldinga
c x x
; x :
x x :
x x a
2 x :
x x ;
: x x
> = :
; x .
a4 x x
x x 54
Be x x
: x 2

: s . BR. Murray

: Kida

: ys

‘ b . Aldinga
x. Pa

- : x

2 x ¢

: x :

Carditella radiata, Tate
inornata, 7 ate
Lucina araneosa, 7ate
leucomomorpha, Tate
projecta, Tate :
Diplodonta subquadrata, Tate
Verticordia echinata, Tate
Chama lamellifera, Ten.- Wds.
Cardium psendomagnum, McCoy ..
antisemigranulatum, McCoy
ornithopetronicum, Tate
Chione cainozoica, Ten.- Wds.
multiteniata, Tate...
propinqua, Ten.-Wds.
Pritchard, 7 ateas 2
dimorphophylla, Tate
Cytherea eburnea, Tate
tenuis, 7ate
Dosinia Johnstoni, Zate
Tellina Masoni, 7ate
equilatera, Zate
Stirlingi, Zate
Psammobia zequalis, Zate
Semele Krauseana, 7ate
vesiculosa, Zate
precisa, T'ate
Mactra axiniformis, 7ate
Howchiniana, 7ate...
Myadora tenuilirata, Zate ...
Phragmorisma anatinformis, 7% ate
Myochama rugata, Zate
Corbula pyxidata, Zate
ephamilla, 7ate
Panopea orbita, Hutton
Solecurtus Dennanti, Zate .
Aspergillum teredina, Zate...
PALLIOBRANCHIATA.
Terebratula vitreoides, Z7en.- Wds.
Waldheimia insolita, Zate ...
Corioensis, McCoy
Garibaldiana, Davidson
Terebratulina Scoulari, 7ate ie
Davidsoni, Htheridge
Magasella compta, G. 5. Sow.
POLYZOA.
Salenaria rutella, Zen.-Wds.
concinna, Zen.- Wds.
Lunulites petaloides, D’Orb.
Cellepora fossa, Haswell
Lepralia edax, Busi...
ECHINODERMATA.
Paradoxechinus novus, Laube
Psammechinus Woodsi, Lawbe
Scutellina patella, 7afe ..
Clypeaster Gippslandicus, 1 cCoy ..
Monostychia australis, Lawbe
Kchinolampas posterocrassus, Gregory
Holaster australize, Duncan
jE

bo
Or

* PS

Pa ot ed ed dot

wo mK

bass ibd

i <i a

be bd ded rd Pd Dd Dd

b+

ww

al

: ° . Aldinga
%
: x :
5 x x
xsi) HX
ii
; Aldinga
5
x Xx
x x x
Aldinga
Table Cape
: x 5
Xx x Mioc., Gippsland
x :
x x
x x
x
Mioe. f Muddy Creek
: x x
5 x x
Table Cape
5 : Aldinga
x % ss
x
x :
Table Cape
i x
x %
: b x
x x
x x
, Aldinga, Table Cape
x x
x x a
x
x x :
x Rec.

Mt. Gambier, Rec.

R. Murray, Aldinga
R. Murray, Aldinga
x ‘
x . R. Mitchell
R. Murray
. Aldinga
R. Murray Clitis, Aldinga

Pericosmus compressus, McCoy
Cyclaster Archeri, 7en.-Wds.
-Eupatagus Murrayensis, Laube

rotundus, Duncan
Lovenia Forbesi, Ten.- Wds.
Astrogonium sp.
Antedon breviceps, Tate
ZOANTHARIA.

Flabellum Candeanum, Hd. & H. ..

pedicellare, Tate...
Victorie, Duncan
distinctum, Hd. & H.
medioplicatum, Tate
circulare ? Ten.- Wds.

Placotrochus deltoideus, Duncan ...

elongatus, Duncan
Notocyathus australis, Duncan
excisus, Duncan
alatus, Ten.- Wds.
viola, Duncan
punctatus, Tate

Conocyathus cyclocostatus, Ten.-

Wds.

Trematotrochus fenestratus, Ten.- -

Wds.

grandipora, Tate ...

bicyclus, Tate

Trochocyathus Victoriz, Duncan ...
meridionalis, Duncan

bellicostatus, Tate
Deltocyathus Italicus, Hd. & H.
Conotrochus typus, Sequenza
Smilotrochus vacuus, J'en.- Wds.
Amphihelia incrustans, Duncan
Conosmilia anomala, Duncan
lituola, Duncan...
elegans, Duncan
striata, Duncan ...
Bathyactis discus, Ten.- Wds.
basiporosus, Tate
Cycloseris tenuis, Duncan
Balanophyllia australiense, D.
Selwyni, D. ..
cylindrica, D.
Ulrichi, D.
campanulata, D.
Graphularia senescens, Tate

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. Murray Cliffs
. Murray Cliffs
. Murray Cliffs
. Murray Cliffs
. Murray Cliffs
Aldinga

ADA

x
x
x
Aldinga
Eoc., N. Zealand
x

R. Murray

Aldinga

CUSTOMS, RITES, AND SUPERSTITIONS OF THE
ABORIGINAL TRIBES OF THE GULF OF CAR-=
PENTARIA, WITH A VOCABULARY.

By W.G. Srrerron, Special Magistrate, Borroloola, Northern
Territory.

(Communicated by E. C. Stirling, M.D., F.R.8.)

The customs, rites, and superstitions of the tribes of natives
inhabiting those portions of the Gulf of Carpentaria traversed
by the Roper, Limmen, McArthur, Robinson and Calvert Rivers,
as well as the islands comprising the Sir Edward Pellew group,
differ ina very great measure from those of the more inland
tribes. This is attributable to their long intercourse with the
Malay trepang-fishers. That intercourse with some foreign
people existed nearly a century ago is proved by the records of
Matthew Flinders, Commander of H.M.S. Investigator, who,
during his survey of this coast in 1802, speaks of the existence.
of relics left by such people on the Sir Edward Pellew group
of islands. Probably these were Malays, who still visit our
Northern coast every year for the purpose of gathering
trepang. It is not my intention to go further into the
history of these Malays or their trepang fishing, as_ the
subject has been fully treated by Mr. Alfred Searcy, Sub-
Collector of Customs at Port Darwin; but I briefly mention
this fact, as I shall show further on that some of the peculiarities
of these particular tribes are due to long intercourse with a foreign
people. I have had great opportunities of studying the customs
and idiosyneracies of the native tribes of Northern Australia,
having been a resident in its tropical region for twenty-three
years and, since my residence in this particular locality, I have
been much impressed with the importance of writing a record of
them; although incompetent to do so myself, I shall have
very much pleasure in assisting in the research. I have appended
hereto a long list of the various tribes on, and about, the before-
mentioned rivers. The dialect used in all cases is that of the
tribe located at Borroloola, this being the native name of this
township, which is situated on the west bank of the McArthur
River, and southwards from the coast about fifty nules. The
name of this tribe is Leeanuwa.

The Malay cast of feature is very pronounced, and there are at
the present time several half-castes. The face is much sharper
than that of the usual native type; the flat nose, so characteristic

Q

228

of the Australian aboriginal, is very rarely seen, and his charac-
teristic cunning and braggadocio has with these become more
strongly developed than in the more inland tribes, Vanderlin
Island, the largest of the Pellew Group, is the rendezvous of a
most determined and bloodthirsty people, who have already
become notorious for the murder of several white persons on this
river. J am quite willing to admit that some of the murders
committed by aboriginals have been brought about by the
victims, but many of the tribes with which I am now dealing
will take bread from you with one hand, while they murder
you with the other. They will resort to all sorts of schemes and
devices to lure you from your camp, even to the offer of their
women ; they will then rob your camp, and you will be extremely
lucky if you escape with your life. I would like to relate an
instance that occurred to a party coming overland from Burke-
town, consisting of three white men and a young Queensland
black boy. At about 5 p.m. they camped on the Calvert River.
Soon afterwards, while they were having their tea, two black-
fellows came up, and gave them to understand by signs that
there were two horses on a small creek close by. Two of the
party went to look at these horses, leaving the other white man
and the black boy in the camp. As soon as the two men were
sufficiently far away to be out of hearing, about twenty natives,
all having a number of spears, rushed into the camp and attacked
the white man and black boy. However, the man was able to
get hold of his repeating rifle, and after a few shots drove them
off. At the same time some shots were heard down the creek,
and the two men, hurriedly returning, explained that they also
had been attacked, while they could see no sign of any strange
horses. The party then immediately saddled up, and travelled on
all night. This is only one of many instances in which the
natives have tried, and in some instances with success, to lure
the unwary traveller to his doom. I do not suggest that the
aboriginal is always to blame, but the cases in which the white
man brings the punishment upon himself are few and far
between ; and I wish merely to show how cunning they are in
some of their subterfuges.

The Vanderlin tribe are expert canoeists, and are possessed of
some very fine canoes, made out of solid trees, which have been
left there by the Malays. They are particularly fond of tobacco
and arrack (a kind of white rum), are extremely superstitious,
and many of their corroborees are reiterations of deeds of
prowess performed by their ancestors, in which, of course,
nothing of the heroic is lost. One corroboree (a favourite) is
descriptive of a large snake that appears every year, generally
about the first heavy rains, and takes away an old man from

229
the tribe. This snake only appears to the old people and, as
soon as it is seen, an old man dies and mysteriously disappears.
Of course, out of the many tribes it is more than probable that
an old man will die every year. As soon as the fact is known
by the other tribes their cry is “‘ Yes, snake take him.”

I have frequently tried to obtain from the young and more
intelligent natives a reason for this illusion, but they persistently
believe it to be true and nothing will shake that belief. It is
not generally understood that the chanting of past records, such
as of any wonderful or startling event, is customary with the
Australian native, and I am quite of opinion that it is only among
some of these Gulf tribes that such is the case. Perhaps the
reason is not so difficult to understand, when it is known that
some of the native races of the Celebes Islands, who have no
written history, chant their past deeds, and so hand them down
to posterity. May not this custom have been instilled into the
minds of these tribes by the visits of the Malays to our northern
seaboard? Another corroboree, relative to the approach of the
white man, is sometimes performed.

No much lower race of human beings exists than the Austra-
lian aboriginal. Although he is capable of improvement, he is
more than apt to go back into his wild state, to, whatever extent
he may have become subject to the influences of civilisation.
We have instances in this locality in which boys have been taken
up by Europeans, taught to read and write and treated in every
way as the equal of a white man, yet they have eventually
returned to their tribes. In the case of the late murder of
Clark and Dolitte at Bowgan, the ringleader of that dastardly
and inhuman outrage was a young blackfellow named “ Box,”
who had lived with Europeans for over nine years.

I will now to the best of my ability state such information as
I have to offer concerning the Gulf tribes, in a form suggested by
a detailed set of ‘“ Questions on the manners, customs, religion,
superstitions, &c., of uncivilized or semi-civilised peoples,” by
J. G. Frazer, M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge, which was sup-
pled to me by Dr. Stirling. ‘The numbers in the text are those
of Mr. Frazer’s questions, and they have been retained for con-
venience of reference and comparison.

TRIBES.

1. The natives are divided into tribes consisting of a chief
and from 60 to 100 souls ; they are not subdivided again into
clans or castes. For the names of tribes and individuals see
appendix.

2-3. The only difference in dress is the mode of wearing the hair,
that is when any attention is paid to it at all, which is seldom.

230

Nearly all the tribes I am now dealing with plait the hair into a.
conical form, with string made from the fur of the opossum.
The tribes further inland leave the hair very bushy, and
ornament the forehead with kangaroo teeth, which are attached
to the hair. The covering of the private parts is nearly the
same throughout Australia ; with these tribes that of the male is
called ‘* Woocarrala,” and that of the female, “Mada Madda” ;
these are also made from opossum-fur. On very special occasions
they wear necklets made of short lengths of grass-stems threaded
like beads.

4. They do not take their names from animals or plants, and
they cannot tell how, or from what, their names are derived ;
but, as with us, many water-holes, and particularly camping
places, are named after chiefs or other notable men of their
tribes ; for instance, Bindawadgie is the name of a member of
the Leeanuwa tribe and a large camping place is named after
him. When a child is born it takes the name of some dead
relative or friend of the same tribe, and sometimes a name is
manufactured from portions of other names. They will not eat
the flesh of the crocodile, not on account of it being held sacred,
but because they believe that if they eat it they will waste away
and die. The flesh of the crocodile is certainly not very tempt-
ing and the odour is extremely offensive.

5. They will not, for the same reason, even touch its bones.

6. They assert that their tribes originate from a monstrous
native whom they call ‘‘Gnabya,” and in their lamentations the
refrain of ‘“Gnabya! Gnabya!! Gnabya!!!” is frequently
heard ; but beyond this it is but very seldom any reference is
made to him. It is generally the very old women who are loudest
in this refrain, and they will keep it up with a dirge-like monotony
for twelve or fourteen hours until thoroughly exhausted.

Birtu, Drscent, ADOPTION.

At the birth of a child the mother is always assisted by her
mother or some near relative. At the approach of delivery she
retires into seclusion and remains there until a few hours after
the birth ; the after-birth is buried immediately, as they have a
very strong superstition that if it be eaten by a wild dog the
child also will be eaten by dogs. The umbilical cord is tied with
fibre, generally very close to the navel ; it is then severed with a
sharp piece of flint, and the infant is wrapped in “ paperbark ”
(Melaleuca Leucodendron). No ceremony of any kind at birth
is observed.
8. During pregnancy no difference in diet is observed until
after quickening ; very little meat is then taken until about ten
days after the birth of the child. The mother subsists during

231

that period entirely on roots, berries, fruits, &e. There is a kind
of wild parsnip, of which the natives are very fond; this, if in
season, is eagerly sought for during the first few days after child-
birth. A few hours after the child is born the mother walks
about apparently as strong as ever. The number of days she
remains away from her husband depends a good deal on the
number of his wives.

9. The husband makes no difference in his mode of living
either before or after the birth.

10. The father always names the child, but without the slightest
ceremony. Usually it is called after some dead relative, and it
is very seldom that a name has to be manufactured. No two
children bear the same name.

11. In the case of the death of an elder brother or sister they
will give the name of the deceased to a child just born, the
naming taking place as soon as it is born, but without ceremony.

12. It is a common occurrence to kill the firstborn, irrespec-
tive of sex. The fact that the child has been killed is not always
known to the father, and he takes no trouble to enquire into the
matter ; in the mother extreme youthfulness is one of the reasons
for killing the firstborn. If the birth has been a painful one, the
mother will herself sometimes kill it; and if she be too weak, it
is often killed by the attendants.

13. The child always takes the name of the father’s tribe, and
belongs to that tribe; but if the child be a female, and having
been stolen by another tribe marries one of its young men, she of
course becomes a member of it.

14. Adoption is largely practised, and in the case of the adop-
tion of a female child, she is at the disposal of the foster mother,
who generally gives her to some young man of the tribe in
exchange for some ornament, trinket, or food. No ceremony
accompanies the adoption. If it is a boy, he manages to get
food as he best can, though while he is a baby he is cared for as
much as the girl. The boys, however, get very little meat until
they are able to obtain it for themselves.

PUBERTY.

15. The only ceremony of any very great importance is per-
formed at puberty, and is always carried out with great pomp and
ceremony. I will endeavour to describe the ceremony as observed
by myself. A camp or open space, which I will call ‘the circle,”
is cleared to a diameter of thirty yards and swept quite clean.
Half of “the circle” is fenced round with bushes, on the inner
side of which are seated the councillors or leaders of the ceremony,
the chief being in the centre of them. None of the women or
children are allowed near “the circle,” but are camped some two

or three hundred yards away. At about 7 p.m., or as soon as.
the moon is well-up (these ceremonies are always performed
during full moon), a weird cry is heard in the distance. All in
the vicinity of the circle are still as death; the plaintive cry,
which much resembles the shriek of the stone-plover, continues and
as it approaches nearer the chief in a low voice now and then
commands silence. After about ten or fifteen minutes, between
thirty or forty warriors, painted and most gorgeously arrayed
in head-dresses of emu-plumes and other fanciful coverings,
advance from the direction of the cry, and from the midst
of these advancing warriors one of the fleetest darts forward
towards the circle, and at every thirty or forty yards falls
prone to the earth, with his ear close to the ground. This
is repeated until near the circle, when he glances hurriedly
at the seated figures and rapidly returns to his fellow-warriors,
with the assurance that all is right and everything is ready for
the ceremony. The warriors then advance in a compact body to
the centre of “the circle,” seating themselves face inwards and
with heads bowed to the ground. One of the guardians from
beneath the brush-shelter then approaches these warriors, and
with a piece of yellow ochre makes a cross on the backs of about
half of their number, thus indicating the individuals who are to
seize the boys that are to undergo the rite. In the meantime the
elderly men who have charge of the boys are seated on the convex
side of the brush-fence. A corroboree is now commenced, in
which the women in their camp take part. This corroboree, or
chant, has no reference to the ceremony; but its purpose is
rather to divert the attention of the boys from the ordeal that
awaits them. I was informed that the boys did not know what
was to be done to them; but from their abject looks I am inclined
to think that they must have had some idea. On the whole,
however, they behaved very well indeed. No young boys or girls
are admitted within sight of “the circle,” but are compelled to
remain in the camp with the old women, while the corroboree
still goes on, with a dirge-like monotony, until very near daylight.
Suddenly all are startled by the chief, who, in a loud voice,
demands the boys from the elderly natives, and commands the
yellow-cross warriors to seize them and bring them into “the
circle,” one of the elderly men accompanying each boy. On
entering ‘the circle” a yellow-cross warrior drops on his hands
and knees, another throws a boy across the kneeling warrior’s
back, and one of the old men advancing with a piece of sharp
flint called ‘‘Boorawa,” takes the end of the foreskin between the
thumb and finger and cuts the end off, which he places on a
piece of paperbark. He then takes the penis between the thumb
and forefinger, turns it up, and slits the urethra close to the back

233

part of the foreskin. Some of these slits, being clumsily done,
extend nearly the whole length of the penis; while others form
only a small hole, which sometimes has to be enlarged. Through
this slit they always pass their water. The pieces of foreskin are
taken away by the old men and thrown into a waterhole contain-
ing lilies. This is done to prevent the young men from becoming
ill after the ceremony, which, indeed, so seldom occurs that the
fact of throwing these clippings into a waterhole is considered a
preventive beyond dispute. Each boy is then presented with an
outfit—first with a covering for his person, and then with the
various implements used in war or in the chase. No dressing
whatever is used after the operation, and the wounds appear to
heal very rapidly. The object of performing the ceremony at
daylight, or shortly before, is to prevent any of the young people
knowing anything of it, and this is the only occasion in which
any kind of decency is shown to the younger members of this
strange people. The night after the ceremony, and for several
nights following, a grand corroboree is performed, and it is
during these latter orgies that the young men are allotted their
wives—that is, so far as those are available for them; but, as
subsequently stated, they generally obtain their wives from other
tribes by stealth or capture.

While on this subject, I will describe a corresponding operation
which is performed on the young gins (23), and with the same
instrument. Formerly, that is, previous to the advent of the
white man, it was accompanied by a similar ceremony to that
above described, with the exception that the women took the
part of the yellow-cross warriors and of the elderly men in
charge of the boys. Young men, girls, and boys were not
allowed near “the circle” when the rite was performed. Now,
however, it is done without any ceremony. It is a most brutal
and inhuman ordeal, and the natives seem to have an idea that
if conducted with any pomp or display civilisation would not
tolerate it. It is now conducted as follows:—An old man,
generally a relative other than the father, takes the poor girl,
without the slightest warning, into seclusion, and with the piece
of flint previously described enlarges the opening of the vagina ;
this operation, brutal in the extreme, must be, indeed, very
painful, as the cries are described by my interpreter as sometimes
dreadful to hear. No white men, of course, would be permitted
to witness these ceremonies, even were they inclined to do so.
The object of this operation is to enable the male to have easier
access ; and this may have relation to the fact that, in consequence
of the operation performed on the boy—I refer to slitting the
urethra—the penis when erected has a downward curve. <A
number of young girls are now escaping this brutal ordeal,

234

also are a fair percentage of young men, so that it will probably,
in a few years, become a thing of the past. With regard to the
operation performed on the young men, I have been very par-
ticular in obtaining ail possible information as to the reason of
the male rite, and am convinced that it is done purely for the
sake of cleanliness and not, as I have frequently heard, to prevent
procreation. To convince me that I was wrong, a friend of mine
in this district said, ‘Now we will go into the natives’ camp,
when I will satisfy you.” On arrival there, he selected an
intelligent young native, and said to him, “ By-and-bye you cut
him Dyimboo (penis), you no more make him Leeardooberrie ”
(children). The reply was, ‘“ Yah (yes); no more make him.”
I objected to the manner of putting the question, and, in my
turn, said to the native, “ Suppose you cut him Dyimboo ; you
no more get him sore fellow?” The reply was, ‘“ Yah ; no more
get him sore fellow.” So that one has to be careful, and not
rely too much on leading questions. My interpreter knows
thoroughly well now what my object is in putting all these
questions ; but even with him T never lead directly up to a
subject.

16. The pretence of killing, and then of restoring life, is not
practised with these tribes; although if a young person dies, they
all get round the body and try to keep it warm.

17. After the initiatory rites, the boys are allotted wives, but
they do not have sexual intercourse with them until one moon,
or month, after the ceremony.

18. Some of the tribes knock out the front teeth in the upper
jaw, and all of them pierce the cartilage of the nose ; these mutil-
ations are performed without any ceremony. During corroborees
a stick is inserted through the nose, simply as an ornament.

19. After the young man has quite recovered from the opera-
tion performed at puberty, he is marked and scored with a piece
of flint across the chest; this is generally done by the young
wife, and he in turn marks her in the same way. Sometimes the
wounds are made on their own persons, and it is wonderful the
amount of misery and pain they will bear in order to be in the
fashion ; perhaps they are not peculiar in this respect ; however,
they consider it more manly to have these marks, and it would
be impossible to find an aboriginal without them. Young couples
will pass the greater part of their time in adorning each other.
He makes necklets for her, and she makes armlets for him.

20. Any person is competent to put on these marks. You
may sometimes see a broad-arrow on a blackfellow, put on by a
white man, with, of course, the consent of the native.- I have
seen the resulting cicatrices standing out quite an inch from the
ordinary surface of the flesh.

235

21-23. Both sexes are marked alike, and, so far as I know, the
markings have no significaace beyond show.

24-26. A girl is secluded at her first menstruation, during
which she sits on a piece of ‘paper-bark” in her mother’s camp,
but they are not secluded at subsequent periods. During their
courses they observe no particular rules, except that, if they are
sick or very weak, they are then rubbed with Eucalyptus leaves
made hot over the flame of a fire. In assigning a cause for the
flow they simply say that Gnabya (vide 6) makes the blood come
every moon, and that in a few days he will stop it again.
Although a most brutal and inhuman race of people, they possess
a very wholesome dread of having sexual intercourse during
menstruation, and positively assert that any man so doing will
become covered with sores; but, as stated, she is not secluded
after the first period ; at subsequent periods she may be seen and
conversed with, and she is merely looked upon with compassion.

MARRIAGE.

27. A man is not allowed to marry any of his own tribe
unless it is very clear that no blood relationship exists, however
remote.

28-29. Young men and women have sexual intercourse without
marriage, and if the young woman becomes pregnant the young
man is compelled to take her as his wife. If a man cohabit with
a woman already married, and her unfaithfulness is discovered or
even suspected by the husband, she is beaten most unmercifully,
and sometimes deliberately killed, without interference with his
brutality to his wife. Sometimes he gives her away to a
polygamist, which is considered a great punishment. A male
adulterer, if unmarried, is banished from the tribe until he can
capture or obtain a wife from some neighbouring tribe.

30. They are very strict with regard to the degrees of con-
sanguinity, and will not permit the marriage of blood relations,
however remote ; but they allow a man to marry his deceased
wife’s sister, or a woman her deceased husband’s brother. A
young man, son of a captured woman, who captures a young
woman from his mother’s tribe must be very careful to find out
that she is not a relative, or he will not be allowed to have her.

31-32. Polygamy is extensively practised, but polyandry is un-
known.

33. The reason they assign for having more than one wife, is
that they will be better supplied with honey and other edibles,
the procuring of which is among the duties expected of the
women. Where there are a number of wives living together in
this way, there are never ending fights and squabbles, so that a
surfeit of connubial bliss has its dark side. The husband never

236

takes more than one of his wives when on a hunting trip, but
takes them in turn. Those who remain in the camp, procure
honey and roots in the near neighbourhood, ready for the husband
on his return. They also collect a quantity of lily seeds which
they pound up on a flat stone, and with the flour make a kind of
“ Johnny cake.”

34. A man obtains his wife generally by capture, but sometimes
the wife-seeker is allowed to come into camp to select a wife.
It is considered far more manly and heroic to steal the wife, and
she prefers this mode of being wooed. On the death of a man
whose wife has been captured from a distant tribe, the widow is
given to another man of her late husband’s tribe; but if possible,
she contrives to be stolen by a member of some tribe not
originally her own.

35-36. On capturing a wife, the husband takes her to his
country and home.

37-39. No ceremony whatever is observed at marriage, and the
bride is not veiled, nor is she ever represented by a dummy or
proxy

40-41. There are no bridesmaids or best men, nor is there any
ceremony on the day after marriage.

42-43. As there is no marriage ceremony, the man cohabits from
the date of capture without allowing the lapse of any fixed
period; and the custom does not exist of visiting the wife by
stealth. In the case of a newly-married man, he is always with
her.

44, It is neither required nor permitted that the wife should be
deflowered or have sexual intercourse with another man before
her husband.

45. Men abstain from cohabiting with women during men-
struation, for the last few days of pregnancy, and for about ten
days after childbirth.

46. Wives are sometimes exchanged and sometimes given
away, and a widow is free to marry whom she chooses. Some-
times a woman objects to be mated with a certain man, but as a
rule, in their opinion, one man is as good as another.

A woman may look at and speak to her father-in-law, but
a man may not look at or speak to his mother-in-law, or his wife’s
relatives. This is a custom that I have never seen so persistently
carried out as it is with these tribes. A man passing a camp in
which are seated any of his wife’s or wives’ relatives, will shroud
his eyes, and, in fact, go considerably out of his way to avoid
seeing them. I have noticed this particularly in the case of
my interpreter. His wife’s father and mother are always in this
township, and on several occasions I have employed the old man
to cut wood and carry water, &e. On one occasion I was

237

engaged at something in which I received the combined assistance
of my interpreter and his father-in-law ; but during the whole of
the time the young man kept his head turned away from the old
man, and would not for any consideration speak to him.
48. Brothers and sisters may both see and converse with each
other.
DISEASE AND DEATH.

49. When any of them become sick they suppose “ Gnabya”
is angry (6), and they attribute the cause of death also to him.
T must admit that I have had some difficulty in getting informa-
tion relative to this subject. Without being able to explain it
they seem to have some idea of the mystery of death, but very
few of them will converse on the subject.

50. Nearly all complaints are treated in the same manner,
that is by continually rubbing the affected parts with the inner
bark and leaves of a Eucalyptus tree, heated over a fire. About
two years ago influenza broke out among the natives here, and I
have witnessed, with very great interest, this practice of rubbing
the body with Eucalyptus leaves. The patient lies, face down-
wards, close to a slow fire. The doctor, or operator, also sits close
to the fire, with a large heap of leaves close at hand. He keeps
up a continual rubbing of the body with these leaves heated over
the fire, and from this treatment they appear to obtain great
relief. In cases of venereal disease, the persom suffering will
go into very muddy water and remain there for hours, and
apply clay to any open sore. During the cold season they are
covered with ringworm, which they cure with applications of «
solution made of the dark gum that exudes from the gum-trees ;
but they are not particular about getting rid of the eruption, and
pay very little attention to its cure. For rheumatic pains the
bleached bones of a kangaroo, pounded to a fine powder and
rubbed on to the affected parts, are considered to be a certain
cure.

51. They think that “Gnabya” makes them unwell, but
beyond the lamentation of “ Gnabya! Gnabya! Gnabya!” there
does not appear to be any further appeal to him for relief or
assistance in any of their troubles.

53. On the death of a native, his relatives assemble round
his body and, as soon as they are assured of his death, they beat
themselves about the head with sticks and sharp stones until the
blood streams down their faces, old men and women crying aloud
like children. After a time, when the mourners have modified
their grief, four male relatives or friends will enfold the body in
many wraps of “ paper-bark,” and they then prepare a staging or
platform among the branches of a fairly-well shaded tree, on
which they place the body, where it remains until all the

238

flesh is off the bones. The bare bones are then collected and
placed in a hollow log about five feet long and ten inches in
diameter. The ends of this are closed with pieces of ‘‘paper-bark,”
and the coffin is placed between the branches of a tree, well
secluded and away from their own haunts. Rocky ravines and
almost inaccessible places are invariably chosen as the last resting
place of the bones. At this final burial rite a great corroboree
takes place, varying in pomp according to the importance of the
departed. If he has been a great warrior, all his brave deeds are
then recounted, and he is immortalised by a special corroboree
made for him ; and thus his history and deeds are handed down.
Very little notice is taken of the death of a woman.

54. Ghosts of the departed are generally believed in, but
while there is any flesh on the bones of the body recently placed
on the first tree, there is not the slightest fear of the ghost
appearing ; but immediately the coffin is placed in the secluded
spot, or, in other words, as soon as the flesh is all off the bones,
the ghost is liable to appear, and it is only at this time that it
is seen. When the ghost appears, the four men previously
mentioned, if living, remove the bones into the camp. If the
ghost follows, it is commanded by the old men in a corroboree to
leave, which it does, and is not again seen. If one of the four
men happens to die between the death of his friend and the
seeing of the ghost, his body, if not too offensive, is brought into
camp and is considered a certain remedy against the appearance
of the ghost of any person dying at that time. If they dream
of a ghost or any uncanny object, they believe they have abso-
Jutely seen the ghost and act in every way as if they had. After
the disposal of the ghost, the bones are taken to another place.

D9. The persons engaged in the burial rites start a monoton-
ous dirge and continue it until the ceremony is over; and, even
for weeks after the death, they are apt to break out in the
melancholy refrain. If a near relative happens to be away, when
the death occurs, and comes into camp a month after, he will
begin howling like a wild dog. I have frequently been compelled
to send them word to desist.

56-57. Neither the widow nor relatives have any special observ-
ances after the death of a warrior, and they wear nothing 7m
memoriam beyond what has been related. There are no other
special customs or superstitions concerning the bones of the dead_

MURDER.

58. A murder is avenged by the relatives of the victim; in fact,
all members of the tribe are commanded to avenge the death.
All members of the murderer’s tribe are responsible, and any of
them falling into the hands of the relatives of the victim are
put to death without any recognised form.

239

59. They will accept no compensation, but will be avenged.
Of course mistakes are made, and sometimes the murder goes
unavenged ; but they are like blood hounds when once on the
track.

60. A murderer is not considered unclean ; but, with his own
tribe, he is rather made much of. A murder, as they understand
the term, 1s not of frequent occurrence.

PROPERTY AND INHERITANCE.

61-64. After the death of a chief, his eldest son assumes the
position and, if he should not have arrived at puberty, an old
warrior is selected to act until the son has gone through the
ordeal. Even then he has very little power, and very little
attention is paid to him until he has proved himself worthy of
the position. They have no property, except the piece of country
on which they were born. The installation of a new chief is
always a ceremony of importance. A circle is formed, as in the
case of the ceremony at puberty, and the chief-elect is led into
the circle, with his head completely covered. All those in
attendance (no women or children are allowed) begin a corroboree,
first chanting the many good qualities of their old chief, and
gradually coming round to the many things expected of the new,
who is then and there acknowledged to be their head man. He
is presented with a “ Narleega” (throwing stick), which is carved
and painted very gaudily. The newly-made chief is then un-
covered. He assumes command, and orders a corroboree and
dance, which is continued all night. He wears no distinctive
dress, and a stranger would not know who was the chief.

FIRE.

65. Fire is obtained by friction of one piece of wood against
another. The horizontal piece is held under the foot, while the
perpendicular piece is twirled quickly round between the palms
of the hands with a downward pressure. As soon as smoke is
observed, the operator takes from his hair (kept there for the
purpose) a piece of wax mixed with fat, about the size of a pea,
drops it into the hole made in the horizontal stick, and again
twirls the other stick round, with the result that a fine smoulder-
ing powder is produced, which, being shaken into dry grass or
bark and vigorously blown, soon kindles into a flame. I have
seen them produce fire in two minutes.

66. Fires are never extinguished, unless it is to throw
pursuers off the track; on the other hand, they will, if very
closely pursued and the country is dry, light fires all round to
burn the grass, and get away unseen in the smoke.

67. They have no superstition about fire, or story of its
origin.

240

Foop.

68. They eat almost everything in the shape of animal food.
Crocodiles (Crocodilus porosus) are the only reptiles that they
will not eat, and they would rather resort to eating each other
than touch their flesh. The much smaller Gavial (Philas
Johnstoni), found on fresh-water lagoons and at the heads
of the rivers, is quite harmless, and of its flesh the abor-
iginal male adults are very fond. They believe that if any of
them eat the flesh of the large crocodile, they will pine away and
die ; and I know of no tribe amongst which its flesh is eaten.

69. Men and women eat together seated round the fire.

70-71. Children eat with their parents, except when they get
shell-fish. These they cook and eat by themselves ; but in the
case of game or fish being brought in, the women do the cooking,
and the children get their share.

72-75. Cannibalism is practised among some of the tribes. They
sometimes eat a child that has died, but they never kill a child to
eat the flesh ; and it is only in the case of the death of a young
boy or girl that they practise cannibalism. Adults they do not
eat, and the mother of a child never partakes of its flesh—in fact,
neither women nor children practise it at all, and male adults only
when they are extremely hungry, and cannot get animal food ;
even then it is done in a stealthy manner, and with as little show
as possible.

76. The bones of a child that has been eaten are given to the
mother, who carries them about with her for some considerable
time, in order to prevent the anger of “‘Gnabya,” or the ghost of
the departed child, who visits the camp. After the mother
thinks she can deposit the bones in safety, she will do so by
putting them into a hollow log, and placing the same in some
secluded tree or cave.

77. Immediately on killing a kangaroo they sometimes drink
the blood.

78. In the case of the flooding of a woman, they will not even
look at her; but this very seldom occurs, and is the only instance
in which blood is abhorrent. Women have no objection, or are
they forbidden, to see the blood of men.

79. Fasting is only practised when want compels. If they
suffer from indigestion, they start a corroboree and dance.

80. The omental fat of the kangaroo is eaten by the slayer, anda
portion of it rubbed on his body ; this is supposed to strengthen
the sinews. Women are forbidden to eat flying foxes ( Pteropus ),
for if they do so all the flying foxes will leave the locality. They
have no idea that they will acquire the qualities of certain
animals by eating their flesh.

241

HUNTING AND FISHING.

81. Their principal way of catching fish is by staking the
mouth of small salt-water creeks during high tide, and filling the
spaces between the stakes with grass ; in this way a great num-
ber of fish are caught. On large creeks the bars, or junctions of
fresh and salt waters, are favourite fishing places. The Vanderlin
Island tribe are most expert canoeists, and with the dugong-spear
they can capture any number of these animals.

82. No special custom is observed in hunting and fishing,
except absolute silence, all communications being made by signs.
A. big corroboree generally succeeds a successful hunting tour.

83-84. The women and children left at home during the absence
of the hunters gather honey, fruits, &c.; and there are always a
few men left in the camp, in case of a surprise by any neighbour-
ing tribe. On returning from the chase they generally have a
big dance, and the hunter who has been most successful is
decorated with kangaroo teeth, which are hung round his fore-
head from the hair.

85. No ceremony is observed with regard to the animals slain.
They burn the bones—that is, if their dogs leave any about the
camp. They always have a lot of dingoes with them, and it is
quite common to see a native woman suckling a young pup; they
are, in fact, quite as fond of their dogs as they are of their
children, and if one of the former is killed or dies, they make a
dreadful row. They also put the dead dogs into the branches of
a tree on a stage, but after that pay no attention.

AGRICULTURE.

86-96. They do not till the ground, and agriculture is not
attempted in any shape or form. They will even without thought
or care destroy their best fruit-trees.

WAR.

97. No ceremony is observed before going to war. It is rather
amusing than otherwise to watch a conflict between two tribes.
I have seen some terribly hard knocks given, but as a rule there
is far more talk than anything else. When there is any serious
difference between two tribes, they meet on an open space. A
warrior steps forward armed with waddy, throwing stick and two
or three spears, struts about and works himself into a most
furious rage ; another warrior on the opposite side at the same
time goes through the same antics ; and presently one of them,
having arrived at the proper pitch of passion, throws a spear,
or the two warriors will drop their spears, and come to close
quarters with their waddies. When one of them is knocked down
or gets his waddy broken, the row is all over ; but if spears are

resorted to, the fight will last longer, and perhaps several may be
wounded ; but as a rule, as soon as one is hurt, the fight is over,
and they then become friendly and chat together.

98-101. There is no special rule as to diet for fighting-men on
the war-path, and those who remain in the camp gather honey,
fruits, roots, berries, &c., for the warriors on their return. This
is an occasion for holding a corroboree, which varies in import-
ance, according to the amount of success gained. Slain- foes are
not mutilated. ;

102. On killing an enemy the victor does not observe any
special rites, but he is looked upon as a great warrior and feared
by his friends. Those killed in battle are buried with rather
more pomp than at an ordinary death, their names and deeds
being specially mentioned at their usual corroboree after the
bones are deposited in their last resting-place. ven when they
are not victorious a corroboree is held. The ghost of a warrior
killed in battle never appears; this is because ‘‘Gnabya” is
satisfied with his deeds. Any individual who has distinguished
himself in the engagement is made the hero at the corroboree,
and his name is mentioned in all corroborees of a warlike
character ; he is also presented with a set of war implements.

GOVERNMENT.

103. They have no definite form of government. The chiefs
have very little power beyond directing wars or conducting
ceremonies.

104. The chieftainship is hereditary only as far as sons and
brother’s sons are concerned ; failing such heirs, a new chief is
elected from the elder members of the tribe who have dis-
tinguished themselves. The chieftain has no badge or anything
special about him whereby he may be distinguished.

OATHS AND ORDEALS.

105. No ceremonies are performed in meeting friends or in
forming new friendships. The question of making friends is
quite foreign to them, that is as we understand the term. They
fraternise with individuals or near neighbours, but a fight may
occur on the slightest provocation. In the case of a stranger
trespassing on the country of distant tribes he is warned-off at
once, and he will be fortunate if he be not treated as a spy and
killed. Since the approach of the white man all this is dis-
appearing, and the natives of any part of Australia can travel
among most of the tribes without much fear of being molested.
Nevertheless, there are a few tribes at the present day that will
kill any stranger, white or black, that trespasses on their country.

106. They have no special forms ‘of oath, and will make all

243

sorts of promises, which they break without the slightest com-
punction ; for instance, an old native will say to a young one,
“After two moons I will give you that girl;” but long before
that time he will have given her to someone else, and in this way
fights are often brought on.

SALUTATIONS.

107. They use no form of salutation, except when one of their
tribe has been absent for some time, say two months. On his
return the members of his tribe will all start crying, and behave
in a very similar manner to that in the case of a death. As in
grief so in joy. The mother of the returned warrior and the
other old women will knock their heads with stones until the
blood streams down their faces.

ARITHMETIC.

108. They count up to five, viz., “ Yarcoola” (one), ‘ Kinem-
adda” (two), ‘“Gnarloo” (three), “ Leejallija” (four), ‘ Leeja-
kadda” (five); in describing any number after five, they
repeat the last number with the addition of the latter part of
number one thus :—‘ Leejakadda-coola,” the greater the number
the greater the emphasis on the portion of the word coola. They
speak so very rapidly, and run all their words so much into one
another, that on hearing them describe or name a large number
you would only catch the sound “ Lakicoola.”

109-110. They only use the fingers to denote numbers when they
are making signs to the deaf and dumb, or in the chase, when the
sound of speech would scare the game, and they never use
pebbles or sticks in counting.

111-112. They take the number tive from the fingers of the
hand, and very often instead of saying ‘“‘ Yarcoola” they will hold
up one finger ; or two fingers for “ Kinemadda” and so on ; but
they have no name for any number beyond five except ‘“ Leeja-
kadda-coola,” which means many.

WRITING.

113. They send messages and profess to be able to understand
them. I have, in travelling over the district, often carried
“‘'Yabber-sticks” for the natives; but it is generally done in
this way :—The person wishing to send a message will prepare
a ‘* Woonda,” and hand it to the messenger with this message,
“You give this ‘ Woonda’ to ‘ Bindawadgie,’ ana tell him to
send me some boomerangs and string. Half circles and angles
indicate boomerangs, and crosses denote hair-string; this string
is twisted with a ‘ Narmarlindee,” a cross-like arrangement of
two thin sticks.

R

244

MEASUREMENT OF TIME.

114-117. They refer to the number of sleeps to indicate days, to
moons for months, and to seasons for longer periods. In con-
versation they will say, ‘I am going away for two sleeps” (two
days). “I shall not return for one moon” (one month). “It
will be ‘ Meewidgie’ (wet season) before I return.” The time of
day is reckoned by the sun, and they take notice of the phases
of the moon. All their principal corroborees, for instance, are
held on the night when the moon rises at the same the sun sets.

118-120. They determine the seasons by the ripening of fruit,
and by the changing of the monsoons ; but they have neither
names for the different months, nor have they a conception of the
lunar or solar year.

121-123. They note the change of the monsoons ; the south-east
sets in about May, and they know then that the wet season is
over. The north-west monsoon sets in about October, and they
are then on the look out for the wet season. Their ideas on this
subject may best be explained by the description as given by my
interpreter :—“ First time rain come on, we call ‘im ‘ Meewidgie.’
By-and-bye rain go away, cold fellow come on; we call ‘im
‘Ramardoo.’ Then dry fellow come up, we burn ‘im grass; we
call ’im ‘Warrema.’ Then big fellow hot come on; we call ‘im
‘Gnardya.’” So that it would appear from this that their new
year comes with the rainy season, say in October or November.
Nothing whatever in the shape of a time-keeper is kept by them.

GAMES AND DANCES.

124. The young people amuse themselves with small grass
spears, blunted at the end. Young men have a game they call
“« Bowitgee ” (going about). A ball is made of paper bark, firml
tied round with string, and about the size of a tennis ball; there
are no definite rules for the game, which simply consists of
throwing the ball from one to the other very rapidly, and it is
wonderful what a time they will keep it going. A young fellow
will often just touch the ball, and make it elance off to the next
man. A terrific yell of derisign greets the “unfortunate one who
lets it drop. They show, however, a great deal more zeal and
attention to their mimic war, which they carry on with the
grass spears. This grass may be from four to eight feet high or
more.

125. A very popular dance with them is to form a square,
opposite sides of which advance, keeping time by stamping
heavily on the ground ; on meeting in the centre, each side raises
the right hand high above the head, and exclaims “ Yi!”
altogether in a high falsetto voice; they then retire to their
places, and the other sides advance in a similar way. The

245

women supply the music by singing a kind of marching tune, and
at the same time by striking one piece of hard wood against
another. A few old men also keep time by striking one
boomerang against another. Their dances are never of the
nature of a religious rite, nor do they in them imitate any
animal. Some of them are very disgusting.

Magic AND DIVINATION.

126. They assert that they are able to produce rain and
practise the following method :—An old man, generally the chief
or some one deputed by him, strolls quietly away from the camp,
singing in a low humming kind of tone ‘Gnabya, Gnabya ;
Wyarrie, Wyarrie” (““Gnabya” is the spirit or ghost; “ Wyarrie”
is water). He then goes into a waterhole, whilst muttering the
above words, dives and stays under water a considerable time,
still repeating the same words ; he then strolls back to the camp,
with head bowed down, and never venturing once to look up. On
his arrival in the camp, he declares when the rain is to come, and
it very often does come. ‘They will not attempt to predict or
make rain until there is almost a certainty of a shower. If
heavy storm comes on, and they have had no hand in it, they
declare that some chief of a distant tribe has sent it; and if they
should not require rain at that time, it will probably cause a
hostile meeting, unless the chief of the suspected tribe says it was
some other chief further on that made the rain. This, however,
he seldom does, as he is only too proud of the distinction of being
able to annoy his enemies, and will rather fight than deny the
impeachment. They also profess to be able to stop the rain, but
I know, to my great discomfort, that in this they are not i be
relied upon. a was out with a young blackfellow on one occa-
sion, when a heavy storm was seen approaching. [ said, “ You
intake it rain come up, Charley?” He said, “ M y word, T think
it big fellow come up. Me kill’im?” I said, “ Yes, you kill
im.” He. dismounted, and gathered a wisp of oe and after
making water on it, ‘shook it in the face of the approaching
storm. He then mounted and we rode on, and in about ten
minutes we were thoroughly drenched! J chaffed him about
killing the rain, and he was sulky all day.

127. There are no professional magicians, sorcerers, doctors
medicine men, or witches among them. Some of the old men
profess to be able to cure diseases (vide 50).

128. A few of the old men are selected to attend to any one
that is ill, but as a rule Nature is the only attendant. Only a
few days since there was a terrible tight between the gins, which
was thus brought about :—<“ Bindawadgie” is the possessor of
three or four gins (females). ‘Ghepangarra” stole one of them

246

—“ Moogrubinna” by name —and brought her into the town-
ship, she being a party to the affair, as she did not like ‘“ Binda-
wadgie.” On arrival in the township, the runaway gin camped
with a few others, when one evening she was pounced upon
lowe 4 Mpc cakobia?” a osister) On.) Bindaw adgie,” assisted by
several other women, and the consequence was ‘hat they nearly
killed her. I have been attending to her since the fight, but not
having much confidence in my skill, she has gone to the camp to
be treated by her friends. I went this morning to see her, and
found her in the camp groaning, without any one to look after
her, until I then got some of the old women to do so.

129-132. If a native chief should be very angy with another
tribe, he will ‘make thunder and lightning” by retiring to a cave,
or a very secluded spot, where he sings a low-toned chant thus :—

“ Jaugabangie cowa, |
Rangagea cowa,
Gnaramma, Gnaramma,
Naragoo.”
(Thunder come on, lightning come on, kill blackfellow.) This is
repeated for about an hour. They do not draw omens from
voices, animals, birds, &c., or use any other modes of divination.

RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL ASSOCIATIONS.

133. Nothing whatever of the kind is observed.

MEN AS WomEN; WomMeEN As MEn.

134-135. Exchange of dress between the sexes is never prac-

tised at any time
SLEEP.

136. Sleep is forbidden only on the night of the performance
of the ceremony at puberty. Those taking part in that ceremony
are compelled to keep awake, the penalty for going to sleep is to
be laughed at and considered ‘ old-womanish.”

CEREMONIAL UNCLEANNESS.

137. There are no instances of ceremonial uncleanness beyond
those already mentioned, but in some of their dances there is a
good deal of unclean ceremonial.

DoctTRINE OF SOULS.

138-142. They quite believe that the body is possessed of a
spirit or ghost, which they call ‘‘ Gnabya,” and when seen is in the
nature of a shadow ; but there are no particular occasions for
the appearance of this shadow. No attempt is ever made to
restore life, or call the departed spirit back to the body, and they

tua

247

have no desire to see the ghost or shadow. Dreams are believed
in.

145-144. The members of an adjoining tribe never see the ghost
of a member of another tribe, and a man’s ghost cannot be
extracted or stolen from his body, nor can a person lose it by
accident.

145-147. A corroboree may be held and a ghost commanded to
leave, on which it is supposed to enter the earth and become a
portion of it ; it cannot, however, be held or retained.

148. They do not believe in transmigration of souls. I
have, it is true, heard it stated that the natives believe that when
one ‘of their people the he will, using their own expression,
‘jump up white fellow.” This is entirely erroneous as regards
these natives; all that they know about a future state is com-
prised in seeing the shadow before described. As to whether
they do see an ythi ing, | cannot say ; but they are very emphatic
on the question.

149-152. Animals, trees, plants and inanimate things are not
supposed to have souls, are not dressed as human beings, are not
thought to possess a language of their own.

DEMONS AND SPIRITS.
153-155. Are believed in only so far as has been previously
mentioned.
SCAPE-GOATS.
156-157. They do not employ scape-goats. Any unfortunates,
such as deaf and dumb, silly people, and imbeciles are well looked

after.
GUARDIAN SPIRITS.

158-162. They neither beleve in guardian spirits, nor do they
think that their lives or fortunes are bound up with some special
object, the destruction of which will affect their own lives.
Patron objects are unknown.

RESURRECTION.
163. They do not believe in any form of resurrection.

THE HEAVENLY BODIES.

164-169. None of these are worshipped. The sun, they believe
goes into the earth at sunset and appears out of the earth next
morning. Stars are imagined to be pieces of fire, and they can-
not explain the phases of the moon. An eclipse, they say, is
caused by a “big fellow snake ”; and if it be a total eclipse, he is
supposed to cause some great calamity, such as floods, droughts,
pestilences, &ec.; but before the actual calamity overtakes them
one of the tribe will dream what form it is to take. Thunder

bo

248

and lightning is made by an angry blackfellow (vide 129). A
short time ago uhe natives were camped in a deep gorge about
fifteen miles from this township. This gorge is very narrow, and
bounded on each side by high ironstone cliffs. During a very
heavy thunderstorm a native woman was killed by lightning,
when all the natives immediately fled in dismay and hid them-
selves under rocks until the storm passed over. I have frequently
travelled through this gorge and have seen what terrible
havoc the lightning Takes oe large gum-trees, rending, splitting,
and hurling large pieces of tuner: to a distance of three hundred
yards. The natives are excessiv ely afraid of lightning, and will
accuse the first native of another tribe they meet as being the
cause. In their anger they are only too ready to fasten a
quarrel on any one.
SACRIFICES.

170-173. Sacrifices are never offered.

MISCELLANEOUS SUPERSTITIONS.

174. They profess to know the moment their wives have con-
ceived offspring, by the shadow of an infant seen by them in the
water when bathing. If a half-caste is born, they take just as
much care of it as they do of the full-blooded black child, and
the mother will tell you who is the father of the child without
the slightest hesitation or reserve.

GENERAL REMARKS.

The natives are very fond of smoking, ancl it 1s wonderful to see
the quantity of tobacco they will consume. Men, women and
children all smoke, and I have seen a child dr op the pipe it was
smoking, and go to its mother’s breast.

Among some of the tribes the first joint of the index finger of
the left hand is taken off—but in the case of women only ; this
is supposed to facilitate the getting of yams, in which operation
avery small hole is made, and in this, it is considered, three
fingers can be more easily inserted than four.

The young men, if trained early, are splendid horsemen. They
are very athletic, and at all sports are far beyond the ordinary
European.

Their principal means of communication is by putting
up smoke. If they wish to indicate to a friendly tribe
that they are going to a certain water-hole, they will make
smokes in the direction of the rendez-vous. Their way of doing
this is as follows :—A fire is made and allowed to burn low, then
raked up together so as to form a small heap of live embers. A
large quantity of gum leaves are placed round these embers
sufliciently close to ignite when heated, and some damp grass is

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249

then thrown on the embers. A dense volume of smoke issues
from: the grass, and the leaves igniting immediately forces the
smoke upwards.

Tf two tribes happen to meet unexpectedly they form their
camps so that each is nearest to his own country. The trespass-
ing party explains why they are there, and if the explanation
is satisfactory, a friendly corroboree will] probably be held, other-
wise a fight may ensue. At some of these accidental meetings
women may be exchanged.

They are very expert in many ways, and it is surprising how
quickly they can make a spear and have it ready for action ;
they are also very clever at making rope, which they use for
dugong fishing. The rope is made from the bark of the Currajong
tree, a species of hrachychiton, which these natives call “Myaddo.”

in the foregoing paper I have endeavoured to the best of my
ability to give a “simple and unvarnished description of the
manners and customs of these tribes, and trust that something
of importance may be gathered from it. I must confess that
many of the writings I have seen on the subject have been
merely fancy pictures presented for the sole purpose of causing
wonder and excitement. As I have previously stated, any infor-
mation obtained from them must be their own statement, and
not the answer to a leading question, however it may be put to
them ; to all such they are only too apt to reply, ‘“ Yes, that is
the case.”

I shall continue my investigations, and will always be too
happy to send to the Museum anything special that I may

fe)
obtain from the natives, or any information that will be of use.

———@
APPENDIX.
NAMES OF THE VARIOUS TRIBES AND THEIR LOCALITIES.
No. of Souls, Habitat.
Leewalloo ee Peal) ... Vanderlin Island
Leeanuwa at bbe 110 ... McArthur River, Borroloola
Leepitbinga _... ea LOU ... McArthur River, 40 miles up river
Leearrawa eae ie OO ... Robinson River
Leealowa Ke. zh 90 .... Limmen River
Leelalwarra —... a 90 .... Roper River
Leecundundeerie 2) 90 ... Calvert River
Leenaranunga ... ne 90 ... Corella Downs
Leewakya oe he 90 ... Pine Creek
Leewillungarra ae 90 ... Eva Downs
Leechunguloo ... st 85 ... Buchanan Downs
Leeangadigie ... a 85 ... Hodgson Downs
Leeillawarrie ... ahs 85 ... Bohemia Downs

1235

250

From Vanderlin Island to Corella is about 260 miles north and south ;
from Roper River to the Calvert is about 300 miles east and west, and all
the above tribes are within that area. There are a few other very small
intermediate tribes; but I should not estimate the total number of
aborigines within the area specified to exceed 1,600. Coastal tribes are
numerically stronger than the inland tribes. On the Barclay tablelands
there is a very large area of very badly watered country, consequently the
tribes there are few and far between.

NAMES OF INDIVIDUALS OF LEEANUWA TRIBE.

Men. Women. Boys. Girls.
Tarpetanna Loorabombina Moongaryala Nooanghyema
Yarcooncoora Rabookpooka Gnarcoolumba Wypoojubinna
Bindawadgie Rowleerindowa Gnarmoolarakoo Weengetbinna
Yanbalinga Tuboonmalanna Gnarlangkoolinna Rowgnarlemarra
Wyteemareea Yarcangoora Martookooroo Rowillboonga
Ghepongarra Larleeremanna Gnarcaroomoo Leerimboonda
Weetpoowoonyara Beetingarooma Gnareetanda Tarcoomarlee
Toorakoopaddie Yendamanna Gnarteebama Rarjumbalinna
(nakoorabbie Mongentoora Gnarmeengoogie Rowenbarooma
Gnarbeewaroo Rarmanpoona Tangareemadgie Marloongubinna
Gnardoomanna Rarmandeere Karangarmadgie Leerandeerie
Gnarteramboo Rangatpoona Myooroomadgie Yarmandeerie
Gnarkeradda Rarbooaboo Gnarmodagie
Gnargerdobbie Beerepolinjanna Gnarwarkareema
Rareepoonga Yeetangauna
Gnargandarra Jeekamalanna
Gnarcoolapoona Toongamaleema
Gnaracarra Moortokabinna
Gnartagatte Myyooawa
Gnargonooka Moogrubinna

Armarawoonga
Marlindeerie

Rargukoobinna

This list, with one or two exceptions, and about half a dozen ‘infants,
say eight more souls, constitute the whole tribe at the present time.

May 24, 1893.

A

ant (white), rowmarwidgie

ant (black), pingee

ant (green), rowinbeeya

arm, gnarowle
angry, wonginnie
arise, leawarra

after, bargoo; by-and-bye, ‘‘bargoo,

bargoo ”
all, calagga

attempt, wareea (go and try)

ant hill, yareewee
ankle, arnadanga
ashes, arwilla

B

bark, nowelakoo
bee, narboolooloo

boy, ardoo

back, arnawookoo
belly, arnawoodoo

blood, oolya

bone, arnawynyarda

big, wardeerie
bird, chulaggie
black, woonga

blue-tongued lizard, meenyando

brother. wonarga

boat, ramardoo (made of bark)
basket, rowilboonee
boomerang, wargillie, rarmantape-

roona

boat-shaped water-vessel, loodoo-

loodoo
beetle, quegindie

broken, keeloonoo

bald, ardaboo

brave (bold), nargoongie
better, namerookung

C
cockatoo (white), rarparra
cockatoo (black), rarleeraka
cat (native), rarlanboo
crow, roowoongoo
clouds, gnarwoo
cough, ooloo
chalk (white), owamboona. Used by

natives in ornamenting
creek yarla
cockroach, namarooba
cramps, coonaandarrie
come here, cabba cowa
coming, bargee
crying, keewyarrie
crab, yinga
cockles, yarcabacadda
crocodile, mardoombarra
creep, jeewarcangie
cooking, woobya
charcoal, moondoo
camp, mowalangie
children, leeardooberrie
circle, locoloco

D

dew, howmoomaloo

duck, rowgumba

dog (dingo), warkookoo
dead, nangabangakoo
death-adder, wangmacoona
daughter, rangatarrawardoo
dilly-bag, mooloo

dark, moondooro

drink, woondya

dust, moongoo

dumb, ryackayaka

deaf and dumb, yacka bacabba
deat, bacabba

dugong, keelungakanna
dry, warrema

E

eggs (generally), wadda
emu eggs, warrie

enu, arnanganda

eye, Warnammie

ear, naralinna
excrement, mowwoona
every time, keeloowarra
everywhere, yeergumanda
extra, nayerbarra
eagle, arjarbarumba
earth, owarra

251

ebony, marpooyarra. Grows plenti-
fully on this river

eclipse (sun), arkalango

echo, wypanda

F
fish, arlkoo
far, wagga
foot, arnamandoo
fingers, arnamaliggie
fire, bweega
feathers, ooloo ooloo
father, woonyadda
fighting, tarlinanbya
flat country, mangoona
flying fox (Pteropus), marlinginna
feather ornaments, burraka burra-
kawa, markoodyee
flesh (human), arnawangie
fun, wootoo
flying, loorunga
foam, yoordoo
fire-making sticks, marboodalla

G
grass, woortooa
goose, rowoondangoo
good, rowmoorookoonga
girl, rowarmalangie
gum, marmindie
go away, bowagindeea
green, mardangoo
gale, lambidgie
gall, weegul
gammon (to hoax), darwadde mon-

ginnie

gape, darmalidgie
gavial, ootpee
get it, yeenda ardooma

H

hill (large), woodowa wardeerie
honey, doolbarrie

hair (human), arnawada
heart, tannacowandie
hand, arnamalidgie
head, arnawoolya
hawk, toolawaleerie
hailstone, wykoo

hot, gnardya

husband, goangadda
hair-twine, woodyee
him, arloo

I

iguana, chugoobaddie
illness, jumbamarangie

bo
i |

ibis (white), rarboolabool

ice, wykoo Seen by natives on
several occasions in the shape of
hailstones

idiot, tewarwarngaringie

imitation, barraguaninna

impotent, narmunda

J

jump, jumbarangie
jawbone, arndarra
Joy, wootoo

K

knock, keewamba

kitten, booree

know, teenalarnjimmo
kangaroo, woonallee
knee, arnaboora
kingfisher, wardoo

king (chieftain), noweddie
- kestrel (small hawk), rowakalla
kick, karraparannie

kill, wyamma

kiss, noweeya

knife, lamma

L

louse, rowooda. Natives

lightning, rangadgea

leg, arnarama

leaves, wangie

lily root, mardarra. Excellent food

laughter (joy), wootoo

lagoon, mangowa

long, wandoowandoo

liar (see ‘‘gammon”’), darwa ademon-
guinno

like, jinnalowangie

light, nabooloo

large, wardeerie

leaf, wangie

longer, wandoowandoora

life, bajallie

eat them

M

mouth, gnarwooloo

man, gharminingeea

male infant, gnapadda

moon, gnacalla

mother, paradda

mountainous, weerle wardeerie
meat, oolungoo

make, nayabeema

mirage, waringoo

bo

N

no, wamboo; (no! no!! wamboo
wamboo)

near, kawookoo

nose, arnung wooroo

necklace, arnoomoonoo

new, teangoo

nimbus (black clouds), gnoowoo

nipple (breast), nocwoona

notched stick, woonda. A _ letter
from one chief to another.

nothing, neegee

0

oyster, arngoolee

opossum, beewallie

ochre (yellow), narmarra

ochre (red), nargangoo

offend, narngawinnie (see angry)

open, narangya

orator, langoo.
a good deal.

oeahan, nowoojiggie

often, arigilla

over, warbya

A native who talks.

P

plenty, meetembangoo
pigeon, rarmarloowooloo
parrot, karbidgie
porcupine, rarbarlarra
poison ? namarowa.
paddle, ryeemee

pain, tarnarookooringie
passion, warngawinnie
penis, dyimboo

quick, tooloo
quail, rowoomulo
quarrelling, wanga
R
run, woolooma
rain, meewidgee
river, namananga
robber, gnarngina
rope, myemadda. Made fiom inner
bark of Currajong
running water (fresh), wyarama,.
wyarrie
running water (salt)—
arlebee wyarrie wyarama
salt water running
red, oomalidgie
rock, woodowada

rainbow, loowa
refuse, tarba arnungoondarra. I
refuse to give it

Ny

ship, nowoolga

snake, lewa

spear, moweradgie

sand, owarra

stranger, moonanga (white man)

skin, nereea

shield, myardooyadda

small, kookoodoo

sun. rarcamba

sky, gnow

shark, yeelmundie

sea, arnda

scrub (thick forest of small trees),
warndeea

son, yongadooada

smoke, oolua

summer, ramardoo

stone tomahawk, rowilcongoo

sun down, tarnembya rarcamba

spear (barbed), moweradge pidgie

spear with stone head, mowerdowda.
Half the word stone, half the
word spear

stone, woodowada

salt water, arleebee wyarrie

salt, arawa

stop, parjeenmaya

sit down, yeepandarra

silence (hush !), larbonmya

E
tree, wondaree
thunder, jangabangie
this, madda
that, namanyadgie
they, narmboo
toes, arnweeridgie
tongue, arnunganda
to-day, looragoo
to-morrow, ecarra ecarra
teeth, arnamyee

under, arlpya
unwind, yinmya
understand, narlaya

V

venereal disease, jacama
virgin, jyalgwie
vagina, clarwaroongoo

bo

WwW
womera (throwing-stick), narleega
waddy or club, barkoo
white, oolawidgie
water, wyarrie
wood, moornimba
wind, lambidgie
where ? arnda
when, arndoo
why? gnaroo
what, arlee
wallaby, woonaree
woman, arnanwya
wife, rangatarrawadoo
white man, moonanga (stranger)
wild turkey (bustard), tooladgie
whirlwind, boojumarra

yes, yah

yonder, mambarnoo
yellow, tarngoorango
you, yarcarra
young, ardeeyangoo

I am hungry—arna wyndygoo

give me some food—tappa mongarra

I am thirsty—arna woondalla

give me some water—tappa wyarrie

give me some kangaroo — tappa
woonallee

where isthe water ?—arnda wyarrie

is the water permanent? - patjeewa
wyarrle ?

where is the creek ?—arnda yarla ?

show me the water—nejarra wyarrie

I will give you some food—keena
mongarra

do not be afraid—parnee wardangya

I am not afraid—angya wyappa.
[The idiom is changed, and only
a portion of the word afraid is
used. |

where is your camp ?—arnda mowa-
langie ?

have you seen white man?—arndara
moonanga ”

I am going away now—bowitjee
(going away) arna (I am)

you go wway—bowitzee arcarra

I am very angry—arra wearilie
wanga

why are you angry ?—gnaroo (why)
wahga (angry)?

you make tire—melam bweega

bo
Or
pom

ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTES ON THE ABORIGINAL
TRIBES OF -THE DALY RIVER, ~Nom@E
AUSTRALIA.

By the Rev. Donatp MackiILxop, 8.J.
{Communicated by Prof. R. Tate. |

The Daly River tribes best known to us are the Cherites, the
Ponga-pongas, the Mulluk-mulluks, and the Mat-ngelli. The
Cherites, a small but intelligent tribe, occupy the land between
the sea and the river on its right bank. Opposite them, on the
left bank, is a powerful tribe called Wogites, of whom we know
very little. Next to the Wogites, on the same bank, come the
Ponga-pongas, whose language is just the same as that of the
Cherites. Next to the Cherites, on the right bank, are the
Mulluk-mulluks. Their language differs from that of the
Cherites, yet only as one Greek dialect differs from another. This
brings us more than 60 miles up the river. The Mulluks are
also on the opposite or left bank. But a few miles inland and
to the west, begins the region of the Mat-ngelli, or Hermit-hill
tribe. The Mat-ngelli have the Ponga-pongas on their north.
Their language, although in structure and idiom very similar,
differs much from that of the other tribes mentioned.

All these natives are powerfully-built men, who have at times
shown very great hostility to the whites. Indeed, some years
ago they had the name of being the fiercest blacks of the
Territory.

All these tribes intermarry. I should think that there was a time
when the laws regulating marriage, so marked in other parts of
Australia, obtained also among the Daly River tribes. At pre-
sent they do not. A man may not marry a blood-relation, how-
ever remote the kinship be, but marriage within the tribe is
permitted and common. Very often, however, the woman is of
another tribe. Marriage by capture was certainly at one time
the rule. Even now the phrase ¢o steal a lubra is the only equiva-
lent known to me for the phrase to marry. In their gesture-
language, to clasp the left wrist with the right hand expresses
the same idea. It is in fact ducere uxorem, but it means more
than to lead the bride home ; it is to lead her off captive.

Marriages, or rather espousals, are arranged by the old people,
while the children are very young, sometimes even before they
are born, but then, of course, conditionally upon the child being

i)

2955

male or female. A young man not so provided for must steal
lubra, either from his own tribe or from another. If from a
strange tribe, he will be persecuted by her friends for a time, and
if caught, he will have to fight for his lady with some man chosen
from the offended tribe, or he will have to run a gauntlet of
spears. I know a case where a man so captured refused to fight
a single adversary. He told the friends of the stolen woman—
the third or fourth of his wives—that if they wanted him to fight,
they must bring out against him the two best men they had.
They did so. It was a hand-to-hand fight with their great heavy
lance-headed clubs. Butso great was Plc strength, roach of arm,
and skill of this man, that he very soon disarmed and nearly
killed his two opponents. This was the notorious “ long-legged
Charlie,” who turned Queen’s evidence at the time of the great
Daly River murder case.

If the young man steal his wife from his own tribe there will
also mostly be a row, always, of course, should he take the wife
of another man. In this case the injured husband troubles him-
self very little. Sooner or later the fugitives must return. Then
he punishes them. They must submit, and he must have blood
from both. He does not, as a rule, spear them in the usual
meaning of the term, but prods them with a spear more or less
severely as his wrongs have been greater or less. This, if he
intends to spare the woman's life. She then returns to her
lawful allegiance, and there is no more about it.

If you ask a young man how he came to be so silly as to
expose himself to this certain vengeance, he will answer : “ Lubra
been kill’m me eye,” which, translated, means that he was be-
witched by the woman’s eye. Whenever—and this often happens
—the young man believes that a woman’s evil eye overcomes his
liberty, he resents the insult even should he yield to the tempter.

Riding once through the bush with a lad of about seventeen, he
pointed out a hill which he had good cause to remember. It was
about 20 miles from his home, and so far had he once escaped
with the wife of a fellow-tribesman. He laughed heartily as he
told me the story, how the woman was always pestering him to
run off with her, how he told her he did not want her, that he
was only a boy, that her husband would kill him, and how, over-
come at last by her importunity, he said, “All right, you and me
run away!” They had reached the hill in question. It was
raining. They were seated on a stone, holding a sheet of bark
over their heads. Suddenly the husband of the runaway stood
before them. His spear was poised, and he looked murder. ab
you were not of my own tribe, I would kill you now,” he said.
* Kill me,” said the young folloee “T have stolen your wife.”
“No, I will not; you are only a boy!” ‘“ Very well, beat me,’

256

said the other; and held out his head. He was beaten, but his
head proved harder than the wommera, or throwing-stick, used to
chastise his youthful folly.

Polygamy is practised, but not very commonly, and the men
most respected in the tribe have only one wife. They are aiso
as a rule very kind to their women, and receive in turn very
great deference and obedience. It would be quite against the
dignity of a Daly River man to carry on an angry dispute with a
woman. Of course nature will out at times, and it is amusing
then to watch the stoical black man. He will listen in silence to
his Xantippe, at most yielding her a contemptuous shrug of the
shoulder. Of course the woman grows bolder. After a while
the man stands carelessly up, and with a well-directed blow on
the head from a club, he fells his better half to earth. When
she comes to she is again his loving and obedient wife. I re-
member a case, however, where a woman, one of two, happening
to be of stronger build than her lord, took a cudgel herself, and
gave at least as much as she eal

In these tribes a man is the natural protector of the wife of his
dead brother. She does not necessarily become his wife, and
may, if she will, return to her father.

A father’s brothers are all called fathers by his children, and a
mother’s sisters are mothers. How far the Tamilian system
obtains I have not yet discovered. The fact just mentioned may
prove a starting point only. Certainly their system of relationship
is intricate, and widely different from ours.

I might mention here that the man who gives a wife to
another becomes related to that other. They are friends for lite,
and any injury done to the giver by the receiver would be a great
offence against tribual law. I myself, the way things are going,
will soon have no end of such relations. The blacks call me
ngan-larama, or master of marriage. It came about in this way.
As I mentioned already, children are often disposed of when very
young. You will easily understand how injurious to our work
this custom might prove. <A girl, for instance, for years on the
station, might in the end have to go off with some old rascal 30
miles away as his third or fourth wife. When they bring their
children to us, the blacks surrender this tribual right of the head
of the family in favor of the superior of the mission. Of course
we never use this right, except with the full approval of the
parties most concerned. They are human, and _ have their likes
and dislikes. They know too—for we teach them so—that in
this matter, they are free to choose within the limits allowed by
our Church. To free them gradually from the tyranny of the
old men we have to interfere for a time. But the young people
are glad that we do this, and so far ali has gone well.

os

D7

Here is a case in point. A young girl who had been with us
from a child—the best girl, in fact, on the station—wished to
see me about some trouble or other. She was afraid of the wild
blacks ; so was I, in her interest. I strongly advised her to
marry. She laughed, and said she would rather remain free. I
told her this could not be; she was growing too big-—we had yet
no nuns on the station—for I verily believe her desires went in
this direction. I reminded her that there were several eligible
young Christians from whom she might choose. At last she gave
me to understand that if it needs must be so, there was one
young man to whom she would not object. I innocently advised
her to tell him so. Then I was surprised indeed. She was
horrified, and positively blushed—for blacks can blush. Such a
thing could not be thought of, she said ; he must speak first. All
I could obtain was permission to let the young man know the
coast was clear, for his ambition would not have gone so high.
This I did, and before many days I found they were engaged. I
afterwards married them. ‘They are a happy couple, ‘and have
their little farm. Of course, | am now their father; but they
have a special word signifying father in this relationship, and in
speaking to them I should not say simply child, but should use
the term which is correlative to that used by them when address-
ing me.

Circumcision is practised by all the Daly River tribes. A few
refuse to submit to the operation. If able to escape the old men
for a few years after the time—about fifteen—for the operation,
they are left in peace. But for life they will be called Larrikiyas.
The Larrikiya is the Port Darwin tribe, who do not circumcise.
The mutilation practised on the Victoria and in other places to
the south and south-west, [ mean the slitting of the penis, is not
known on the Daly. I wish to emphasise this fact, for I have
heard the contrary maintained by a travelling doctor, whose only
proof, given to me, was, “* W hy, man, I haves read a paper on the
matter to the Royal Society in England.” So is history some-
times mace.

The women have a curious mutilation. When young girls
they remove the two first joints of the right fovefinger. The
operation is most artistically performed, judging by results. Yet
they use no knife or, as when circumcising, sharp stone. They
find in the jungles a very strong cobweb, and with a thin skein
of this they tie tightly round the joint. The circulation is, of
course, stopped, and after a time ite dead joints fall off. This
custom is far from universal.

In great sorrow they shave their heads.

The natives are undoubtedly cannibals, but then their canni-
balism is peculiar and limited. Infanticide 1s very common, and

~oC

258

they often eat murdered babies. They seem to consider this the
kindest way to bury the little ones, and only the nearest and
dearest friends are allowed to partake of this repast. But they
will not touch the head. They say the devil-devil, 2.¢., the ghost
or spirit, is in the head. They always bury it.

A blackfellow will always deny that his tribe practises can-
nibalism, but accuses every other tribe of the same. The Cherites
once told me that the Ponga-pongas, not content with an odd
baby, really fattened up girls for the shambles. About twelve
years of young life were allowed them.

The natives tell us also that to the south-west there is a small
tribe which inhabits a hilly and very poor country. It happens
sometimes, especially through bushfires, that they are absolutely
deprived of, and far removed from, all sources of supply. They
go to sleep, the young men knowing well that before morning
one of their number will be killed by the old men. Each hopes
he will not be the doomed one. With the provisions so obtained
the little tribe moves on next day to a more favoured locality.

When a child is to be murdered the doctor is called. The
children believe the child to be really ill. While the doctor
or executioner examines the child, a great ‘ keen” is raised,
during which he strangles the infant. ‘These doctors are great
rascals, and what is said of them in other parts of Australia
might be repeated here. I saw one performing once. As he
approached the sick man he looked to the sun, as if praying.
Then he seemed to mumble some charm. He would continually
draw his fingers through his opposite arm-pit, and rub the
moisture so obtained into the body of the patient, blowing every
now and again over the parts so rubbed.

But apart from these mummeries they do seem to know some-
thing of the curingart. They certainly go in greatly for massage,
and I know by experience that they can give relief. In very
violent cases of headache they bleed their foreheads. They are
very temperate in the drinking of water, even on the hottest day.
They say it is not good, and prefer a bath.

They attribute to the smoking of the dried leaves of the native
yam—amorphophallus—the ettects which we obtain from ether
or chloroform. A short smoke makes one sleepy; if he smoke
too long he will not awaken. While so sleeping he is, they say,
unconscious of pain. On the other hand, although a species of
chinchona tree is very common, they do not seem to know that
this might be of use to them in the fever so prevalent in that
marshy country.

Cases of cancer are frequent, and syphilitic diseases seem to
gain upon them. As far as I know they have no word in their
language for this disease. They seem also to have no cure. It

259

simply bewilders them. Strange as—considering all the circum-
stances—it may seem, I believe syphilis to be of recent origin
among them. There are cases also of something very like
leprosy. Asa rule they die by murder, of consumption, or of
old age.

When they do not bury their dead, they either burn their
bodies, or put them up in trees until only the bones remain.
These are then buried. The blackfellow, properly so-called, 2.¢., who
is neither old man nor woman, is entitled to the honour of being
rolled up in paper-bark and placed in a tree. Terrible scenes
may be witnessed during their burial rites. Here is one. A
hole tive feet deep—only that I insisted upon this they would
not have gone deeper than two feet—the naked body of a dead
man alongside. When all was ready they politely requested
me to go away. I refused. They insisted, saying that they
wanted to cry. When they tound I would not go, a scene began
which I shall never forget. The men divided into two lots, one
to get the corpse into the grave, the other to prevent their doing
so. I thought they would pull it to pieces. Meanwhile the
women raised a terribly weird cry, and worked themselves into
a real frenzy. They were armed with ironbark sticks, about two
feet long, pointed at one end, and about one and a half inches
thick at the other As they sang, they would beat their shoulders
and backs with the thick end of this weapon, inverting it every
now and again, and driving the point into the crowns of their
heads, every such stroke being followed by a strong squirt of
blood. It was terrible, and quite new to me. I snatched the
sticks from the women, and watching for an opening, rushed in
with a couple of strong young blacks, caught hold of an arm or
leg of the dead man, issued a quick, sharp order, and hefore the
opposing party had recovered from their astonishment at my
interference we had dropped the body into the grave. Slowly to
lower it was out of the question. Then amid most heartrending
yelling they filled in the grave. One man remained sitting on
its trunk until buried to the knees. The scene was so awful that
children present ran away, looking back at intervals over their
shoulders in most lively terror. And yet it was all acting.
Except three or four of the dead man’s near male relations, who,
with heads over each other’s shoulders, wept quietly apart, the
grief of the others was a worked-up frenzy. When all was over,
they went laughing away.

Very different are our Christian burials. And they have made
a marked impression upon these very impressionable people. One
of our young men near to death begged of me not to permit the
blacks to bury him, and was quite joyful when I assured him he
would get a happy Christian burial.

S

260

The natives do not believe in natural death, even when it be
the result of accident. Every one is killed by the sorcery of
another tribe. This fact, with the infanticide so widely practised,
is in great measure the cause of the thinness of the population.
It means practically the doubling of the death-rate. A man dies
—it may be from snakebite. The snake was forced to kill him
by the magic arts of some one in a hostile tribe. And some one
of that tribe must die. The strange thing is that the tribe
which so loses a member will not retaliate. They wait until one
of their own people dies, when, of course, they too must have a
victim. The rule is that the victim is murdered wherever found.
But sometimes an embassy is sent and a victim demanded. I
have heard of a case where a great man having died from snake-
bite, and the old women having declared that the sorcery came
from a tribe about a hundred miles away, such an embassy was
sent. They demanded pro gravitate causae three victims, and were
satisfied. JI must say I do not believe this statement to be true,

It is of no avail to try argument by induction on this point
with a blackfellow. You may tell him that his fathers have all
died before him, that therefore he too must die. The most you
will get him to admit is this: “They were sick; 1 am well; I
shall not die.”

The sorcery in question is of various kinds. This is the most
common: “ Wild dog. Blackfellow been take’m out fat.” For
years I laughed at this, and tried by ridicule to beat down the
widespread belief. On one occasion a very intelligent Cherite
got angry with me. He said you whites understand many things
—you know how to make steam engines, fine houses, gardens, We.
—but this matter you do not understand. I was convinced from
his manner that there was something behind it all which he could
not make plain to me. If in ridicule I might ask: ‘ Where is
the hole through which the fat was taken out?” the answer
would be : “ No! you no more savey—him no more want im hole,
that one doctor ; him too much savey no more hole.” I do not
laugh at them any longer. I think I understand them. Rightly
or wrongly, they believe that by magic arts the victim is thrown
into a decline, from which death results. This, I am confident,
is the meaning of “ take ’m out fat.”

T have said rightly or wrongly. For although in such matters
T believe nothing which has not been absolutely proved, and
which cannot by any scientific reason be accounted for—while I
know that science will smile incredulously at my admission-—I
must nevertheless admit that facts have come under my observa-
tion which have—well, staggered me.

This brings me to the religion of these men. They believe in
a being superior to themselves, but evil. If ever they pray to

261

him it is simply to let them alone. They would never dream of
asking a favor of him. He is, and always has been, their bitter
enemy. They have a ritual, a somewhat elaborate one too, but
few, very few of them, know the significance of the rites they
practise. I believe some few do. There seems to be a sort of
freemasonry among them, and an inner circle, few in number, who
alone know the meaning of their ceremonies. I believe, too,
that these few could, if they would, reveal very much about
their past history and traditions. But it is simply impossible to
get any information from them. They are bound to secrecy, and
I think death is the penalty should they reveal anything to the
uninitiated.

IT am about to make a strong assertion ; but I believe it to
be true. I believe they have human sacrifices, that from time
to time one man, with his own knowledge and consent, is offered
in sacrifice for the good of his people—offered to the evil spirit
whom they so fear. This is the leading feature in the great re-
ligious and highly immoral ceremony, which they celebrate ever 4
few years. They call it Jabov. In some secluded place they
form a ring, just like our circus rings, and of about the same
diameter. Here young men to be initiated into some lower
grades meet at midnight in charge of some of the inner circle
mentioned. What there takes place no white man may witness.
This rite lasts for about three weeks. Of course, we have col-
lected many facts relating to this matter, but I do not consider
that our knowledge is yet precise enough for publication. What
seems certain, is that they undoubtedly worship in fear an evil
spirit ; that sometimes they offer their fellow-men in sacrifice to
him, and that the visible emblem, if so I may put it, of their
religion, is the human penis.

Superstitions they have without number. The spirits of the
dead live in the trees, and eat of their fruits. Rain is caused by
the tribes from whose direction it comes, so also are the winds.
A certain blackfellow goes up to the moon once a month to fight
the evil spirit. If he did not do this, the evil one would kill the
moon. ‘ But this man cannot fly,” I once argued; “he has no
wings.” “Oh, the devil-devil brings him up,” was the ready
answer—to fight himself.

The doctors carry certain bones—I think of the devil-tish,
which are serrated and over six inches long. Women and chil-
dren are not allowed to see these bones, and the blacks fear them
as they would loaded rifles. They call them barrit. The wounds
produced by them never seem to heal; they become like cancers.
Indeed, the blacks call cancer barrit. They believe that a doctor,
the holder of such a bone, can produce these sores even at a dis-
tance. To prevent stealing from our garden, an old man once

262

advised us to take a pannikin of water, and dipping a barrit-
-bone into it, to drop the water from its point along the garden
fence. He assured us that then no black man would dare go
over that fence. I felt half sorry that we could not lend our-
selves to this superstition. A few miles from where we live, and
not far from the river, there is a hill called, in Mulluk-mulluk,
alalk-yinga - in the Hermit-hill language, verak-yinda, 7.e., the
place of the children. The natives believe that the souls of
future children—or perhaps the children, bodies and souls—are
shut up there. They are under the care of one old man. He has
to see that they do not escape, and to supply them with water.
This he does by means of an underground communication with
the river about a mile away. The range, of which the hill in
question is the last one, runs right to the river. When a child
is to be born, this old man sees to the business. Laughing once
over this meher I said to a young man, “ Well, if all this be
true, you were once in the hill yourself?” ‘“O, yes,” he
answered. ‘‘ What sort of a place is it, then? You should
know.” “Ah! too much long time; me been lose’m,” 2.¢., I
have forgotten.

Strange stories are connected with the stars and constellations.
Dey sometimes group the fixed stars as we do ; often otherwise.
The Pleiades are children who ran away from thea tribe, ard got
fixed for ever in their present position. Every group seems to
have its story. The sun returns to his eastern position by a route,
so far to the south, that we cannot see him.

Each tribe has its own territory, and even within the tribe
groups of families have their special headquarters. Men are
supposed to supply the animal food, women the vegetable. The
lotus, or large red water-lily, is very pendant, and during several
months of the year they live entirely upon its roots. The seeds
also of this beautiful plant are highly prized. They are similar
in taste to green hazel-nuts. Pickled in brine we too very much
appreciate them. Even the stems of this lily at certain stages are
eaten, and taste, as they look, like rough celery. -The large
leaves form wrappers for various purposes.

These tribes go absolutely naked. The folds of the ubiquitous
paper-bark give them blankets when they require them, roofs for
their rude huts, dishes for their meat, tinder for their fire (pro-
ducing) sticks, and receptacles wherein to carry very young
babies. I have found that this paper-bark is enormously rich in
gas, so much so that had we the necessary appliances we might
with profit employ it to light up our “ Reduction.”

J just mentioned very young babies. In avery short time the
little ones learn to ride, even asleep, on their parents’ shoulders,
their feet dangling in front. They never fall; indeed, there

263

seems as little danger of this as there is in the case of a young
opossum on the back of its mother.

About their language I shall say little, as at some future date
I hope to forward a paper on this subject to your Society. It is
a beautiful language—or rather, contains the elements of a very
perfect one. So philosophical is it, that it forces the conclusion
that this despised race in times remote and in other lands was
very much higher in the social scale than we now find it. Take
only the question of gender. They have stolen a march upon
us. They distinguish “carefully between organic and inorganic
nature. Whatever lives will live an animal or a vegetable life. If
animal, the gender will be male or female ; then comes the vege-
table, or lowest form of life; then inorganic nature. A tree living
belongs to the third gender : ; eut down it passes into the fourth.
All adjectives capable of the inflection must agree with their
nouns in gender, and the verb in the third singular has all four
forms anal must likewise agree in gender with its noun. The
word muelang (shadow) is a “beautiful illustration of the saying
that the exception confirms the rule. It is the only exception
known tome. It is of the third gender. The fourth gender
always denotes a passive state. ‘The stone is on the ground ”
can only mean in this language ‘‘is inanimate on the ground.’
Now a shadow seems to move and of itself. Therefore I suppose
they rank it with the lowest form of life. Fruits, as well as the
trees producing them, belong to the third gender. The moon is
masculine, the sun feynininie. All this may seem surprising.
But this is little. Their language abounds in highly meta-
physical distinctions unknown to ours. The preciseness with
which they express the different modes of being is astonishing.
And yet because they translate one of these modes by s7t down,
it has been argued that they have no substantive verb! They
have a verb ¢o be ina sense to which we can lay no claim. It
unites the perfections of the Latin or Saxon verb with those of
the Celtic, and goes far beyond the powers of either. But T
must not enlarge now upon this subject.

We have gained at last the complete confidence of these
tribes. They are bright enough, and take very kindly to agri-
culture. If reasonably assisted, even if left unmolested with a
sufficient territory, we could reproduce on the Daly River those
“Reductions” which a recent writer, Henry George, says, “To their
eternal honour, the Jesuits instituted, and so long maintained in
Paraguay.” All the elements necessary to bring about such a
state of things are present in ever-expanding power, notably, to
quote the same writer, ‘The only force that has ever proved
competent for it—a strong and definite religious faith.” Shall
we succeed? Even in the interests of science, Australia should

264

enable, or at least permit, us to do so. But the odds are
at least ten to one against us. Not from any unfitness
on the side of the aborigines; not certainly from want of will,
or through the failing of the spirit of sacrifice in the Society. of
Jesus ; but, to put it kindly, because the Anglo-Saxon race is
what it is. Proud in its present superiority, that race will
remember the lessons of history only when an invading people
shall have meted out to it the justice which it has shown to the
helpless blackman. A hundred vears, perhaps hundreds, may
pass ; but with the teeming millions of Asia at our door, who
shall say no day of retribution will come upon Australia ?

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOUTH AUSTRALIAN
BRACHYSCELID GALLS.

By J2'G. ©: Tepper, EES.
[Read August 1, 1893. ]
Plates IIT.-V.

The BracuyYscELip®, a family of Coccids, appear to be entirely
endemic to Austraha, only extending in an aberrant form to
New Zealand. At present the family is composed of a limited
number of genera, of which the typical one contains most of the
described species. The family with three of the genera was
established by Schrader in 1862 on material collected in New
South Wales, several species being described and figured by him
in the ‘Transactions of the Entomological Society of New
South Wales,” vol. I., pages 1-8. His descriptions are, how-
ever, unmethodical, and therefore unsatisfactory.

Quite recently Mr. W. W. Froggatt published a further con-
tribution in the “ Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New
South Wales,” vol. VII., series 2, pp. 353-372, of which he
most courteously and obligingly sent mea rae copy. In
this he re-describes intelligently Schrader’s species (5), and adds
eight new ones of Brachyscelis, mostly illustrated by excellent
figures.

* Finding that these two papers constituted the whole literature
of the subject ot Brachyscelid galls, and that the work contain-
ing Schrader’s figures ‘existed in the S.A. Public Library, I
compared those in the collection of the S.A. Museum (mostly
brought together by myself) carefully with the published descrip-
tions and tigures, and found that nearly all our 8.A. species were
more or less widely different, and therefore new and undescribed,
and that even the few which might possibiy be included in one
of the other species, were more or less aberrant in detail. Being
precluded by a Museum regulation from communicating specimens
of, or information on undescribed species to extra-South
Australian specialists, I have myself worked up the subject, and
present herewith the results as a contribution towards a more
complete work of the future. The illustrations have all been
drawn from the type specimens by myself, and represent them as
truthfully as possible. The species are all figured for the first
time.

The Brachyscelid galls form undoubtedly some of the most

. 266

wonderful transformed vegetable products on account of their
symmetry, or regularity of form. They are produced by a
minute, almost microscopic, insect lodging itself at the apex of
an embryo-bud, either of a lateral, or terminal branchlet, flower,
or seed vessel, and these grow around and over the insect in a
fixed form, according to each species, instead of assuming simply
an abortive form of their original habit, as in so many cases of
other gall-forming insects. Each terminates one of the axes of
the hostplant, be these twig, leaf, flower-bud, or young seed-
vessel, and each contains only one of the originators in the
genera Brachyscelis, Sphaerococcus, Cylindricoceus and Prenchia
(the three last established by Mr. W. M. Maskell, but their
position left undetermined, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1891), while in
Opisthoscelis and Ascelis they are formed by the bulging out of
the foliolar epidermis on one or both sides, and the space surround-
ing the insect filled by spongy, endodermic tissues.

The originating insects themselves (7.¢., within the same genus),
as already remarked by Schrader, present such slight differences
that they are almost unavailable oe identification, ead the work-
ing out of the causes producing the varied result in respect of
the species will no doubt provide some future biologist with some
most interesting study.

All Brachyscelid galls have a small or even minute opening
or aperture at or near the centre of their summit, or exceptionally
in the base. This communicates by means of a narrow channel
of various lengths with an oval, oblong or cylindrical cavity,
which is either more or less completely filled by the occupant, or
more or less in excess of its size, and then usually more or less
occupied by a fluffy, waxy exudation. The galls of the two sexes
are widely differing in form and size. The male galls are always
very much smaller, more or less elongated, forming cylindrical or
conical tubes, and are either on the leaves, young twigs, or
(rarely) on the female galls, occurring either singly, distantly
scattered, in crowded clusters, or irregularly. The perfect male
insect is described as being very minute, ranging from one-eighth
of an inch to one-sixth, furnished with a pair “of wings , perfect
legs and antenne, aa two long anal sete, or fine ie They
have only been observed in a few species (no South Australian),
and of some species even the male galls are still unknown.

The female galls, on the contrary, are mostly of very much
larger size, of definite form for each species, and either placed
singly on branchlets or forming crowded clusters on their termi-
nations. In the latter case the galls are usually more or less
distorted. A characteristic specific difference appears to be
exhibited in the direction of the axis of the gall—that is, whether
more or less vertical, lateral, or dependent. It seems self-evident

bo

267

that this must be in reference to the established habit of each
kind, and that it is essential to the wellbeing of the insect that
its head, which is always directed to the point of attachment, 7.e
the baee of the gall, either bear the weight of its body, or he
relieved of it when later ‘al, or that the posterior end in pendant
galls bear that weight.

A. sectional difference appears to be afforded by the type of the
form, 2.e., whether regular or symmetrical ; in the former case all
longitudinal sections are normally alike, in the latter only one
such will produce similar halves—irregularity is always the result
of abortion. The above differentia] characteristics I propose to
use aS a convenient artificial classification of the galls until
further knowledge of the insects themselves may furnish a better
one.

The female insect varies in form from broadly turbinate to
elongated fusiform in the genus Arachyscelis. The head is com-
pletely fused with the thoracic segments, and separately undis-
tinguishable ; it 1s, therefore, included in the term “ thoracic part
of the body,” and is usually thick and forms the greater portion of
the bulk. There are eleven dorsal segments besides the last, which
is very small and bears two subpar allel, horny ‘tail bristles” of
varying length. The segments are more or less constricted at their
junction, those of the abdomen decreasing rapidly in diameter
to the acute apex, and are either quite smooth, armed with short
spinelets, or (especially those of the abdomen) more or less clothed
with fine, sometimes rather long, hairs. Ventrally six, very
short, three-jointed, widely separate legs are placed near the
margin; the forelegs near the anterior extremity are the shortest;
a little behind, and forming a triangle with them, is placed the
minute mouth, or what is considered as stch. Schrader says that
‘he could not detect the promuscis in his specimens, and was in
doubt whether an opening existed,” but in a large, fine specimen
of my B. ovicoloides the latter appears to be quite distinct under
a strong double lens, and Mr. Maskell describes the oral parts
very succinctly in his genera. More in front and laterally the
very short antennz are placed near shallow, more or less indis-
tinct, impressions considered as ‘“ eye spots.” The former I have
not been able to detect in the above specimen. The hindlegs are
the largest, the forelegs shortest, and the others intermediary ;
all consist of three joints, the basal one being very much thicker
than the others, the last very minute, bearing a minute simple
claw. The colour in Srachyscelis is usually a paler or darker
rusty-yellow or brownish tint, the terminal bristles being dark-
brown or black. When alive the whole body is surrounded by a
whitish, fiuffy substance, exuded from the surface, of a waxy
nature apparently, and which almost entirely dissolves in alcohol.

These remarks refer more especially to the above-named species, but
apply more or less to all others. I have not myself observed the
earlier stages, but Schrader states (l.c.) that the male impregnates
the female through the narrow opening, and that she finally
becomes a mere mass of eggs enclosed by the bare skin ; that the
young larve (l.c., i, figs. 4, 6) are microscopic, very active, flat,
oval, margin fimbriated, with rather long, curious antennz, and
two very long terminal filaments.

Some species of Brachyscelis (perhaps all) are very prone to be
affected by parasites, and not only the insects themselves, but the
galls formed by them. The latter thus become very much dis-
torted, and their form greatly modified. Examples are shewn on
plate iii., fig. ly, and plate iv., fig. lg, fig. 2f This action is so
predominant in some instances that the host becomes stifled, the
inner cavity wholly obsolete, and the shape so irregular as to be
past recognition if seen by itself. Several species of Hymen-
optera (inclusive of Chalcids), Coleoptera (Scymnus, Haplonyx,
&e.), and a moth in chrysalis stage have been bred from some of
the Mallee species. This prevalence of parasitism is no doubt
the cause of the comparative rarity of most of them (except
locally), notwithstanding the extraordinary protection of the
prolific female.

Regarding duration of life of gall or insect nothing definite
seems to be known. According to my own observations, the
attainment to full size of the larger woody galls may require
several years, the life of the female probably depending upon the
access of males either earlier or later. Fecundation resulting,
as is well known, in accelerated development and early death,
and vice versa, among the Articulata.

In respect of distribution of Brachyscelis in South Australia,
it may be remarked, that although I am familiar with them for
nearly a lifetime, they were not found abundantly, except in
isolated instances. The Mallee Eucalypts (2. gracilis, dumosa,
uncinata, oleosa, and incrassata) furnish most of our species,
while Hucalyptus leucoxylon harbours two, and #. rostrata three
(one not yet described and figured) kinds. The Brachyscelid
gall on Beyeria opaca (pl. v., fig. 3) is the first instance of such
outside of Eucalyptus, hitherto the exclusive host, but it may
prove to belong to another genus, when the gall-forming insect
becomes known.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE FAmILy.

Schrader divided the BracHyscELip® into three genera. As

his paper is long out of print, the following extract will perhaps

be very acceptable to students of the family. He says on page
6 :—‘‘T propose to divide the gall-making Coccide as follows :—

269

“1, Genus BracuyscELis. Where the females have six legs
completely, but short and unfit for use.

“2. Genus OpistiosceLis. Where they have only two long
posterior legs.

«3. Genus Ascetis. Where there are no vestiges of legs.

“The galls of the insects of the genus Opisthoscelis are often
found male and female under the same leaf (plate v., 2). The
female gall is in the shape of a pea, but somewhat larger; the
male galis very small and conical.

“The female O. subrotundata (iu., 2) is of a crimson colour,
nearly round, but the terminal segment of the abdomen very
mach tapered ; it has very long posterior legs, but no traces of
the anterior and intermediary legs. In another species,
O. gracilis, the ovipositing female is rather slender, and the legs
still longer and thinner, and the male has no anal sete.

The larve resemble those of Arachyscelis, but have very short
anal setze. :

“Tn Ascelis the female larve alone form galls. The male
larvee undergo metamorphoses in the gall of the ‘female. This is
of pale-yellow colour, and loses nearly all traces of articulation.
Only dark spots occur in place of the feet. On the back the
animal has a horny instrument with three points, always holding
some gum between them, which seems to serve for closing up the
hole. The opening of the gall is not at the top, asin brachy-
scelis, but on the other side of the leaf. The larva (plate i11., 7)
is flat, and transparently yellow, resembling that of Lrachyscelis,
but is never pointed at the apex, has shorter antenne and sete,
and not as much fringing hair.”

All the larve of the thre ee genera have six short legs.

iio 1891 Mira. MM: Maskell (Trans. N.Z. Institute. Zool.,
1891, pp. 39-45, and pp- 52-60) added the genera [’renchia (on
Casuarina) and Carteria (on Melaleuca) to the BRACHYSCELIDA,
and described and figured Spherococcus and Cylindrococcus (also
on Casuarina) as of uncertain position (but has lately formed a new
sub-family, Iprococcin®, for their reception). On account of a
general similarity of habit, I consider that they should also be
included in the family. The first and two last form woody galls
similar in structure to those of Brachyscelis (on Eucalypts and
Beyeria); the second forms only thick waxy tests.

The adult female of /renchia is tadpole-like, the abdominal
portion being very long and slender, the thoracic very thick,
circular, disk-like. Antenne and legs absent. Colour reddish-
yellow to dark-brown. Larve elongated, Hat, subelliptical, with
legs and antenne (l.c., pl. xiii.).

“Of Spherococcus the adult female is globular, grey in front,
dark behind, with very small antennie, but no feet. eee

270

elliptical, elongated, abdomen rounded, with legs and antennz
(l.c., pl. vili., figs. 8-20).

Of Cylindrococcus (pl. ix.) the female is cylindrical, sides
parallel, truncate in front, rounded behind, of red colour,
antennz short, conical, only the anterior legs developed, remainder
merely indicated by dark patches. Larve with six long legs and
two anal sete.

In Carteria the thoracic part of the female is very large, sub-
quadrate (the abdomen being very much and suddenly contracted,
very much shorter than the former, and truncate), with two
tubes and a horny spine dorsally, but without legs and antenne.
Colour red. The larvee possess antenne and long legs (Le¢., pl xiL.,
figs. 1-10).

Mr. Maskell’s descriptions and figures are exceedingly clear
and painstaking, and IT am very much obliged to him for his
courtesy in remitting to me separate copies of his very valuable
and authoritative papers.

Taking into account only what appears to be leading general
characteristics, the family, as far as now known, may be
synoptically epitomised as follows :—

Famity BRACHYSCELIDA.

Females large, inhabiting through life singly woody or spongy
galls of more or less regular or symmetrical form, or rarely covered
only by thick, waxy tests. Male larve in separate small galls or
associated with the females ; adults two-winged, minute.

1. Galls woody or spongy (on SHucalyptus, Caswarina,
Beyeria).

2. Galls woody, developed in branches and twigs.

3. Female provided with legs, completely or partially.

4. Female provided with complete set of legs, three-jointed.
(Body oval or fusiform; antenne very short; on Hucalyptus
and Beyeria ?) BrACHYSCELIS, Schrader.

4.4, Female provided with incomplete set of legs, remainder
indicated by dark spots. (Body cylindrical ; antenne short,
conical ; on Casuarina.) Cytinprococcus, Maskell.

3.3. Female without legs (on branchlets of Casuarina ).

4. Body of female globular ; antennz distinct.

SpHAERococcus, Maskell.

4.4, Body tadpole-like, with two tubercular appendages, and a
horny spine dorsally ; antennz absent. Frencuia, Maskell.

2.2. Galls spongy or leathery (on leaves of Eucalyptus).

3. Legs present in the female ; hindlegs very long, remainder
obsolete. (Body round anteriorly, tapering much _ behind ;
antenn none.) OPISTHOSCELIS, Schrader.

a

3.3. Legs absent. (Body subglobular, with a three-pointed
horny appendage dorsally.) ASCELIS, Schrader.

1.1. Galls not formed ; females covered by thick, waxy tests.
(Thoracic part of body very bulky, abdominal short, narrow,
truncate, antenne and legs absent. ) CarteriA, Maskell.

Although the present paper is primarily concerned with the
genus Brachyscelis, I have illustrated a species of leaf-gall
(pl. 111., fig. 4) which by its external form belongs to Opisthoscelis,
but the inhabiting insect—so far as I have been able to study it
in some soaked and re-softened specimens—differs considerably
from the females of that genus, and approaches Asce/is by the
entire absence of legs. Hence I feel considerable diftidence in
locating it with either, and place it only provisionally in the
latter for the present, havi ing some other species to notice in a
future paper.

In the following list I have attempted tentatively to classify
the galls of the genus Brachyscelis in regard to form and the
position normally assumed by the insect during life, but the
latter only applies more reliably to the species observ ed: by
myself, that of the others being inferred from the published
figures, which may not have been drawn with strict regard of
the position of the galls in situ, but rather to the available space.
The authors rarely mention it in their remarks. In the present
illustrations, which I have drawn from specimens gathered by
myself chiefly, the direction of the branchlet indicates a more or
less vertical one, whatever its position on the plate. (The figures
of the galls of the Elder Exploring Expedition will be given on
another plate with those of some others, yet undescribed in the
collection at a future paper.)

Lisl OF “ENOWN GALLS OF- BRACHYSCHELIS.

A. Galls regular. (All longitudinal sections through the axis
produce similar halves. )
Galls more or less erect.
Brachyscelis munita, Schrader, On Luc. robusta (Frogg.),
N.S.W., Victoria, Queensland; on Lue.
lencoxylon, g gracilis (Tepper),o- ‘A.
regularis, sp.n. On Huc. rostrata, S.A.
subconica, sp.n. On Luc. wneinata, S.A.
urnalis, sp. nov. On Hue. gracilis (var. 2),
S.A.
calycina, sp. n. On Luc. oleosa (2), dumosa,
S.A.
Newmanni, sp. n. On Luc. dumosa, 8. A.
Beyeriv, sp.n. On Beyeria opaca, S.A.

272

a.a. Galls lateral or dependent.
6. Galls normally lateral.
Brachyscelis pomiformis, Frogg. On Luc. sp., N.S.W.,
W.A

ovicola, Schrader. On Huc. gracilis, lewcoxy-
lon, N.S.W., Victoria.
Bauerleni, Froggatt. On Hue. sp., N.S.W.
rugosa, Froggatt. On Huc. sp., N.S.W.
strombylosa, sp. n. On Hue. incrassata, S.A.
6.6. Galls more or less dependent.
Brachyscelis minor, Froggatt. On Hue. hemastoma,
N.S. W.
conica, Froggatt. On Huc. viminalis, N.S.W.
B. Galls symmetrical. (Only one section along niain axis pro-
duces similar halves.)
a. Galls mostly directed laterally in the normal form and
position.
Brachyscelis variabilis, Froggatt. On Euc. piperita,
INS W..
pharetrata, Schrader. On Euc. Sieberiana,
corymbosa, and capitellata, N.S.W.
Thorntoni, Froggatt. On Hue. sp., N.S.W.
ovicoloides, sp. n. On Huc. incrassata, S.A.
a.a. Galls mostly dependent.
Brachyscelis duplex, Schrader. On Luc. spec., N.S.W.,
Queensland.
pileata, Schrader. On Luc. piperita, Ste-
beriana, and capitellata, N.S.W.
glabra, sp. nov. On Hue. rostrata, S.A.
ellipsoidalis, sp. nov. On Luc. sp., Fraser
Range, W.A. (Elder Exploring Expedi-
tion).
The following works have been consulted and made use of :—

1. H. L. ScorapER—“ Observations on Certain Gall-making
Coccidee of Australia,” in Transactions of Entomological Society
of N.S. Wales, 1862, vol. L., pp. 1-5. “ Further Communications
on the Gall-making Coccidee,” «bid.

2. W. M. Masketit—“ Further Coccid Notes, with Descriptions
of New Species, and Remarks on Coccids from New Zealand,
Australia, and elsewhere,” in Transactions of New Zealand
Institute, 1891, I. Zoology, pp.1-67.

3. W. W. Frocearr—‘“ Notes on the Family Brachyscelide,
with some Account of their Parasites, and Description of New

Species,” in Proceedings of the Linnean Society of N.S. Wales,
Series 2, vol. VII., 1892, pp. 353-372.

273

DESCRIPTION OF S.A. SPECIES OF BRACHYSCELID
GALLS.

BRACHYSCELIS MUNITA, Schrader.

(Trams. *Eint., Soc.,.N.S.W.,_.1862.;. vol. I. 5; (plate i1.,
He, 7, jini nows,)a0) (Plate ni,,fig, 1),

The typical form as described by Schrader is shown in outline
by A., fig. 1, plate 11., which is an approximate copy of the
original figure, and has not been observed by me in South Aus-
traha. The shape usually seen is delineated by fig. 1, 6. The
four prolongations, continued along the gall as more or less crest-
like ridges attain sometimes several inches in length, but are
always much recurved or contracted irregularly. When occurring
in crowded clusters, as is sometimes the case, the galls become
mostly very much deformed. Some of the ridges or all of them
become obsolete, and the appendages less in number and much
reduced in length and thickness (in my opinion they probably
represent mideibe of four leaves composing the gall), yet the
typical form can still be recognised. The variety shown at C
(pl. ui.) appears to be rare, and only appearing solitarily. It
might be distinguished as var. foliosa, and is only met with on
very young shoots with broad leaves indicative of immature age.
A form very much reduced in size occurs by no means rarely on
certain ‘‘ Mallee” Eucalypts (JD, pl. ii. ; fig. 2h., pl. iv.), which
TI propose to distinguish as var. reducta until its relationship be
more closely studied.

The male galls are narrowly tubular, small, and crowded
together in subglobular clusters of very numerous individuals at
the ends of small branchlets.

Habitat.— Distributed throughout Southern and _ Eastern
Australia,

BRACHYSCELIS REGULARIS, spec. nov. (PI. 11, fig. 3, 3a.)

Female gall. Solitary, erect, regular, conical both ends ;
apex truncate, shghtly narrower than the base, the stalk of which
is somewhat elongated and generally attenuated as well as the
apex. Aperture very small, circular, level with the narrow rim,
which is slightly and very shortly annulated. Exterior nearly
smooth, whitish or brownish, slightly striated and roughened by
low irregular, subconical protuberances (remains of male galls 2),
and transverse ridgelets. Internal cavity comparatively narrow,
tapering almost equally towards either end. Insect not obser ved.
Male galls unknown.

Length of gall, 56 mm. ; diameter (max.), 21 mm.

Habitat.—Murray Bridge, Lyndoch, &. On Fucalyptus
rostrata, Schlecht ; rather rare.

BRACHYSCELIS SUBCONICA, spec. nor. (PI. iv., fig. 1.)

Female gall. Solitary or in pairs, often several or many on the
same leafy branchlet, but not crowded ; regular, conical on both
ends, apex at first acutely pyramidal, finally obtuse, furnished
with several distinct annulations. Aperture cir cular, mostly
minute, rim very narrow. Exterior green, longitudinally Siac
emnoth, finally greyish-black or brown, more or less scaly rugose.
Cavity cylindrical, ‘anteriorly funnel- like, posteriorly semicircular.
Female inseet small, narrowly fusiform, tail-bristles moderately long.

Length of gall, 25-30 mm.:; diameter do., 8-10 rom.

Male gall. Narrowly tubular, distinctly curved, rin dilated ;
mostly turned downwards or sideways ; yellowish-green to red ;
either almost singly or crowded in rows on the leaves near the
female galls, usually much more numerous on one surface than on
the other. Insect not seen.

Length, 4-10 mm. ; diameter, 1-1-3 mm.

Habitat.—Maurray Bridge. On HLucalyptus uneinata, F. v. M.

The species is not uncommon in the Mallee scrub near the
locality, and may occur elsewhere. In its erect habit, and more
elongated, slender form it differs from B. conica, Frogg. , which,
according to his figures, is more or less dependent. The respec-
tive male galls present also a different habit, being developed on
the leaves, while those of the latter are situated on the branchlets.

Many of the female galls are found so crowded with chalcid para-
sites that they become wholly unlike the original, and in some cases
the originating insect has been choked, the cavity disappearing.

BRACHYSCELIS URNALIS, sp. nov. (PI. iv., fig. 2.)

Female gall. Very regular, mostly solitary, rarely two to four
crowded together at the ends of small twigs; urn-shaped, basal
part obconical, base narrow usually (rarety incrassated), neck
more or less conical, narrow, elongated ; rim wide, flat, formed
of obtuse, irregular, divergent lobes; inner disk slightly
depressed or raised, colour mostly brown ; aperture central, very
minute. Exterior uearly smooth, slightly striated longitudinally,
brownish green or grey. Cavity cylindrical with long narrow
channel anteriorly. Female insect small, elongate fusiform, hairs
long, tail bristles moderately long, very slender.

Male galls. Very small, scattered along the small twigs near
the aes not crowded, conico- -cylindrical, apex not dilated.

Insects not seen. Male. Female.’
Maximum length of gall ... 2-3mm. 18-25 mm.
Maximum length of neck... = 5 One
Maximum piece of gall . Op7 ad 5__ [4
Maximum diameter of ale ¥. == 2 sae
Maximum diameter of rim ... == 6- Bea

Habitat.—Murray Bridge, South Australia.

LS)

275

These are the most beautifully-shaped galls known to me, and
occur on a stunted species of Eucalypts allied to Huc. wneinata
and Huc. gracilis, but differing from either, and not agreeing
precisely with any described kind. The seed-vessels are mostly
prominently four-keeled, and the rather small flowers reddish
to crimson. Many of the galls are more or less abortive through
excessive attack of minute hymenopterous parasites, others
exhibit a large, more or less laterally placed hole, showing the
exit of some larger parasite, which had fed upon the inhabitant
itself. Associated with this species are found small, more or
less abortive galls of B. reducta (pl. iv., tig. 2h.) The specimen
shown at “a,” and remarkable for its broad, clasping base, was
still green when picked, and the only one of this form met with.

BRACHYSCELIS CALYCINA, spec. nov. (PI. v., fig. la-d.)

Female gall. Solitary, rarely a few together, regular, cup-
shaped, sessile on the sides or ends of branchlets, obliquely erect ;
base broad, sometimes an incrassated ring, gradually dilated to
the irregularly dentated rim; disk depressed, an elevated small
cone in the centre, exceeding the rim, and containing the minute
aperture. Exterior rough, dark-brown, disk blackish. Cavity
oval, channel moderately long, tubular. Insect not seen alive, in
dead specimens, fusiform, about half an inch long, pale ferru-
ginous, two last abdominal segments very slender ; tail bristles
black, nearly as long as the two last abdominal segments
together.

Male gall. Almost cylindro-tubular, very slender, nearly
straight, pale-green, rim not dilated. Scattered along and
around very young twigs, never on leaves.

Male. Female.

Maximum length of gall 2 =e MM. D—3 mm.
; mete! 5 5 J
Maximum diameter of base O:7=1-O Aer Oh, ee
Maximum diameter of rim ... eae ia

Habitat.—Murray Bridge, Goolwa, Kangaroo Island.

These remarkable galls occur on stunted bushes of Lucalyptus
dumosa and #. oleosa. When young and still green and immature
they resemble the corresponding stage of some of the individuals
of the next species, but are never crowded. They are also found
occasionally much parasitised and abortive.

BracHysceLis NEUMANNI, spec. nov. (Pl. v., tig. 2a-d.)
Female gall. Semi-erect, aggregated in dense clusters of many
individuals of both sexes, flexuose-cylindrical, base surrounded by
a thicker ring, middle slightly bulging, slightly contracted below
the rim, latter not much dilated, often divided into two parts by
deep incisions, always irregularly dentate; disk slightly depressed,

TT

276

central cone scarcely raised above the outer margin, aperture
minute. Exterior reddish brown, somewhat glossy, striated
longitudinally and irregularly rugulose. Cavity elongate
cylindrical, base either semicircular or the lower part greatly
contracted ; apical channel short and more or less funnel-like.
Insect not observed.

Male gall (?). Tubular to trumpet-shaped, apex much dilated,
rim dentate or lobate, recurved, with a small central cone ; inter-
mixed with the female galls in the same clusters. Insect not
known.

Male. Female.
Maximum length of gall 8 -—25 mm. 18-30 mm.
Maximum diameter at base Waa 25) ce 5.2 (9
Maximum diameter in the middle b= nes 8-10),
Maximum diameter of therim ... 3 —5 * 92h

Habitat.—Murray Bridge. In large clusters on the erect or
suberect stout branchlets and twigs of Hucalyptus duwumosa,
causing the death of the branch on which they are situated. The *
species is named after my old friend Mr. J. G. Neumann, who
resides at the locality named, and has always assisted me and
other friends of natural history most disinterestedly in the pur-
suit of researches in his neighbourhood, and has also liberally
contributed to the collections of the S.A. Museum.

BracHyYsceELis (!) BEYERIz, spec. nov. (PI. v., fig. 3a—f)

Female gall. Solitary, on the end of branchlets of Beyerrva
opaca, rarely in pairs, oval, or sometimes subfusiform, composed
of the fused altered leaves; apex slightly elongated, or chiefly
occupied by the comparatively large aperture. Exterior greenish
when alive, smooth, marked by the edges and midribs of the
leaves denoted by slight ridges. Cavity elongate ovate ; channel
short, large. Insects not known.

Male galls. Several together along the branchlets below the
female galls, minute, tubular, curved. Insect not known.

Male. Female.
Length of gall ... ... 15-2 mm. 11-22 mm.
Diameter of gall... ee OD Oe 5-8 «

Habitat.—Ardrosssan, Yorke’s Peninsula.

This species, if it be a true Brachyscelis, would be the first
instance of such occurring outside of the genus Eucalyptus, the
plant belonging to the Euphorbiacee. On account of the
similarity of type form of the galls, I insert it here provision-
ally, as the insects are unknown. Their study will probably
necessitate its removal to a separate genus. The specimens from
which I have draw the figure were gathered by myself in 1885.

BRACHYSCELIS STROMBYLOSA, spec. nov. (PI. iv., fig. da—c.)

Female gall. Solitary, suborbicular, sessile, often more or
less oblique and turned in the direction of the branchlet.
Exterior, when young, formed of numerous, subconical or sub-
arbicular tubercules, which become more irregular with age ;
apex truncate, crateriform, central cone lower than the margin ;
aperture small, usually circular, sometimes oval. Cavity large,
broadly oval, inner surface somewhat irregular, channel funnel-
like, short. Insect not known. Male galls not observed.

Length of gall, 18-26 mm. ; diameter of gall, 20-25 mm.

Habitat.—Murray Bridge. These galls occur sparingly on the
stouter branches and branchlets of Hucalyptus icrassata, and
are so firmly fixed, that they can only be detached with some
difficulty, being themselves very firm and woody. The outer
walls are very thick and solid, and are mined by fair-sized
larvee, apparently of some weevils. A specimen of a Haplonyx
was doubtfully bred from one of them.

BRACHYSCELIS OVICOLOIDES, sp. nov. (PI. iii., fig. 2a-f)

Female gall. Solitary, nearly sessile, elongate oval, always
curved much and obliquely away from the point of attachment,
and frequently much curved dorsally (much more even than in
the figure, pl. la); exterior bright-green, like the leaves, slightly
wrinkled longitudinally; apex truncate, brownish, rim flat,
broad, centre of disk slightly depressed, without central cone ;
aperture small, circular. Cavity ovate, smooth, channel short,
funnel-like ; walls of equal thickness throughout, and composed
of three layers, viz., (1) exterior, thin, green, bark-like ; (2) in-
termediary, thick, formed of conspicuous cavities filled with a
viscous gummy substance when fresh; (3) innermost, thin,
whitish, composed of longitudinal fibres.

Length of gall, 23-35 mm. ; diameter, middle 13-16 mm., apex
4—7 mm.

Female insect piceous above ; a pale, broad, undefined, longi-
tudinal patch on the anterior part of the dorsum ; underside
dark shining brown or black, last four abdominal segments
yellowish, apex brownish ; anterior part of body smooth, abdo-
men with short, distant bristles. Head indistinct, antenne and
eyes obsolete apparently. Legs six, three-jointed; basal joint
much larger than the following, terminal joint with a very minute
simple claw. Anterior pair smallest, posterior largest. ‘Terminal
bristles two, very short.

Length of body, 23 mm.; of head and thorax, 13 mm. ; of
anterior legs, 0-6 mm. ; of posterior legs, 1-5 mm. ; of terminal
bristles, 1 mm. ; width of thorax, 10-7 mm.

Male galls. Solitary, scattered or crowded on the leaves, or

96)

278

singly sometimes on the green seed-vessels; cup-shaped to
tubular, thick, apex more or less dilated, green to reddish-brown.

Length, 3-6 mm.; diameter in the middle, 2°5-3:5 mm. ; at
apex, 3-3°7 mm.

Habitat.—Moonta, Yorke’s Peninsula (7’. Jones ).

The galls are found scattered on the branchlets of Hucalyptus
incrassata, and perhaps #. odorata. They appear to differ from
. ovicola, Schrad., by being symmetrical instead of regular in
form, much more curved, and the apex almost flat, the insect
itself differing in colour, size, &c. Fig. “d” shows the view of
the inside above the dotted line of “a.”

BRACHYSCELIS GLABRA, spec. nov. (PI. iii., fig. 4.)

Female gall. Solitary, sessile, considerably projecting beyond
point of attachment posteriorly, ovate, nearly smooth, faintly
striated longitudinally, and sometimes with irregular, smooth
warts (male galls 7), whitish or grey, clouded with brown; apex
rounded, aperture very minute; cavity rather large, correspond-
ing in form with the external shape. Insect not known, nor the
male galls.

Length, 28 mm.; diameter over attachment, 15 mm. ; at apex,
3°) mam.

Habitat—Mount Lofty Ranges, Lyndoch, &e. On_ stout
branchlets of Lucalyptus rostrata, but rather rare, and always
solitary. The outer texture resembles that of the bark of the
branches very remarkably.

ASCELIS, Schrader.

Female without legs. Galls globular or subglobular, spongy

or leathery, smooth when fresh ; extending either to both sides

equally, or situated wholly on one side alone, in which case the
opening is through the lamina of the leaf (?).

ASCELIS (?) MULTITUDINEA, spec. nov. (Pl. v., fig. 4.)

Female gall. Obovate orbicular (when fresh), smooth, green,
wholly on one side of leaf, aperture scarcely perceptible when
young, at or near summit, conspicuous when mature. Circular
area at base small, depressed on opposite side of leaf.

Female insect yellow, rather flat, elliptical, shghtly covered
with long hairs; segments distinct, constricted, margin con-
spicuously lobate, head subanterior, mouth in a circular slightly
protruding area; antenne dorsal, very minute, close together,
conical, blackish. Legs, none. Stigmata conspicuous as black
points, slightly raised above the surface (in old and softened
specimen) ; last segment of abdomen deeply emarginate, the sides.
forming thick, obtusely acuminate appendages, without bristles:
or setie.

Zhe)

Length of gall, 8-11 mm.; diameter of gall, 6-9 mm. ;
length of insect, 3°5 mm. ; width of insect, 2 mm.

Habitat.—Marino, South-Eastern District of South Australia.

The specimen in the collection of the S.A. Museum was pre-
sented by Mr. A. Molineux, the genial and zealous Secretary of
the Bureau of Agriculture, from the above locality, in March,
1885. The numerous galls (54 in all) are distributed over a
large, not quite perfect, leaf of one of the “Stringybark” gums,
and arranged in short, more or less irregular, rows of three to
five, but not crowded. They resemble the galls of Opisthoscelis
in form and the position of the aperture, but the insects differ
from those of the latter genus in form of body and entire absence
of legs, and from those of Asce/is, as limited by Schrader, also in
form of body and the absence of the trispinose dorsal appendage.
More and fresher material is, however, required for critical
examination before a conclusive decision respecting the position
of the species can be arrived at.

EXPLANATION OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS.
PuateE ITT.

Fig. 1. Brachyscelis munita, Schrader. Female galls. Nat. size.
A. Typical form ; outline of Schrader’s figure.
4. Usual form with narrow contorted appendages.
C. Var. foliosa, var. nov., with leaf-like appendages.
D. Var. reducta. Small form on mallee Eucalypts.
Fig. 2. Brachyscelis ovicoloides, spec. nov. Male and female galls. Nat.
size.
a. Normal form of female galls on twigs ; young and mature
form.
b, 6, b. Normal form of male galls in various stages on leaves.
c. Male gall on seed vessel.
d. Dorsal half of female gall, showing form of cavity.
e, f. Dorsal and ventral view of female, nat. size.

Fig. 3. Brachyscelis regularis, spec. nov. Female gall. Natural size.
Fig. 3a. Abortive form of same, through parasites.

Fig 4. Brachyscelis glabra, spec. nov. Female gall. Natural size.

PLATE IV.

Fig. 1. Brachyscelis subconica, spec. nov. Natural size.

a. Old, dry female gall, roughened by tubercles.

4. Living female gall, more than half-grown, showing annuli at
apex.

c, d. Young galls in various stages (contorted).

ce. Solitary ; 7, aggregated male galls.

y. Parasitised and abortive female gall, affected by Chalecids.

280

Fig 2. Brachyscelis urnalis, spec. nov. Natural size.
a. Abnormal sessile female gall.
b. Aggregated abnormal galls, distorted and bored by parasites.
c. Normal female gall (bored by a parasite at the side of the
cone).
d. Young female galls.
e. Male galls on twigs.
f. Abortive female galls, affected by Chalcids.
gy. Section of female gall.
h. Small abortive galls of B. reducta.
?. Female insect, underside.
Fig. 3. Brachyscelis strombylosa, spec. nov. Natural size.
a, a. Old female galls. 6. Nearly fullgrown gall.
c. Section of old gall, showing peculiar form of cavity, and the
tunnelling of Curculionid larve in the walls.

PLATE V.
. Brachyscelis calycina, spec. nov. Natural size.
a, a. Three mature galls, one stalked, two sessile, in various
positions.
6. Three younger female galls.
c. Section of half-grown female gall, showing cavity and
channel.
d, d. Male galls around young twigs.
Fig. 2. Brachyscelis Neumanni, spec. nov. Natural size.
a. Normal form of female gall.
hb, Abnormal form of female gall.
c. Male galls (?) interspersed among the females.
d. Section of female gall.
Fig 3. Brachyscelis (?) Beyeriw, spec. nov. Natural size.
a, e. Female galls, in various stages of growth.
d. Section of smal] mature gall, showing the cavity, &c.

Fig. 4. Ascelis (?) multitudinea, spec. nov. Natural size.
a. Mature and young galls, as appearing when dried.
b. Female gall, after being soaked in water.
c. Section of same, showing cavity and channel.
d. Female insect, natural size and magnified.

=

Fig.

NOTES AND REMARKS ON SOUTH AUSTRALIAN
RHOPALOCERA.,

By J.°G: ©; Trprrr, F.LS.

[Read October 17, 1893.]

In part 1 of vol. XVII. of the Transactions of this Society
paper on the South Australian Rhopalocera is published by Mr.
O. B. Lower, apparently intended to be a summary of what is
known of the subject, frequent references being made to a pre-
vious paper published by me, As I cannot agree with many of
his statements, I beg to record my views of the contested points
in the order in which they occur in Mr. Lower’s paper.

“Tt is usually considered, I believe, that the scarcity (?) of
Rhopalocera in this colony is due to the great dryness during the
season of flight. Also the severe droughts we are subjected to,
&e. But my honest conviction is that the scarcity is due to the
want of systematic collecting” (p. 1).

That the scarcity is real is shown by the fact that in the
smaller area of Victoria 31 species of butterflies are recorded in
the first part of the recently published “ Victorian Butterflies,”
while of the corresponding families Mr. Lower only enumerates
13 species in South Australia. That this scarcity is due to
physical causes is not only proved by the concurrence of all
previous collectors (Messrs. Angas, Behr, Bathurst, Jung,
Odewahn, Schulz, Waterhouse, Wilson Brothers, Mrs. Kraiisler,
«e., beside me and my brother), but also by the corresponding
scarcity of the moisture-loving ferns and mosses. The causes
operate not only “during the season of flight,” but chiefly upon
the critical stages of larval and pupal life. Scarcity or abundance
in the abstract is determined by the proportion of the number
of species and individuals to a given area and time. It depends,
partly upon the extremes of temperature (not the mean) which
the insects or their food-plants are capable of resisting, partly
upon absence or abundance of their enemies, where there are no
formidable barriers of a physical nature to free intercourse be-
tween adjacent regions. The occasional capture of solitary
specimens by zealous collectors only proves that the immigrants
have not been able to effect a footing, or only a very tem-
porary one. Such sporadic wanderers occur even in England
and other old. countries. Personal conviction is not evidence
unless supported by many years of experience in the field, and

282

qualified by the requisite knowledge of biological, botanical, and
physical science.
DELIAS AGANIPPE, Don.

T have seen many scores of this species in the early years of
the colony, and should be able to distinguish the sexes and
varieties. The figure in my “List” does not represent the
female, as the comparison with any specimens will show.

Deriias HarpaAtyce, Don.

The figure (4, plate ii., Trans. Roy. Soc., vol. IV.) of this
doubtfully inserted species is badly reproduced (the right side
best), and, from what I have since learned, cannot represent the
above, or stand for the female of D. Aganippe, but more likely
either for the following one or an hitherto unrecorded species or
subspecies. The drawing was made in 1867 from specimens in
my brother’s collection before ever I thought of publishing any-
thing, and is quite correct. Absent marks do not denote for-
gotten details, but absent characters in the specimens.

Deiias ARGENTHONA, Fabr.

This species was inserted in my lst on the high authority of
the late Mr. G. F. Angas, who figures the underside in ‘South
Australia Illustrated,” pl. xxxvii., fig. 2, from “the Lakes and
the Coorong,” and mentions that it and others had been identified
by Mr. Doubleday. Surely Mr. Angas’s statements are as
reliable as anyone’s. Jnter alia, it may be remarked the figure
on that plate differs considerably in marks and colour from my
specimens of the real eastern D. Argenthona, and may not be
this, but the kind, which from its upperside representation, I
named “ Harpalyce” (female).

BELENOIS PERIMALE, Don. (7).

A flight of these eastern butterflies occurred in November,
1889, and reached Adelaide, but were only about for a few days.
Three specimens were secured, and are considerably abraded, as
were all others seen flitting about. They resemble 4. Teutonia,
but the black and yellow of the underside is very much reduced,
and the size is less. The original specimens of this species in the
Museum are from the White collection and other sources, as
hailing from Queensland. The specimens captured in Adelaide,
&e., have to be regarded as sporadic wanderers, not as South
Australian indigenes.

CALLIDRYAS PyRANTHE, Linn.
This is undoubtedly another case of sporadic occurrence.

283

Danais Petitia, Stoll.

“Tepper calls this D. Chrysippus, Linn., in his list, a widely
different species” (I.c., p. 4). Kirby and other systematists place
this species close to ‘the old world Chi ‘ysippus, the differences
being really so slight that one is quite justified in considering
Shan as racial varieties. Geor ge Semper says (Journ. Mas.
Godefroy, part XIV., 1878): «To establish the fact whether
Petilia be rightly separated from Chrysippus, it is very desir-
able to know ‘something of the first stages of the Australian form.
Tt cannot be denied that specimens of Chrysippus from Morotati
and Ceram approach Petilia very much in external appearance.”
Preceding the above-quoted (translated) sentence the same critical
author calls them “ very closely allied,” the exact opposite to
Mr. Lower’s dictum. The species was not collected in South
Australia previous to 1870, as far as I have been able to ascer-
tain, its home being in Queensland and Northern Australia,
probably owing to the absence of food-plants (Asclepiads), which
subsequently became introduced as garden escapees, and should
always be treated as an introduction, as well as the following.

Danais Erippus, Cramer.

This is a notoriously modern introduction since about 1875-
1878. Kirby says that Zrippus is a South American butterfly,
while the variety Archippus was the most common North
American form.

XENICcA ACHANTA, Don.

I collected this species at Second (or Slape’s) Guily in November,
1884. Subsequently I identified and exhibited specimens with
others at a meeting of the Royal Society South Australia.

PyraMeEis JrEa, abr.

The Stinging Nettle (Urtica urens) cannot have been the
original foodplant of this truly indigenous species, if it be such
now, for this plant was intentionally (it is said) introduced by
sheepfarmers as a fodder-plant for stock. The only native mem-
bers of the Urticaceze were the large semi-aquatic nettle of the
Murray, &c., and the small common rockweed, Parietaria debilis.
The fact that the species feeds now on the widely-spread intro-
duced weed would account for its present abundance as compared
with its scarcity inland during the earlier years.

PyrAMEIS Kersuawl, J/cCoy.

Almost all lepidopterologists, it seems, are now agreed that
this is really only a slightly diverging variety of the old P. cardui,
which is also pointed out by Messrs. Anderson and Spry in their
recently published work, ‘“ Victorian Butterflies,” hence the name
should be expunged.

284

“Dry cowdung” cannot be the proper shelter for its chry-
salides for obvious reasons, but only an adaptation to circum-
stances where other means are absent. The species is undoubtedly
indigenous, and has ever been one of the commonest. It invades
even the streets of suburbs and city, owing to the safety afforded
by the protective coloring of its underside.

JUNONIA VELLIDA, Jabr.

The spelling of ‘‘Junonisa,” was copied by me from Masters’
“Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera” as the most recent publi-
cation at the time.

Lucia Lucanus, abr.

As regards the generic term, it is to be remarked that most of the
genera of the Lycaenide are separated on such slight differences,
that scarcely two authorities agree on the number. Hence Cupido,
Polyommatus, Lucanus, &c., are sometimes treated separately,
sometimes included in one or another or united under the old
term Lycena as it suits the predilection of the writer. In respect

of this species Mr. Lower says, “ this species has been confused.

2}

with Chrysophanus aurifer, Blanch., a very dissimilar species.
The qualifying terms are evidently exaggerating, as it is most
unlikely that men like the late Hon. W. McLeay could confuse
“very dissimilar” species, even at the most cursory glance. In
Kairby’s “Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera” they
are placed close together, even bearing the same synonym
(Limbaria), hence they must be very like each other. My
name, Lycena discifer, was supplied by the late Hon. W.
McLeay, no doubt, on account of its resemblance to that Queens-
land species.

The notoriously introduced Stinkwort (Jnula graveolens ) cannot
be the food-plant of this indigenous species (as suggested) for
obvious reasons, and the reference is therefore misleading. The
mere “frequenting,” 7.¢e., settling on or flying among or over the
bushes, cannot amount to the deduction that such plant is the
food-plant of the larvee. The food of imagines being chiefly the
nectar of flowers, they frequent all flowers provided with nectar
as occasion demands, while many plants are simply used as
resting places. Has anyone ever really met with insect larve
feeding on the Jnula? If so, the fact would be most interesting,
and the insects should be fostered, bred, and protected as most
valuable benefactors.

Oayris Oranes, [elder (1865).
Ocyris Ipmo, Hewitson (1850-52).

Comparing published figures and descriptions with specimens
of either, I have little doubt that both are either identical or

—.

—
a

bo

285

only slight varieties of the same species. Kirby’s inclusion of
Hewitson’s O. Otrontas with O. dmo is either a misprint or mis-
take, and intended, it seems to me, for 0. Otanes, as O. Otrontas
is without the large pale spot in the forewings of the female,
which is so conspicuous and characteristic a mark in both the
others. For the same reasons the latter have no connection with
my O. halmaturia, and Mr. Lower’s distribution of the sexes is
entirely fancifui. I have observed O. Otanes (identified by the
Hon. W. McLeay) at Nuriootpa numerously for several seasons
from 1873 to 1889, and of O. /dmo, Hew., is a pair in the '
Museum (presented by the late Mr. McDougall) from Southern
Yorke’s Peninsula. Having seen the sexes repeatedly in codtu
at the former locality, I should think myself capable of dis-
tinguishing them. But at Nuriootpa I have never observed any
females without the pale spot, or at Kangaroo Island any spotted
ones, although for several days keenly on the hunt; but often
had the opportunity of seeing the males attend or chase the un-
spotted females in the neighbourhood of Queenscliffe. The
Kangaroo Island species, my O. halmaturia, ditfers also from
Idmo-Otanes in coarser and more distant scales, besides form and
colour.

Unless, therefore, O. halmaturia be identical with O. Otrontas,
Hew., which I still doubt, not having seen specimens of the latter,
I regard it as a good species on account of accurate observations
in the field. The Port Lincoln specimens belong most likely also
to O. halmaturia.

Oayris Orartes, Hew.
Oayrris AMARYLLIs, Hew.

From a careful study in the field, and a comparison of figures
and descriptions, it appears to me that both these names refer to
the same species. I had the opportunity for observing these
butterflies on several occasions at Coromby, Victoria, where they
were rather numerous, and frequenting all sorts of cultivated
plants and flowers in the bright sunshine, both sexes being inter-
mixed (7.¢.,, both “ species”), and attending each other promis-
cuously. On the other hand I received the same forms from
Southern Yorke’s Peninsula, caught in the same locality, and by
the same person. The female Amat yllis” is distinguished by
red bars on the underside of the forewings from all other species,
and is so figured by Hewitson and Angas. The male “ Oraetes,”
figured by Hewitson, is always found attending the former, hence
the conclusion that both are the sexes of one species. The
difference of the colouring of the upper side of the females is
due to abrasion or its absence, and then more or less hyaline or
opaque. The female being the more characteristically marked,

286

its name should take precedence, and “ O. Oraetes” be relegated
to the synonyms.

It is probable that O. Amaryllis, a native of South-Eastern
Australia, only obtains a sporadic footing during favorable
seasons so far west as Southern Yorke’s Peninsula.

OayRis OLANE, //ew.

In “South Australia [lustrated” (plate xxxvii.) the underside
of an undetermined species is figured, which is probably this
species. The habit of the ants in connection with this species,
as mentioned in Mr. Lower’s paper, is peculiar, but I doubt
whether these insects are in need of a brush for “cleaning”
themselves, nature having provided them with eflicient means
for that purpose. The experiments recorded for testing whether
a sweet secretion be the attraction are wholly inconclusive, such
secretions being only discharged while feeding in health and
liberty, and then usually at intervals and sparingly. More
probable it is that the ants are enlisted as protectors by some
peculiar faint odour agreeable to them, or resembling that by
means of which they appear to distinguish their favourites and
housemates, according to Sir John Lubbock and others.

287

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEw AUSTRALIAN
HETEROCERA.,

By Oswatp B. Lower, F.E.S.
[Read October 17, 1893. ]
MONOCTENIAD4.
EPIDESMIA BRACHYGRAMMELLA, 1%. 87.

Male, 40 mm. Head, thorax, legs, abdomen and palpi pale
ochreous-fuscous ; palpi four times the width of eye, beneath
fuscous ; pectinations of antenne five. Forewings triangular,
costa arched at base, thence almost straight, apex slightly pro-
duced ; hindmargin slightly sinuate beneath apex, thence bowed
oblique ; light greyish-ochreous, costal edge somewhat yellowish
throughout; a thick black nearly straight streak from inner-
margin at one-third to middle of disc with a tooth or angulation
posteriorly ; a similar black streak from two-thirds of inner-
margin to three-fourths across wing, curved inwards on lower
half, and outwards on upper half, with indications of an anterior
tooth, almost reaching tooth of previous streak ; a black discal
dot midway between these above middle ; a row of black, paler
edged dots from costa near apex to anal angle, between dots and
last mentioned streak the ground-colour is clearer ochreous ; a
hindmarginal row of small black dots; cilia greyish-ochreous.
Hindwings with hindmargin nearly straight, apex somewhat
prominent; colour as in forewings, somewhat infuscated; a
large suffused blackish discal dot in middle of wing; a faint
suffused fuscous line beyond this cilia as in forewings.

One specimen from Mr. W. H. F. Hill, of Windsor, Victoria,
taken at Croydon, Victoria. Nearest 2. hypenaria, Gn., but
distinct by the two black lines, which, however, do not quite reach
the inner-margin, although indicated.

EPIDESMIA PHA DROPA, 1%. Sp.

Male, 32 mm. Head and thorax reddish-fuscous, face and
palpi black, palpi three times the width of eye. Antenne
fuscous, basal fourth’ white, pectinations five. Abdomen and
legs whitish, fuscous-tinged. Forewings triangular. Costa
nearly straight. Apex rounded, hindmargin bowed, oblique ;
pale-reddish fuscous, sprinkled with blackish. Costal edge
whitish throughout, beneath this a streak of reddish from base to
about middle and beneath this a streak of dark-fuscous from base

288

to beyond middle and suffusedly continued to apex: a dark
fuscous dot above inner-margin at two-fifths, another above in
middle of disc, and a third beyond middle of disc; a dark
fuscous streak from three-fourths of inner-margin to costa near
apex, preceded by a paler shade, between this line and _hind-
margin the ground colour is more purplish ; a row of fuscous dots
from near apex to anal angle; a hindmarginal row of black
dots; cilia whitish, somewhat reddish tinged, tips fuscous tinged.
Hindwings with hindmargin nearly straight; dull purplish-
white ; a black discal dot above middle ; a fuscous streak from
beyond middle of inner-margin to half-across wing, anteriorly
edged with paler; an indistinct subterminal line, edged with
paler ; hindmarginal dots and cilia as in forewings.

One specimen from Mackay, Queensland, sent by Mr. Rowland
Turner. Allied to owydercis, Mey., but differs by the three anterior
discal dots, &e.

ONYCHODES HELIOCHRYSA, %. sp.

Female, 60 mm. Head, thorax, palpi, and antenne dark-fawn,
antennal pectinations one and a half. Abdomen and legs whitish
ochreous. Forewings triangular, posteriorly dilated, costa nearly
straight, apex slightly produced, hindmargin slightly sinuate
beneath apex, hardly waved, bowed, oblique ; dark-fawn colour,
with indications of pale ferruginous patches ; a purplish dot at
base of wing; cilia dark ferruginous, indistinctly tinged with
coppery. Hindwings with hindmargin slightly waved, rounded ;
bright orange; a dark fuscous hindmarginal band, narrowed
towards anal angle and ending on vein 6; cilia ochreous grey,
infuscated. Forewings beneath with the discal area orange; a
large purplish fuscous transverse patch at end of cell Hindwings
greyish, slightly ochreous tinged towards inner-margin.

A handsome species. One specimen from Woodend, Victoria.
(Coll., Kershaw.)

GEOMETRID.X.

EUCHLORIS CHIONOPLACA, 7%. 8S).

Male 34 mm. Head and thorax deep green. Abdomen deep
green, apex and underside white, above with a series of three
small white dorsal spots, and one much larger, suffused anteriorly
with ferruginous ; a white dot on middle of collar; postorbital
rims white. Palpi green above, white below, terminal joint
yellowish, apex of second joint white. Antenne fuscous, pec-
tinations four ; terminal two-fifths filiform ; middle and posterior
legs snow-white, latter with pencil of long white hairs ; anterior
pair pale-brownish, with whitish tarsal rings. Forewings trian-
gular, costa gently arched, apex rounded, hindmargin crenulate-
rounded, oblique ; deep grass-green, thinly scaled, and minutely

289

flecked with white on veins, veins outlined with darker green.
Costa dark fuscous, strigulated with white, beneath which is a
streak of darker green throughout; a large white spot before
middle of hindmargin, followed by a transverse row of small
white spots ; hindmarginal line darker green, with white spots at
extremities of veins ; ; ‘cilia green, terminal half whitish. Hind-
wings with hindmargin rounded, crenulate, slightly bent on
vein 4; colour, hindmargina! dots and cilia as in forewings ; a
large white patch resting on vein 3 near hindmargin, in shape
somewhat like a Maltese cross.

One specimen, Mackay, Queensland, received from Mr. Row-
land Turner. Near speciosa, Lucas ; perhaps it is the male of
that species although very different, and I hardly think it
possible to be the same.

SELIDOSEMID:.
SELIDOSEMA ZYGOPHORA, 7. sp.

Male 38, female 42 mm. Head, legs, and antennz ochreous-
whitish. Antenne spotted with darker; pectinations eight.
Face and thorax pale ochreous fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-
whitish. Forewings triangular, costa gently arched, hindmargin
obliquely rounded ; pale-brownish ochreous ; a somewhat curved
dark fuscous line from one-sixth costa to one- fourth inner-margin,
but hardly reaching it, followed by a similar parallel ; a short
gark fuscous dash on costa before middle, suftusedly continued to
inner-margin, indicating median shade ; a well (darker at ex-
taemities) blackish line from just beyond middle of costa to very
near anal angle, with a strong, almost acute, angulation above
middle, containing an elongate blackish transverse discal dot,
which rests on lower extremity; this line is followed by a similar
parallel line; a strongly dentate double-fuscous line from five-
sixths costa to anal angle, leaving a narrow interspace of pale
ochreous ; the ground-colour between the angulated line and
these lines is somewhat paler; a hindmarginal row of small black
dots ; cilia pale fuscous, Hindwings with hindmargin rounded ;
pale yellow: a small fuscous median discal dot ; a suffused pale
fuscous double hindmarginal line, indicating submarginal and
subterminal ; cilia pale yellowish-white.

Two specimens from Croydon, Victoria, taken by Mr. W. H.
EF. Hill, to whom I am indebted for a specimen. This species
has a rather abnormal appearance, being somewhat like a
Pseudoterpna.

THALAINA HIEROGLYPHICA, 2. sp.

Male, — mm. Head and thorax white, slightly tinged with
Wibious. Forewings with apex somewhat prominent, hindmargin

290

bowed, slightly waved, silvery-white ; markings light brownish,
edged with dark fuscous ; a streak along basal-fourth of costa; a
streak along inner-margin from near base to anal angle ; a similar
streak along submedian fold from before middle, confluent pos-
teriorly with this and first fascia ; a narrow, nearly straight, but
somewhat irregular fascia from near costa at about two-fifths to
anal angle; an irregular streak running from this fascia above
middle to middle of hindmargin, somewhat interrupted before
junction with second fascia; a discal spot above anterior ex-
tremity of this; second fascia obtusely angulated inwards near
costa, running from costa at five-sixths to meet longitudinal
median streak before hindmargin; an oblique triangular-like
apical mark, two oval spots on hindmargin above middle, upper
confluent with apicel mark, and two others below middle ; cilia
white, partially spotted with brown. Hindwings with hindmargin
rounded, somewhat waved; white; a moderate suboval or
irregular blackish-grey subapical spot. Underside of wings white,
with a black subapical blotch.

One imperfect specimen bred in April, larvee found feeding on
Acacia pycnantha, at Blackwood, South Australia.

This species is superficially very like znscripta, Walk., but
differs in having the discal dot, a character not shared by any
other known Thalaine. The larva is totally different, as will
be noted below. Larva of 7’. hieroglyphica—tull ted, 36 mm.
elongate, tapering at both ends. Head shining black, with an
ochreous white blaze on each side of posterior portion, and with
a few erect black hairs, face pale ochreous white. Body light-
purplish black, with numerous longitudinal waved whitish
ochreous fine lines, the three centre ones being thicker and more
conspicuous. When in motion the larva shows two scarlet spots
on the anterior portion of each segment ; when at rest they are
scarcely noticeable. On the twelfth segment are two raised
scarlet warty protuberances. Anal segment and claspers whitish,
minutely irrorated with black ; claspers rather broadly lamelli-
form. A broad yellow longitudinal lateral stripe along whole
length of body, edged on both sides with intense black. Spiracles
black, placed on the yellow stripe, prolegs dull crimson. Belly
pale emerald-green suffusedly edged with dull crimson. ALI
segments clothed with very sparse (about twelve at most) stiff
black hairs; full-fed October. Larva of 7. inscripta—Full
grown; length, 26 mm. Head green, with a few minute blackish
scales. Body cylindrical, smooth ; yellowish green ; second seg-
ment with two bright orange-red spots, small, one on each side of
dorsum placed on anterior part of segment; a darker green,
yellowish edged, moderate, continuous band throughout entire
dorsal portion of body (anal segment excepted), sparsely dusted

291

with blackish ; on each side of this band, and parallel to it, are
two pale yellowish waved lines. A very prominent ridge-like
pale yellow lateral line, edged somewhat with dark fuscous,
starting from one of the orange spots on second segment, and
continued uninterruptedly round body and anal segment, and
returning to orange spot on opposite side. Claspers pale-green.
Spiracles blackish ; prolegs whitish-yellow. Abdomen beneath
pale-green with three white waved lines, one in middle and one
on either side, the two latter continued the whole length of body,
middle line starting from posterior pair of prolegs and ending on
anterior pair of true legs.

Feeds on Acacia decurrens, full-fed end of September, imago
emerges during April.

MNESAMPELA (!) DICTYODES, 7. sp.

Female, 50 mm. Head, legs, palpi, and thorax blackish, with
a purplish tinge ; thoracic crest large, well-developed, anteriorly
tinged with light reddish-purple. Thorax very woolly beneath.
Palpi very long and rough, somewhat dilated towards apex.
Antenne reddish-fuscous. Abdomen greyish. Forewings elongate-
triangular. Costa strongly arched towards base, sinuate beyond
middle ; apex very prominent, acute. Hindmargin strongly
bowed and dentate, more prominent on veins 4 and 5; dark
purplish-fuscous, irrorated finely with blackish strigule, which
becomes so dense on basal third as to form an almost black patch,
which extends rather more or less along costa to apex and _ hind-
margin. Cilia dark coppery-fuscous. Hindwings with hind-
margin strongly dentate, light fuscous-purplish, basal half
whitish ; separation well defined. Cilia fuscous, paler at base.
Wings beneath light dull-purplish, with a large, black, apical
patch on all wings, that on hindwings more pronounced.

One specimen, bred by Mr. G. Lyell, jun., Gisborne, Victoria.

This is a curious and striking insect, and will possibly require
a new genus when the male is known. In general appearance it
reminds one of Stathmorrhopa beggaria, Gn. The form of wing
and palpi are noticeable characters.

STIBAROMA PLAGIOSEMA, “7. 8).

Male, 40 mm.; female, 48 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, legs, and
abdomen ashy grey-whitish. Thorax with two narrow, transverse,
black bands, meeting in middle. Abdomen with black rings,
edged with white. Antenne fuscous, pectinations four. Fore-
wings elongate triangular. Costa gently arched, more so in
female ; hindmargin hardly waved, rounded, oblique ; ashy-grey-
whitish, densely strewn with dark-fuscous scales, in the male with
some obscure fuscous-reddish patches ; markings black ; a narrow

U

292

outwards curved line close to base; a second, curved from one-
fifth costa to about one-third inner-margin ; a third, more obscure,
from before middle of costa to middle of inner-margin, dentate
inwards on lower half ; a fourth from before three-fourth of costa
to beyond two-thirds of inner-margin, bent inwards on lower
half; an elongate spot in disc above middle, between third and
fourth lines, near fourth; a fine waved blackish hindmarginal
line; cilia white, with black points at extremities of veins.
Hindwings with hindmargin irregularly waved, rounded ; whitish
in male, darker in female; a black discal dot ; a fine waved line,
blackish, from three-fourths costa to near anal angle; a suffused
blackish hindmarginal band darker anteriorly; hiadmarginal
line and cilia as in forewings. Markings of hindwings more
strongly defined on underside. The present is intermediate
between melanotoxa, Meyr., and trigramma, Lower, but nearer
the latter. This and the two above-mentioned form a closely-
connected group.
Gisborne, Victoria.

XYLORYCTID.X.
PLECTOPHILA PLACOCOSMA, “2. sp.

Female, 14 mm. Head and thorax snow-white, palpi and
antenne dark fuscous, terminal joint of palpi and an apical ring
of second joint white ; basal joint of antennee whitish. Abdomen
and legs yellow, anterior and middle tibia mixed with fuscous.
Forewings moderate; costa gently arched, apex obtuse, hind-
margin obliquely rounded ; white, slightly ochreous tinged; a
broad dark fuscous fascia suffused on lower half, anterior edge
eurved from one-sixth costa to one-sixth inner-margin ; a large
irregular fuscous patch on costa beyond middle, reaching more
than half across wing, anterior edge preceded by a blackish discal
spot ; a large fuscous patch on hindmargin from apex to anal
angle; a fuscous hindmarginal line, separated from preceding
patch by a streak of ground-colour; cilia yellowish, with a
fuscous apical spot. Hindwings yellowish, with a broad fuscous
suffusion occupying posterior two-thirds of wing ; cilia yellowish,
with a blackish line, double at apex.

Sydney, New South Wales. One specimen from Mr. W. W.
Froggatt.

ECOPHORID.E.
PHILOBOTA PENTAMERA, 1%. Sp.

Female, 22 mm. Head dark fuscous, palpi and thorax white,
thorax with a narrow fuscous anterior band, terminal joint of
palpi externally fuscous. Legs and abdomen ochreous-yellow,
anterior legs infuscated. Forewings moderate, costa arched,

more strongly at base, apex obtuse, hindmargin rounded oblique ;
a broad dark fuscous fascia almost from middle of costa to middle
of Inner-margin, anterior edge with a short projecting tooth in
middle, posterior edge somewhat suffused; the ground-colour
between fascia and base is white, faintly ochreous tinged, except
a short fuscous streak on costa at base; the colour beyond the
posterior edge of fascia is bright yellow, except a broad dark-
fuscous hindmarginal band, which contains an ill-defined yellow
spot in its lowest extremity ; the median third of this band pro-
jects so as to nearly touch the median fascia ; cilia bright yellow,
at anal angle dark fuscous. Hindwings with the hindmargin
rounded ; yellow; a fuscous hindmarginal band, broadest at
apex, and not reaching anal angle; cilia yellow, infuscated
towards median third.

One specimen from Gisborne, Victoria, received from Mr. G.
Lyell, jun. This species is in the neighbourhood of ophiodes,
Meyr., on sigmophora, Meyr., but nearer the latter.

CasyRA KERSHAWI, 7. sp.

Male and female, 16 and 17 mm. Head and palpi yellow ,;
thorax and abdomen purplish-fuscous. Legs and antenne dark
fuscous, antenne annulated with ochreous, posterior legs ochreous
tinged. Forewings moderate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse,
hindmargin rounded oblique ; bright-ochreous yellow; a narrow
fuscous purple basal fascia; a hindmarginal band of purple-
fuscous, occupying apical two-fifths of wing, darker on margins,
and containing a roundish spot of eround- colour on costa ; cilia
purplish- fuscous, with a darker median line, tips paler. Hind-
wings with hindmargin rounded; dark bronzy-fuscous ; cilia
bronzy-fuscous.

Four specimens, Springvale, Victoria, received from Mr. J. A.
Kershaw, to whom the species is dedicated. It is nearest
dichroella, Zeller, but narrower winged, and separable by the spot
of ground-colour in band.

NOTE.

Euproctis pelodes, Trans. Roy. Soc., S.A., p. 150, vol. X VIT,
1893. The size is 25 mm.
Sterrha aglaodesma, p. 157, |.c. The size should be 21 mm

FURTHER NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA,
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEw GENERA AND
SPECIES.

By the Rev. T. Biacksurn, B.A.
[Read October 17, 1893. ]
BAG
CARABID.

XANTHOPHGA.

X. satelles, sp. nov. Elongata; nitida; brunneo-testacea, an-
tennis palpis pedibusque dilutioribus, elytris et prothorace
(ut X. infuscate, Chaud.) piceo-vittatis ; prothorace quam
latiori fere longiori, lateribus antice minus fortiter rotundatis
postice fortiter sinuatis, angulis posticis acutis sat fortiter
extrorsum directis; elytris punctulato-striatis, interstitiis
sparsim subtiliter punctulatis, 3° puncturis setiferis 4
instructo. Long., 4 1.; lat., 14 1.

Resembles . infuscata, Chaud., and X. angustula, Chaud.,
but differs from them both in having no setiferous punctures on
the fifth interstice of the elytra. Ditters from anfuscata also by
its narrower and more elongate form (the prothorax by measure-
ment scarcely so wide as long) ; and from angustula by the hind
angles of its prothorax more strongly directed outward.

S. Australia ; Eyre’s Peninsula.

X. filiformis, sp. nov. Elongata; angustissima; nitida ;
testacea, sutura plus minusve infuscata, capite prothorace
antennisque rufescentibus ; prothorace leviter transverso,
lateribus antice modice rotundatis postice sinuatis, angulis
posticis acutis parvis extrorsum minus evidenter directis ;
elytris punctulato-striatis, interstitiis sparsim subtilissime
punctulatis, 3° puncturis setiferis 3 instructo. Long., 33 1;
lates

Even narrower and more elongate than the preceding.
Coloured quite differently from infuscata, angustula, and satelles,
and differing from them also ier alia by the much finer
puncturation of its elytral interstices, and from the former two
by the absence of setiferous punctures on the fifth interstice.
The three punctures on the third interstice will distinguish it
from lissodera, Chaud., parallela, Chaud., and ferruginea, Chaud.

S. Australia ; Goat Island, off Goolwa.

295

SILPHOMORPHA.

S. rufoguttata, sp. nov. Nitida; atra, macula in utroque elytro
magna antemediana pedibus abdomineque rufis; corpore
supra sat subtiliter nec crebre punctulato; elytris prope
marginem Jateralem longitudinaliter sulcatis. Long., 22 1. ;
lat., 12 1.

The upper surface in colour and markings resembles 2. biplag-
tata, Cast., but the spots on the elytra are nearer the base.
The species is much more nitid, and very much smaller than
biplagiata. It should stand, I think, nearer Castelnawi, Reiche.,
compared with which the reflexed margin of the prothorax is
wider, the surface is (not impunctate, but) quite distinctly
punctulate, the elytra are sulcate near the lateral margin, and
the markings are quite different.

N. Queensland ; taken by Mr. Cowell.

PHALACRID-.

LITHOCRUS.

IL. consors, sp. nov. Sat breviter ovalis, postice sat angustatus ;
nitidus ; testaceus, supra capite prothorace et elytrorum
maculis (altera magna trifida basali, altera cordiformi com-
muni postmediana) nigris ; capite prothoraceque vix per-
spicue punctulatis ; elytris (stria suturali postice excepta)
haud striatis vix perspicue seriatim punctulatis. Long., +1.;
lat., § 1.

Resembles L. /eticulus, Blackb., but ditters from it by smaller
size, elytra without a trace of strive except the sutural stria on
the hinder part of each elytron, and somewhat different markings
of elytra; which consist of (1) a blotch covering the base and
sending out a broad triangular median extension with its apex
on the suture a little in front of the middle, and also a narrower
branch (brownish rather than black) running hindward along the
lateral margin of each elytron; (2) a small common cordiform
spot a little behind the middle.

N. Queensland ; taken by Mr. Cowell near Cairns.

BUPRESTID.®.
STIGMODERA.

S. terre-regine, sp. nov. Fem. Sat depressa, minus elongata,
fere glabra (corpore subtus sparsim breviter pilosa); corpore
subtus (prosterni lateribus rufis exceptis) capite antennis
scutello pedibusque leete viridibus ; prothorace nigro-cyaneo,
margine antico viridi, lateribus late rutis ; elytris rufis, basi
suturaque (anguste), parte apicali quinta, macula magna
communi a basi ultra medium producta, et macula subro-

296

tundata postmediana marginem lateralem nec suturam
attin’genti, nigro-cyaneis ; capite longitudinaliter sulcato,
inequaliter punctulato, clypeo antice emarginato; pro-
thorace quam longiori (et postice quam antice) vix duplo
latiori, longitudinaliter (fere ut S. gibbicollis, Saund.) con-
vexo, fortiter (in medio minus, ad latera magis, crebre)
punctulato, lateribus sat fortiter rotundatis, latitudine
majori pone medium posita ; elytris punctulato-striatis, basi
sat fortiter (fere ut S. gibbicol/is, Saund.) antrorsum pro-
ductis, apice singulatim oblique emarginatis 2-spinosisque,
lateribus postice sat fortiter denticulatis, interstitiis (apice
summo excepto) vix convexis crebre vix subtiliter (fere ut
S. fave, Saund., sed paulo minus subtiliter) punctulatis ;
corpore subtus subtilius minus crebre (prosterno medio
magis fortiter) punctulato. Long., 7 1.; lat., 3 1.

The prothorax resembles that of S. gibbicollis, Saund., in
build ; the elytra having the somewhat depressed form (incurved
behind the shoulders, and at their widest behind the middle) of
S. undulata, Don. The close comparatively strong puncturation
of the elytral interstices is a conspicuous character. The mark-
ings are not much like those of any other described Stigmodera ;
regarding the red colour as the ground of the upper surface, the
bluish-black marks are a long oval discal patch commencing on
the front margin of the prothorax, and continued backward to
behind the middle of the elytra, a large roundish spot on each
elytron behind the middle (touching the lateral margin, but not
the suture), the apical one-fifth of the elytra and the suture
between the discal patch and the dark apex.

N. Queensland ; in the collection of C. French, Esq.

ELATERID.
HETERODERES.

H. cairnsensis, sp. nov. Sat elongatus ; minus depressus ; fusco-
niger, pube brevi pallide fulva vestitus (pube ad prothoracis
basin magnam plagam triangularem denudatam simulanti),
oris membris antennarum basi prothorace versus angulos
posticos pedibusque pallide testaceis ; antennis (maris ?) pro-
thoracis basin vix superantibus, articulo basali quam 2" 3
que conjuncti parum breviori, hoc quam ille sat longiori
quam 4° sat breviori; capite haud carinato ; prothorace
quam trans angulos posticos latiori vix longiori, dupliciter
punctulato; in medio longitudinaliter concavo, angulis
posticis carinis singulis (his sat elongatis a margine laterali
modice divergentibus) instructis ; elytris punctulato-striatis,
ad apicem rotundatis, interstitiis sat planis. Long., 34 1. ;

lat., 1 1.

This species is remarkable by the curious appearance
(apparently constant) of the pubescence on the prothorax, which
to a casual glance seems to be wanting in such fashion as to
leave a large denuded triangle with its base on the base of the
elytra and its apex a little behind the middle of the disc ; but on
careful examination this seems to be due to the median sulcus in
combination with the posterior declivity causing the light to fall
unequally on the surface. The insect differs from //. carinatus,
Blackb., inter alia by its non-carinate head, and from a/bidus,
Macl., hy the prothoracic character mentioned above, and by the
third joint of the antenne being considerably shorter than the
fourth.
N. Queensland ; taken near Cairns by Mr. Cowell.

TENEBRIONID AE.
PLATYDEMA.

P. victoriense, sp. nov. Ovale; subtus piceo-ferrugineum, supra
variegatum, capite prothorace (hoc ad latera plus minusve
rufo) antennisque (articulis basalibus 3 vel 4 rufis) piceis,
elytris leete rufis macula magna communi rotundata in medio
disci posita ornatis, pedibus plus minusve rufescentibus ;
antennis sat brevibus sat crassis (magis brevibus magis
crassis quam LP. tetraspilotw, Hope); capite sat crebre sub-
rugulose, prothorace minus crebre haud rugulose (quam
P. tetraspilote, Hope, manifeste minus crebre) punctulato ;
hujus figura fere ut P. tetraspilote ; elytris fortiter punc-
tulato-striatis, interstitiis sat convexis sat sparsim punc-
tulatis. , Long., 141.; lat., 41.

Slightly longer and wider than LP. tetraspilota, Hope, which it
resembles much in colouring, but the blackish colour on the
elytra (instead of forming a fascia reaching the lateral margin on
either side) forms a large common roundish oval spot separated
from the lateral margin on either side by three or four interstices.
Compared with P. tetraspilota, the present species has shorter and
thicker antennz, prothorax considerably less closely and evidently
more strongly punctured, elytral interstices more convex and
more strongly and less closely punctured. The head is devoid of
a horn in all the examples before me, one of which I believe to
be a male.

Victoria.

CURCULIONID:.
(OTIORHYNCHINI. )
APIROCALUS.

A. cornutus, Pase. Among some Curculionide taken by Mr.
Froggatt, and sent to me for identification, I find two specmens

298

ticketed ‘“N.-W. Australia,’ which I am unable to distinguish
from examples of A. cornutus that I have received from New
Guinea. The genus is remarkable among its near allies for its
anterior coxe not being contiguous, as well as for the very peculiar
shape of its elytra, and has not previously been reported as Aus-
tralian

LEPTOPSINI.

CHERRUS.

C. ocularis, sp. nov. Mas. Modice elongatus; piceus, indu-
mento fusco dense tectus, oculis squamis niveis circumcinctis,
pedibus et corpore subtus (presertim maculis in abdomine
nonnullis) hic illic squamis setulisque griseis vel albidis
variegatis ; rostri sculptura ut C. ruficornis, sed sub indu-
mentum vix manifesta; antennis minus gracilibus, funiculi
articulo basali quam 2™° 3"° que conjuncti paullo breviori ;
prothorace quam elytra fere latiori, quam longiori fere
dimidia parte (postice quam antice circiter quarta parte)
latiori, supra sat planato tuberculis sat elevatis sat Inzequal-
ibus plus minus crebre ornato, lateribus sat fortiter ampliato-
rotundatis, lobis ocularibus fortiter productis ; elytris quam
prothorax vix duplo longioribus, ad basin quam prothoracis
basis haud latioribus, mox pone basin constrictis, hine ad
apicem ovalibus, minus convexis ad latera abrupte vertical-
ibus, parte dorsali haud manifeste striata plus minusve
distincte seriatim punctulata et tuberculis nonnullis sat
magnis seriebus binis dispositis (granulis nonnullis minus
ordinatis intermixtis) ornata, parte verticali punctulato-
striata (interstitiis convexis), humeris sat acute productis.

Femina latet. lLong., 7 1; lat., 24.1.

Very distinct from its previously described congeners by the
snowy-white scales round the eyes, which seem to be constant, as
well as by the conspicuous spots of whitish scales on the abdomen.
As in the other tuberculate Cherri (so far as I have observed
them) the tubercules on the prothorax and elytra are alike in
but few specimens. Those on the prothorax are distinctly isolated
inter se, not confluent or vermiculate (as they are in plebeius,
&c.), and are generally arranged in clusters, leaving large free
spaces, but in some examples are more evenly distributed.
On each elytron in most individuals there are two rows of
large isolated tubercles (about where the third and fifth inter-
stices might be), varying in number from three or four to about
eight; and there are also a number of well-defined isolated
granules, sometimes running in rows, sometimes much confused.
The tubercles vary much in size. To the eye the prothorax
appears wider than the elytra. I have taken the “ length of the

209

elytra” to be the same as the “length of the underside from the
front of the intermediate coxe hindward.” The fuscous indu-
mentum covers the whole upper surface in all the examples I
have seen. I have removed it with some difficulty from one
example, and find that the derm is very nitid with rows of large
punctures on the elytra.

Victoria.

C. ruficornis, sp. nov. Mas. Sat elongatus ; piceus, indumento
squamoso pulverulento silaceo vestitus, antennis (clava
excepta) lete rufo-testaceis ; rostro sat nitido crebre sat
subtiliter punctulato, quam caput paullo longiori nec
angustiori, supra profunde canaliculato (canali in frontem
continuato, in fundo carina antice triangulariter dilatata
instructo), prope basin utrinque sulco oculum fere attingenti
impresso ; capite prothoraceque subtillissime confertim punctu-
latis et puncturis majoribus nonnullis impressis ; hoc sulcis
brevibus foveisque sparsim confuse notato (his in exemplis
nonnullis magis profundis et crebrius dispositis sic ut pro-
thorax plus minusve tuberculatus videtur); antennis sat
elongatis, funiculi articulo basali quam 2"° 3" que conjuncti
vix breviori ; prothorace quam elytra sat latiori (exemplorum
nonnullorum vix latiori), quam longiori plus quam _ tertia
parte latiori, antice fortiter angustato, lateribus fortiter
amphato-rotundatis, lobis ocularibus fortiter productis ;
elytris quam prothorax vix duplo longioribus, ad basin quam
prothoracis basis haud latioribus, pone basin plus minusve
constrictis, hinc ad apicem elongato-ovalibus, ad latera
abrupte verticalibus, parte dorsali geminatim punctulato-
striata (interstitiis inter parium strias haud vel leviter
convexis, inter paria fortiter costatis), parte verticali punctu-
lato-striata (interstitiis minus oe pedibus anticis
fortiter elongatis. Long., 64 1.; lat., 24

Femina. Multo magis robusta, elytris quam prothorax sat
latioribus ; fortiter convexa; sculptura tota magis crassa,
pedibus anticis sat brevibus. lLong., 7 1. ; lat., 34 1.

Like most of its congeners, this species is so variable that it is
difficult to find two specimens identical inter se in respect of
sculpture, &c. In some examples the sulci on the prothorax are
few and lightly impressed, while in others they are so deep and
numerous that the surface appears profoundly vermiculate-
rugulose; in some the interstices separating the two. strie of
each pair on the elytra are quite flat, while in others they are
more or less convex ; in some the elytral costz are quite smooth,
while in others they are more or less uneven ; in some males the
prothorax is scarcely wider than the elytra, while in others it is

300

considerably wider. The species may, however, be known from
all its described congeners by its bright testaceous-red antenne.

S. Australia.

ERIRHININI.

This tribe of Cureulionide is represented in Australia by a
very great number of genera and species. Its metropolis appears
to be the southern and western portions of the continent ; very
few species have been found in the North and North-East. The
Australian Lrirhinini present extreme difticulty in classification
on account of the existence of species in which the distinctive
characters of the tribe gradually disappear, so that it is impossible
to characterise the tribe in terms that will distinguish it sharply
from all the allied tribes. Thus, Mr. Pascoe described several
genera as HLrirhinini, in which the pectoral canal of the Crypto-
rhynchini is present in a modified form, and which he subse-
quently thought ought to be transferred to the latter tribe; the
genus Hniopea of the same author is characterised as having a
true exposed pyyidiwm, which would place it very far away from
the tribe as M. Lacordaire characterised it, and Orichora (now
placed among the 7ychiini) was originally char acterised by the
same author as an Hrirhinid. 1 have lately been studying a fairly
large number of species of this and allied tribes, and have endeay-
oured to bring them into something like order.

The Erirhinini belong (in M. Lacordaire’s classification) to
Section B. of Phalanx i, in the aggregate of Curculionide
which is called ‘ Curculionides Phanerognathes Synmerides,”
and which is distinguished by the following characters -_+ Mien tae
not concealing the mouth organs, front coxz contiguous, pygidium
not visible, claws simple (7.e., not dentate, appendiculate, or bifid),
metasternum not very short t, its episterna not very narrow.
From the rest of the Cwrculionide possessing the above charac-
ters M. Lacordaire distinguishes the Zrirhinini by the following
characters in combination ; antenne geniculate, mesothoracic
epimera not visible from above, submentum furnished with a
peduncle, pronotum not distinct from the flanks of the pro-
sternum, mandibles not (or scarcely) prominent, third joint of the
tarsi not enormously dilated with the form of a palette, rostrum
more or less elongate and slender and not of abnormal shape,
tibie not of the strongly compressed form they take in the
Hylobiini, corbels of the hind tibiz open.

I think all species agreeing with the above diagnosis ought to
be accounted Hrirhinini, irrespective of the question whether
their facies may happen to resemble that of another tribe, and
that none making default of any of the characters mentioned
above ought to be admitted. Consequently I am of opinion that
Mr. Pascoe’s second thoughts were not the best in removing

301

certain genera on account of their having the front part of the
prosternum concave (as in the Cryptorhynchini), masmuch as
their front cox are contiguous, in spite of the prosternal con-
cavity. If those genera must be eliminated others (e.g., Storers,
Bagous, and Emplesis) must follow, and the character is itself so
variable even within the limits of a genus as not to appear of
importance higher, at any rate, than generic. The characters I
have mentioned above as M. Lacordaire’s seem to be really cap-
able of more than generic application, although I cannot deny
that some at least even of these are subject to slight modifica-
tion. Thus there are species in which the pygidium is exposed
im the male only, but I think their pygidium being covered in one
sex may fairly relegate them to the Hrirhinini (with which they
agree in other characters); and there are abnormal species in
which the front cox are not quite contiguous, but in every case
these, I think, are so manifestly even congeneric with species
having the front cox contiguous that it would be impossible to
treat the peculiarity as more than abnormal.

In the next of this series of memoirs I hope to give a tabula-
tion of all the Australian genera of Erirhinini, the tribe having
now become so unwieldy that such an aid to its classification
seems sorely needed. The present memoir contains the descrip-
tion of a part of the large mass of new genera and species in my
hands, and I hope to complete the description of them in the
next memoir of the series.

I have to acknowledge with much gratitude the extremely
valuable assistance I am receiving in the preparation of these
articles on Hrirhinini and other Curculionide by the co-opera-
tion of George Masters, Esq., the author of the ‘‘ Catalogue of
Described Coleoptera of Australia” (a work of the very highest
importance to Australian students), who is allowing me_ to
examine his collection of authentic types of Mr. Pascoe’s genera.
I have also to thank several workers (especially Messrs. French,
of Melbourne, and Lea, of Sydney), for placing their collections
of Curculionide at my disposal.

AOPLOCNEMIS.
A. tasmanicus, sp. nov. Mas. Angustus; elongatus ; nitidus ;

rufus, nonnullorum exemplorum pedibus piceis, corpore
subtus toto prothoracis linea media scutello et in elytris
maculis nonnullis dense niveo-squamosis ; rostro quam pro-
thorax sat longiori, punctulato, ad latera sat fortiter supra
in medio obsolete strigato; antennis sat elongatis, funiculi
articulo basali quam 2" manifeste breviori ; prothorace quam
latiori longiori, leviter nec crebre ruguloso-punctulato ;
elytris striatis, striis puncturis magnis quadratis instructis,
interstitiis sat fortiter convexis. Long. (rostr. incl.), 53 1. ;
lat., 12 1.

This species is distinguished by its narrow elongate form, its
prothorax heing to the eye considerably (and by measurement
slightly) longer than wide. Its prothorax has no _ white
squamosity on the upper surface except the median line. Com-
pared with A. phaleratus, Er., its rostrum is evenly convex above
with scarcely distinct longitudinal sculpture, the prothorax is
more feebly and much less closely rugulose. The white markings
formed by scales on the elytra are a blotch behind the scutellum,
a spot on each side of the suture about the middle of its length,
two spots close to each other on the lateral declivity slightly in
front of the middle, a marginal vitta in the hinder half, and a
vitta running forward (from the apex) on the disc to near the
middle of the length, and ending about half-way between the
suture and lateral margin.

Tasmania ; given to me by A. Simson, Esq.

SYMBOTHINUS (Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1890, p. 582).

S. puer, sp. nov. Sat elongatus; piceus, squamis umbrinis et
nonnullis albidis (his in prothorace indeterminate trivittatim,
in elytris maculatim, dispositis) vestitus, corpore subtus sat
dense albido-squamoso ; rostro supra zequali, quam prothorax
paullo longiori; hoc vix transverso, crebre sat fortiter
ruguloso, lateribus parum rotundatis ; elytris vix striatis,
striis sat fortiter punctulatis, interstitlis vix convexis ;
corpore subtus sat crasse punctulato; tarsorum articulo
apicali minus exserto. Long., 11.; lat., 31.

Much smaller than S. squalidus, Blackb., with the legs and
antenne of dark colour ; the rostrum scarcely showing any trace
of longitudinal sculpture, the prothorax less rounded. laterally,
the elytra marked with numerous small spots of whitish scales,
which are somewhat evenly distributed (not most conspicuous at
the shoulders), the apical joint of the tarsi less exserted, We.

N.S.W.; Glen Innes. Mr. Lea.

OLBIODORUS (gen. nov., Hrirhininarum ).

Corpus squamosum et capillis erectis elongatis vestitum ; rostrum
sat elongatum (maris quam femine brevius) modice robustum,
minus arcuatum, subcylindricum; scrobes flexuosze, laterales,
(maris multo, feminz vix) ante medium rostrum posite ;
scapus oculum vix attingens ; funiculus 7-articulatus ; oculi
parvi rotundati, tenuiter granulati; prothorax breviter
subconicus, basi vix bisinuata, lobis ocularibus nullis;
scutellum minutum; elytra prothorace fere duplo_latiora,
subquadrata ; prosternum antice sat fortiter emarginatum,
ante coxas breve; coxe intermedize approximate ; femora
mutica; tibie antice apicem versus falcate; tarsorum

articuli basales 3 breves, his conjunctis quam articulus 4°°
haud longioribus, 3° bilobo; unguiculi sat magni, divergentes ;
segmentum ventrale 2" quam 3"" 4" que conjuncta brevius,
ultimo brevi, suturis sat rectis.

The front tibiz passing gradually at the apex into the mucro,
which thus becomes a continuation of the tibize, will distinguish
this genus, I think, from all the other Australian Hrirhinine
except @nochroma from which it differs ater alia by the much
shorter basal joints of its tarsi.

O hirsutus, sp. nov. Sat brevis ; rufus vel rufo-testaceus, rostri
apice summo nigro; squamis concoloribus et nonnullis albidis
intermixtis (his plus minusve distincte vittatim in pro-
thorace elytrisque condensatis) totus densissime vestitus et
capillis erectis valde elongatis (alteris albis alteris nigris)
instructus; rostro quam prothorax (maris vix, feminze
manifeste) longiori, sat robusto, parum arcuato, supra
reticulatim strigato ; antennis modice elongatis, funiculi
articulis basalibus 2 elongatis ceteris brevibus inter se sat
zequalibus ; prothorace crebre sublongitudinaliter ruguloso-
punctulato ; elytris quam prothorax multo latioribus, leviter
striatis, striis puncturis sat magnis (his minus crebre
dispositis) impressis, interstitlis vix convexis, humeris
obtusis. Long. (rostr. incl.), 2.1.; lat., 11.

The facies of this insect is much like Ae of Nedyleda (as
figured in Journ. Linn. Soc., 1872, t. 12, fig. 9), but the sides of
its elytra are less rounded. The yostrum is much like that of a
Rhachiodes (e.g., R. granulifer, Chev.), although that of the male
is shorter than of any male Rhachiodes known to me. The
vestiture is much like that of Olanea, but the erect hairs are
much longer than in any Olanea that I have seen. The tarsi
are like those of Desiantha, except in the claws not being divaric-
ate. The squamosity is so dense as entirely to hide the sculp-
ture, which I have described from an abraded specimen.

S. Australia ; Eyre’s Peninsula.

PLESIORHINUS (gen. nov. Lrirhininarum ).

Sat elongatus; minus dense squamosus; rostrum elongatum
(maris quam femine brevius) sat gracile, arcuatum, quad-
rangulare ; scrobes laterales paullo oblique, ante medium
rostrum posite ; scapus oculum vix attingens ; funiculus 7-
articulatus ; oculi modici, sat tenuiter granulati ; prothorax
parum transversus subcylindricus, basi subtruncata, lobis
ocularibus distinctis; scutellum distinctum; elytra quam
prothorax sat latiora, elongato-obovata ; prosternum antice
sat fortiter emarginatum, ante coxas minus elongatum ;
coxie intermedi approximate ; femora mutica ; tibie antice

304

ad apicem bicalcaratze (nonnullorum exemplorum calcare uno
carenti; ? abrupto) ; tarsi elongati, articulo 3° bilobo, 4°
quam 1" vix longiori; unguiculi divergentes ; segmentum
ventrale 2°" quam 3am gon que conjuncta longius, quam
ultimum brevius, suturis intermediis ad latera angulatis.

The facies of this genus is very much like that of doplocnemis,
from which it differs by its quadrangular (in transverse section)
rostrum with lateral scrobes, its prosternum notably shorter in
front of the coxe, the shorter third and fourth segments and the
longer fifth segment of its abdomen; its intermediate ventral
sutures distinctly produced hindward at the sides, its bi-calcarate
front tibize resembling those of Hedyopis, &c. The additional
mucro of the front tibize must, [ think, be easily broken off, as it
is wanting on one tibia in one of the examples before me, and on
both in another example. The quadrangular form of the rostrum
is also found in Wemestra, but the rostrum of that genus is very
much more robust, and it differs also in many other characters.

P. notatus, sp. nov. Minus nitidus; rufus, corpore subtus et
antennarum clava infuscatis ; squamis niveis ornatus, his in
prothorace vittas 2 (in elytris breviter continuatas) et in
elytris fascias singulas obliquas postmedianas nec latera nec
suturam attingentes formantibus ; rostro quam prothorax
(maris vix, feminz manifeste) longiori, ad basin punctulato
et longitudinaliter striato, antice fere levi; antennis sat
elongatis, funiculi articulis 1° 2° que conjunctis (hoc quam
illo longiori) quam ceteri conjuncti vix brevioribus ; capite
prothoraceque sat grosse punctulatis; elytris sulcato-
punctulatis, interstitiis subcostatis, Sieabranas grana
humeris obtusis. Long. (rostr. incl.), 2-24 1. ; lat., 49 1.

S. Australia.
N.B.—<A Victorian example, in very bad condition, is probably

a variety, differing in the much longer fascia of the elytra, which

almost reaches both suture and lateral margins.

DESIANTHA.

D. vittata, sp. nov. Oblonga; nigra; antennis (clava excepta)
pedibusque plus minusve rufescentibus, supra squamiis piceis
griseo-brunneisque intermixtis vestita (his in prothorace
trivittatim dispositis, in elytris interstitia alterna vestient-
ibus); rostro robusto quam prothorax vix longiori, longitudin-
aliter sat fortiter strigato; funiculi articulo basali quam
2°s vix longiori; prothorace leviter transverso crebre ruguloso ;
elytris sat fortiter punctulato-striatis, interstitiis alternis
leviter convexis ; tibiis anticis intus subtiliter denticulatis.
Long. (rostr. incl.), 22-3 1.; lat., 1-14 1

5305

Maris metasterno postice et segmentis basalibus 2 longitudin-

aliter sulcatis ; elytris ad apicem simplicibus.

Femine corpore subtus haud sulcato; elytris singulis ad apicem

ut processus conicus productis.

This species seems to be near D. caudata, Pasc, but that
insect is described as “pale ferruginous” in colour, and there is
no remark on its elytral interstices being of alternately different
colours. In my tabulation of the species of Desiantha (P. L. 8.
N.S.W., 1890, p. 326) this one falls beside D. obscura, from
which the pale brown vitte on its elytra at once distinguish it.

Victoria.

D. pusilla, sp. nov. Minus elongata; picea, squamis sordide
brunneis vestita, pedibus (tarsis exceptis) et antennis (clava
excepta) plus minusve rufescentibus ; prothorace minus sub-
tiliter vix confertim vix rugulose punctulato; elytris punc-
tulato-striatis, interstitiis convexis (nonnullis quam cetera
magis elevatis), setulis (retrorsum curvatis) ornatis, inter-
stitiis £° 5° 6° que postice conjunctis manifeste nodulosis.

Maris metasterno et segmentis basalibus 2 sulcatis; rostro

brevi, sat crasso, longitudinaliter sat distincte strigato.
Long., 121.; lat., $1.

This species is extremely close to D. parva, Blackb., but I
think it is distinct. The male is much smaller than the male of
D, parva, and is evidently less parallel and wider ; its rostrum is
distinctly shorter and stouter with its upper surface distinctly
sculptured, having three quite well-defined fine longitudinal lines
on each side of the central line (whereas in D. parva the central
line alone is clearly traceable) ; the antenne are a little shorter
and stouter.

The two or three examples (all males) that I have seen are
more or less clothed with a dirty indumentum, the removal of
which takes off the scales also, so that I am unable to give a
satisfactory description of the colours in a well-marked specimen,
but as far as I can judge the lighter-coloured scales (as in parva)
run in three ill-defined vittz on the prothorax, the lateral ones
being slightly continued on the elytra; they appear to be devoid
of the slight coppery gloss which distinguishes the scales on
D. parva.

Victoria ; sent by Mr. French.

EPACTICUS (gen. nov. Lrirhininarum ).

Sat elongatus ; squamis crassis vestitus ; rostrum sat gracile sat
elongatum (fere ut Gerynasse sed paulo brevius), arcuatum,
subcylindricum ; scrobes laterales oblique preemediane ;
scapus oculum attingens; funiculus 7-articulatus; oculi
modici sat grosse granulati; prothorax plus minusve cylin-

306

dricus quam elytra parum angustior, lobis ocularibus nullis ;
scutellum manifestum ; prosternum antice fortiter emargin-
atum, ante coxas modice elongatum ; cox intermediz minus
approximate ; femora mutica ; tibie antice ad apicem intus
mucronate ; tarsi robusti sat elongati, articulo 3° fortiter
bilobo, 4° quam ceteri conjuncti haud multo breviori ;
unguiculi divaricati ; segmentum ventrale 2" quam 3"™ 4™
que conjuncta vix longius, ultimum sat breve, suturis inter-
mediis sat rectis.

This genus 1s remarkable for the extreme coarseness of the
scales with which it is clothed. Its structural characters are in
general very similar to those of Hmpira (a genus that I do not
think I have seen), but Mr. Pascoe says that the rostrum of
Empira is exceptionally thick for an Erirhinid, and that its
facies is of //ypera rather than Hrirhinus - whereas the rostrum
and facies of this genus are entirely Zr irhinus-like, so I think
there can be no doubt of the distinctness of the genera. Mr.
Pascoe, moreover, does not refer to the scales of Empira as being
coarse—a character that it would seem impossible that he could
have passed over if he had had this genus before him. It may
be noted that this genus bears a remarkable superficial resen-
blance to an uncharacterised genus, which on account of its
dentate claws cannot be referred to the Erirhinine, and which
I hope to characterise shortly.

E. ruber, sp. nov. Rufus, abdomine (segmento apicali excepto)
infuscato ; squamis crassissinis subrotundatis (his albis
rufescentibusque indeterminate intermixtis) vestitus ; fun-
iculi articulo basali quam sequentes 2 vix breviori ; rostro
(fem. ?) quam prothorax paullo longiori, punctulato:; pro-
thorace vix transverso, crebre subtilius ruguloso; elytris
elongatis leviter ovatis, punctulato-striatis, interstitiis leviter
convexis. Long. (rostr. incl.), 12 1.; lat., $ 1. (vix).

In outline this species is much like Lrirhinus teniatus, F.
The entire insect is clothed with whitish scales, mingled with
some of a reddish tone of colour, but to a casual glance the
squamosity appears altogether whitish.

S. Australia; Eyre’s Peninsula.

EL. nigrirostris, sp. nov. Precedenti aftinis; capite rostroque
nigris (hoc longitudinaliter manifeste strigato), prothorace
antennis (scapo excepto) tarsisque perepecn ya ; squamis
elongatis vestitus. Long., 1,,1.; lat., 41.

The much smaller size and different colouring of this insect
seem to distinguish it from the preceding, and the different
shape of its scales, which are (not round but) elongate—resemb-
ling adpressed setze—seems inconsistent with specitic identity.

S. Australia ; near Adelaide.

307

ENCOSMIA (gen. nov. Lrirhininarum ).

Sat elongata; dense squamosa; rostrum sat elongatum (maris
quam feminz brevius), modice robustuim (fere ut Gerynassee ),
modice arcuatum, subcylindricum ; scrobes laterales sat
oblique preemedianz ; scapus oculum attingens; funiculus
7-articulatus; clava antennarum distincte articulata ; oculi
sat magni grosse granulati ; prothorax subcylindricus, antice
modice angustatus, quam elytra paullo angustior, lobis
ocularibus distinctis; scutellum distinctum; prosternum
antice fortiter emarginatum, ante coxas modice elongatum ;
cox intermediz minus approximate ; femora mutica; tibize
antice ad apicem intus mucronate; tarsi robusti, sat
elongati, articulo 3° fortiter bilobo, 4° brevi quam 3"° vix
longiori; unguiculi divaricati; segmentum ventrale 2"™
quam 3° 4" gue conjuncta paullo longius, ultimum sat
breve ; suture intermediz ad latera vix angulatee.

This genus has a very Lrirhinus-like facies. Its characters are
in the main much like those of the preceding genus, from which
however 7nter alia its well-developed ocular lobes and short claw-
joint separate it very readily. It also bears a considerable re-
semblance to Hmplesis, with which, however, its mucronate front
tibie, stouter rostrum, prosternum without any trace of excaya-
tion, shorter intermediate ventral segments, &c,, will prevent its
being confused. J do not find any definite character to separate
it from Mr. Pascoe’s Empira (as described), but as in the case of
the preceding genus the statement that Hmpzira has the facies of
Hypera seers altogether inconsistent with possible identity, and
there are several minor respects in which it does not agree satis-
factorily with Mr. Pascoe’s diagnosis. The structure of the
antennal club is very like that of H’niopea, though the joints are
a little more closely compacted together.

E. Adelaide, sp. nov. Sat elongata; ferruginea, metasterno
medio et abdominis basi infuscatis; squamis sat magnis
ferrugineis cinereis umbrinisque intermixtis vestita ; rostro
punctulato, vix distincte strigato; funiculi articulis basal-
ibus 2 sat elongatis (basali quam 2" paullo longiori), ceteris
sat brevibus ; prothorace leviter transverso, antice paullo
angustato, supra crebre subtilius ruguloso, lateribus leviter
arcuatis ; elytris punctulato-sulcatis, interstitiis subcosta-
tis ; corpore subtus fortiter sat crebre punctulato.

Maris rostro quam prothorax vix, femine sat manifeste,

longiori. Long. (rostr. incl.), 1? 1.; lat., 2 1.

In good specimens the sculpture is entirely buried beneath the
squamosity. The arrangement of the differently-coloured scales
is too confused for very accurate description ; the ashy-coloured

Vv

308

scales, however, run on the prothorax more or less distinctly in
longitudinal lines, and on the elytra form a figure more or less
like a misshapen X with the apex of one of its arms on each
shoulder ; while the scales of darkest colour form a more or less
badly-defined somewhat triangular patch on each elytron, having
its apex near the middle of the suture, and its base on the
lateral margin. Abraded specimens are entirely ferruginous on
the upper surface.
S. Australia ; Adelaide district.

E. infuscata, sp. nov. Minus elongata ; ferruginea, metasterno
abdomine (apice excepto) antennisque (scapo excepto)
infuscatis ; squamis ferrugineis albidis et umbrinis inter-
mixtis vestita; his umbrinis in prothorace basin versus
maculas 2 et in elytris plagam communem magnam (discum
totum tegentibus) formantibus ; cetera fere ut £. Adelaide.
Long. (rostr. incl.), 13 1; lat., 2 1.

Unfortunately this species is unique in my collection, so that

IT cannot attord to have its scales removed, but as far as I can

judge the underlying sculpture is much the same asin £, Adelaide,

except that the ocular lobes are not quite so well developed.

Taking the ferruginous scales as forming the ground-colour of

the upper surface, the whitish scales are thinly and inconspicuously

sprinkled everywhere, and the dark-brown scales form two spots
at the base of the prothorax, and cover the greater part of the
elytra, so that only the sides and apex are of the lighter colour.
. Victoria.
ENIOPEA.

Through the courtesy of Mr. Masters, I have been able to
examine some examples of £. amena, Pasc. I have in my col-
lection some specimens (from Albany) of a very closely allied
species, but as they are all more or less abraded, I do not feel
quite sure that they are specifically distinct from amena, so I
pass them by for the present, though I feel little doubt of their
distinctness.

The genus presents a good deal of difficulty, because I have
species before me from various parts of Australia which do not
seem structurally different from the typical species, and yet
recede considerably from it in facies. I decide to assign them to
Eniopea, although I think it probable that if Mr. Pascoe had
dealt with them he would have treated some of them as requiring
new generic names. I call, then, all the species Eniopea (regard-
less of their degree of general resemblance to #. amena) which
present the following characters (in addition to those common to
all Hrirhinine) :—Funicle seven-jointed, scape not passing front
of eye, scrobes lateral, antennal club elongate and having very

309

distinct joints, rostrum elongate and more or less cylindric, eyes
strongly granulate, femora unarmed, front tibie normally
mucronate, third joint of tarsi bilobed, fourth joint of tarsi well
exserted and having divaricate claws, prothorax without ocular
lobes, the apical ventral segment elongate (not shorter than the
second segment), male with a distinct “pygidium.

Mr. Pascoe says that the principal characters of Zniopea are
the distinctly (almost loosely) articulated antennai club and the
exceptional structure of the apical segment in one sex. The
abdominal characters in the following species are quite as in
A. amena , but the antennal club, though exceptionally elongate,
and very distinctly articulate in them all, is not quite so remark-
able as in the typical species.

#.. posticalis, sp. nov. Oblonga; ferruginea, squamis ferrugineis
ochraceis albidisque variegata, antennis (scapo excepto)
obscurioribus ; rostro quam “prothorax vix longiori ; funiculi
articulo basali « juam 2"* sat (sed minus quam duplo) longior1;
prothorace quam longiorl vix latiori, ochraceo- trivittato,
lateribus modice rotundatis : elytris punctulato-striatis.
Long. (rostr. incl.), 12 1.; lat., $1. (vix).

Differs from #£. amena, inter alia, by the slightly shorter and
slightly more compactly articulated club of its antennie, by the
comparatively longer second joint of the funicle, and by the
different pattern and colour of the scales on the upper surface.
Taking the ferruginous scales as the ground-colour, the rostrum
is seen to be sprinkled with whitish scales, and the prothorax to
bear three vittee formed of ochreous sc ales (the external vitte
marked with white), while the elytra are marked chiefly with
whitish scales, which are scattered about the base, and form a
V-shaped mark with its extremities on the shoulders, and its
apex about the middle of the suture, as well as a very conspicuous
transversely oval spot on the suture considerably behind the
middle (in front of and behind which the ground-colour is darker
than on the rest of the surface). The colours and pattern are a
good deal like those of some species of Hmp/lesis, but the struc-
tural characters are very different from those of that genus.

N.S. Wales ; Tamworth ; taken by Mr Lea.

EE. tenebricosa, sp. nov. Oblonga ; nigra, squamis albidis nigri-
cantibusque minus distincte variegata, pedibus ferrugineis,
femoribus mediis et tarsis infuscatis ; ; rostro quam prothorax
(maris vix, feminze manifeste) longiori ; funiculi articulo
basali quam 2" sat (sed minus quam duplo) longiori ; pro-
thorace quam latiori fere longiori, lateribus minus rotundatis ;
elytris punctulato-striatis. Long. (rostr. incl.), 1$1.; lat., 3 i

A blackish species with pale-grey and blackish scales inter-

310

mixed, so as to present to a casual glance a confused appearance,
with very little pattern. On careful inspection there are seen to
be three feebly-detined pale vittze on the prothorax, and an inde-
terminate blackish fascia behind the middle of the elytra, in which
the scales are somewhat fasciculated (so as to present a tubercled
appearance) near the suture on either side. There are species in
several genera closely resembling this in the colour and arrange-
ment of scales, notably Cydmea diversa, Blackb. (which, how-
ever, is a much broader insect with subconical prothorax and more

finely granulated eyes), and a sp., which will be described in a

future paper.

Victoria ; sent by Mr. French.

E. sydneyensis, sp. nov. Oblonga (mari magis elongato) ; picea
vel rufo-picea, antennis pedibusque inagis rufescentibus ;
squamis concoloribus et nonnullis albidis vestita ; rostro
quam prothorax vix longiori, longitudinaliter carinis
subtilibus ornato ; funiculi articulo basali quam 2". sat (sed
minus quam duplo) Jongiori; prothorace quam latiori fere
longiori, albido-trivittato, lateribus minus rotundatis; elytris
punctulato-striatis, in humeris albido-squamosis et fascia
brevi communi postmediana (hac in sutura_ retrorsum
producta) albido-squamosa ornatis. Long. (rostr. incl.), 14 1.;
dt... vax).

The pattern formed by the whitish scales renders this species
fairly easy to recognise. It consists of three vitte on the pro-
thorax, a spot on each shoulder, and a common mark on the hind
one-third of the elytra resembling the letter T, but in some
examples this resemblance is obscured by the lower part of the
stem being dilated. In one example there are indications of a
whitish spot about the middle of the suture. Differs from
E. tenebricosa by its different and better defined markings, its
shorter rostrum (especially in the female), antennz with the scape
decidedly red and more robust, &c. In the male the metaster-
num and basal ventral segment are longitudinally concave.

N.S. Wales; taken by Mr. Lea near Sydney.

EMPOLIS (Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., vol. V., 1890, p. 342).

This genus is in many respects near to Enzopea, but may be

distinguished from it at once by the possession of well-defined
ocular lobes.

E. longipes, sp. nov. Sat elongatus ; subparallelus ; ferrugineus,
squamis concoloribus et nonnullis albidis et pallide ochraceis
intermixtis (his ad prothoracis latera et ad elytrorum
apicem condensatis) vestitus ; antennarum funiculi articulo
2° quam 1% haud breviori; elytris punctulato-striatis.
Long. (rostr. incl.), 21.; lat., 31. (vix.)

oll

The ferruginous scales on the elytra are of a darker tone than
elsewhere ; regarding them as the ground colour the markings
consist of a pale ochraceous spot on each shoulder, and a large
common blotch of the same colour (with a few whitish scales
intermixed) occupying the apical one-third of the elytra, but not
quite reaching the lateral margins except close to the apex. The
longitudinal carinz on the rostrum are very feeble. The pro-
thorax is very nearly as long as wide, and is very evidently con-
stricted a little behind the front margin ; its sides are somewhat
strongly rounded. The rostrum of “the male is scarcely (of the
female considerably) longer than the prothorax. Compared with
EE. angustatus, Blackb., the prothorax is evidently more elongate
and the legs are distinctly longer (especially the front pair), with
the apical joint of the tarsi less strongly exserted. The colour
and markings are quite different from those of #. angustatus.

S. Australia ; Adelaide district.

E. Lea, sp. nov. Sat elongatus ; minus parallelus ; piceus,
squamis concoloribus et nonnullis albidis et palide ochraceis
intermixtis (his ad prothoracis latera et ad elytrorum partes
anticas laterales apicemque condensatis) vestitus; anten-
narum funiculi articulo 2° quam 1" vix breviori ; ens

punctulato-striatis. Long. (rostr. incl.), 2, 1; lat. 44 1

This species resembles the preceding in its markings, but its
pitchy black colour (the antenne, rostrum, and tarsi more or less
reddish) will at once distinguish it. Its prothorax is distinctly
transverse (even more so than that of EF. angustatus), and 1s
evidently constricted behind the front margin, with its sides
rounded more strongly than in either species previously described.
The rostrum is in both sexes about as long as that of 2. /ongipes,
and is very distinctly marked with fine longitudinal carine. The
pale-coloured scales occupy the great part of the prothorax—the
middle part being of the darker colour—and on the elytra they
form a large ill-defined patch on the sides of the basal portion,
and cover the whole apical two-fifths of the surface. The
general build of the insect is markedly less narrow and _ parallel
than in EF. angustatus and longipes.

N.S. Wales. Taken by Mr. Lea near Tamworth.

EMPLESIS.

HY. majuscula. sp. nov. Fem. Ovalis; sat robusta; ferruginea
rostro lete rufa; squamis ferrugineis albidisque indeter-
minate intermixtis vestita ; funiculi articulo 2° quam 1”
paullo breviori quam 3"°S duplo longiori, articulis nullis
transversis ; rastro gracili arcuato, quam prothorax triplo
longior1; prothorace in partibus posterioribus 3 quadrato
fortiter transverso, in parte anteriori quarta fortiter con-

stricto et valde angustato ; elytris punctulato striatis, inter-
stitlis alternis i ae callo subapicali valde distincto.
Lone. (rostr. excl.), 24 1.5 lat., 1535 1.
An insect which I hee to be the male of this species is in
the collection of Mr. Lea. Its rostrum is shorter (scarcely twice
as long as the prothorax) ; its front tibie are fringed internally
in their apical half with very long whitish hairs, and its under-
surface is longitudinally sulcate, the sulcus ending on the apical
ventral segment in a large transversely oval impression; the
scales on its head, the middle of its prothorax, and the front half
of its elytra are of a dark-brown colour. The peculiar shape of
the prothorax and very remarkable sculpture of the elytra are as
in the type ; it is from the same locality. The prosternum is in-
distinctly concave in front of the cox.
N.S. Wales ; Gosferd.

EPAM@BUS (gen. nov. Erirhinimaruin. )

Corpus squamis setiformibus adpressis vestitum ; rostrum sat
gracile, modice elongatum (maris quam feminz brevius), sat
arcuatum, subcylindricum ; scrobes laterales (maris ante-
mediane, femine median) ; scapus oculum vix attingens ;
funiculus 7-articulatus ; oculi grosse granulati; prothorax
sat brevis, antice angustatus, basi bisinuata, lobis ocularibus
nullis; scuteilum distinctum; elytra quam _ prothorax
manifeste latiora, ovalia ; prosternum antice vix emargina-
tui, ante coxas sat elongatum ; coxee intermedi inter se

sat distantes; femora mutica ; tibiz antice haud mucronate ;

tarsorum articuli basales 2 breves, 3° alte bilobo, 4° quam
ceteri conjuncti haud multo breviori ; unguiculi divaricati ;
segmenta ventralia 3°" 4" que conjuncta quam 2™= vix
oe a, ultimo sat brevi; suture ventrales intermedi
rect.

E. scutellaris, sp. nov. Ovalis; rufo-testaceus, corpore subtus
antennarum clava et (nonnullorum exemplorum) prothorace
infuscatis ; squamis setiformibus albidis ornatus; rostro
quam prothorax (maris vix, femine manifeste) longiori, supra
punctulato; antennis minus elongatis, funiculi articulo
basali elongato, ceteris brevibus; prothorace transverso,
antice angustato, supra sat grosse nec rugulose punctulato,
pone apicem leviter constricto, lateribus leviter arcuatis ;
scutello dense albo-squamoso; elytris vix striatis seriatim
punctulatis, humeris obtusis. Long. (rostr. incl.), 1 1. ;
lat., 2 1.

The whitish hair-like scales are not very conspicuous or closely
set, except on the scutellum, and in some parts are much more
sparse than in others, giving the appearance of ill-defined denuded

I a eek

313

spots, of which there are several on the prothorax and on the

elytra, one on each side of the suture near the front, and one

wide and fascia-form about the middle.

S. Australia; Eyre’s Peninsula.

GERYNASSA.

G. Andersoni, sp. nov. Minus brevis; subparallela; picea vel
ferruginea, antennis pedibusque testacco-rufis (nonnullorum
exemplorum femoribus infuscatis); squamis piceis et
ferrugineis vel albidis variegata ; funiculi articulo 2° quam
1“* manifeste breviori ; rostro quam prothorax (maris vix,
femint manifeste) longiori, longitudinaliter manifeste
strigato ; prothorace sat fortiter transverso ; elytris punctu
lato-striatis, interstitiis 3° 5° que interrupte leviter costatis.
Long: (rosty.-inel. ), 12 1s. lat., <7 I.

Variable in colour and markings; as far as I have observed,
the rostrum of the female is always ferruginous, of the male
always piceous. The club of the antenne is scarcely at all
infuscate. Taking the lighter-coloured scales (which vary from
grey to ochraceous) as the ground-colour, there is generally at the
base of the prothorax a large dark spot, which is continued back
to cover the scutellar region, but in some examples only its
lateral edges run back—forming a line on either side of the
scutellum. The dark scales are variously mottled over the sur-
face of the elytra, but usually they are conspicuous on the
elevated portions of the third and fifth interstices, giving those
elevations the appearance of elongate feeble black tubercles.

Its small size in combination with the comparatively short
second joint of its funiculus, the ferruginous antennal club, and
the very feeble elevations of the third and fifth elytral inter-
stices distinguish this species from its previously-described con-
geners. I have named it after Mr. John Anderson of Port
Lincoln.

S. Australia ; Eyre’s Peninsula.

G. picticornis, sp. nov. Sat brevis; picea vel ferruginea, anten-
narum scapo pedibusque rutis, antennarum funiculo clavaque
piceis ; squamis ochraceis nigro-piceisque variegata ; funiculi
articulo 2° quam 1% haud breviori ; rostro (feminze) quam
prothorax multo longiori, longitudinaliter manifeste strigato ;
prothorace sat transverso; elytris punctulato-striatis, inter-
stitiis 3° 5° que interrupte costatis. Long. (rostr. incl.), 2 1.
(vix.); lat., #1.

This is a prettily-marked species ; the ochraceous scales being
regarded as forming the ground-colour, the blackish markings
consist of three narrow vitte on the prothorax, which run back
a short distance on the elytra, and on each elytron a triangular

314

blotch having its base on the lateral margin as well as some
small dispersed spots; the elevated parts of the interstices also
are blackish. These markings are more or less distinct on all the
examples I have examined. The variegated antenneze seem to be
a reliable character, the scape being testaceous red, the basal two
joints of the funiculus nearly black, the rest of the funiculus

piceous, the club black.
N.S.W.; taken by Mr. Lea at Glen Innes.

G. Pilisied sp. nov. Minus brevis; subparallela; picea vel

| ferruginea, antennis (clava excepta) pedibusque (nonnul-
lorum exemplorum femoribus infuscatis) rufo-testaceis ;
squamis albido-griseis subsericeis sat equaliter minus dense
vestita ; funiculi articulo 2° quam 1"* haud breviori; rostro
quam prothorax (maris vix, feminz paullo) longiori, longi-
tudinaliter punctulato minus distincte strigato ; prothorace
modice transverso, lateribus fortiter rotundatis; elytris
punctulato-striatis, interstitiis sat equalibus. Long. (rostr.
inel.), 132 —2 1 lat., j,—4 1.

Differs from its beotienely described congeners, except
G. Andersoni, in its evidently more parallel and less short build.
From Andersoni it differs by the longer second joint of its funi-
culus, its elytral interstices almost devoid of inequalities, and the
very strongly rounded sides of its prothorax. In the examples
that I have seen there is no pattern formed by differently
coloured scales, but the whole surface is somewhat thinly clothed
with whitish-grey scales having a slightly silky lustre. If, how-
ever, the insect be examined somewhat obliquely, with its head
towards the observer, the basal-half of the elytra appears to be
of a dark-colour and the apical-balf whitish, but this appears to
be due only to the way in which the light falls upon the scales.

N.S. Wales.

NIPHOBOLUS (gen. nov., Erirhininarum ).

Corpus modice elongatum, squamosum; rostrum sat breve sat
robustum (fere ut Bagoz), leviter arcuatum, subcylindricum ;
scrobes preemedianz oblique infra rostrum directz ; scapus
oculum vix attingens; funiculus 6-articulatus ; oculi grosse
granulati ; prothorax modice cylindricus antice angustatus,
fan V1x bisinuata, lobis ocularibus nullis; scutellum minus
distinctum ; elytra quam prothorax sat latiora : prosternum
antice leviter emarginatum, ante coxas minus elongatum ;
coxee intermediz inter se sat approximate ; femora mutica
sed subtus subangulata ; tibie anticee ad apicem mucro-
nate ; tarsorum articuli basales 2 sat breves, 3° elongato
fortiter bilobo, 4° vix exserto; unguiculi elongati graciles

9

subdivaricati ; segmenta ventralia 3°" 4° que conjuncta

——

319

quam 2"" multo breviora, ultimo sat brevi; suture ventrales
intermedi ad latera vix angulatee.

The general resemblance of this genus to Bagous is most
noticeable, although its structural characters do not indicate any
close affinity to that genus. Its most striking peculiarity is to
be found, I think, in the tarsi, which are comparatively short and
wide, slightly and evenly increasing in width from the base to
the apex of the third joint, this latter being deeply and widely
bilobed, and almost reaching beyond the fourth joint; the claws
long and slender, like those of Lagouws, and remarkable as being
(neither truly divergent nor truly divaricate, but) separated
almost as abruptly as if they were divaricate, yet with their axes
not quite at right angles to a line running down the centre of the
fourth joint of the tarsus. The genus also differs from agous
by its six-jointed funiculus, its more coarsely granulated eyes, its
prothorax without ocular lobes, its prosternum not excavated,
and its shorter and stouter legs. The combination of six-jointed
funiculus, claw joint scarcely exserted, and rostrum comparatively
short and robust, distinguishes it, I think, from all previously
described genera of Evrirhinine. It appears to ine possible that
it is identical with Notionumus, Er., but no description of that
genus has been published ; the species (.V. australis, Er.) on which
Votionomus was founded I have not seen (it was unknown to
M. Lacordaire), but though it is clearly from Erichson’s descrip-
tion quite different specifically from that before me, its characters
suggest the possibility of generic identity. Erichson subsequently
stated that his Votionomus is identical with Hnda/us, in which
case it is certainly not congeneric with the insect I am describing,
as Hndalus, mter alia, has a long slender rostrum.

V. deceptor, sp. nov. Piceus, antennis pedibusque rufescentibus,
squamis albidis et nonnullis brunneis dense vestitus ; pro-
thorace leviter transverso, pone apicem fortiter constricto
crebre vix subtiliter punctulato ; elytris punctulato-striatis,
interstitiis sat convexis setis brevibus seriatim instructis,
humeris Jateraliter subprominulis. Long. (rostr. incl.), 12 1;
lat., 21. (vix.)

To a casual glance this species bears a remarkable resemblance
to the European Bagows lutulentus, Gyll, though differing very
widely in its structural characters. In a fresh example every
part is densely clothed with slightly shining scales, so small and
closely packed as to simulate some extraneous indumentum. The
prevailing colour of these scales is whitish, on which some
brownish scales form a large feebly-detined blotch on the pro-
thorax, and various blotches on the elytra generally of the form
of two or three obscure fascie placed near the front, about the
middle, and near the apex.

N.S. Wales ; taken by Mr. Lea near Tamworth.

THE GASTROPODS OF THE OLDER TERTIARY OF
AUSTRALIA.

Part IV. (including Supplement to Part IIT.).
By Prorrssor Raten Tate.
[Read October 17, 1893. ]
Plates VI.—X.
FAMILY CYPRAID.

Cyprea Mulderi, Tac.

(Trans. Roy. Soc. 8. Aust., vol. XCIIT., 1892;: pliicineiceee
without description.)

Shell depressedly globose, spire concealed; basal outline
oblong; back almost circular in basal outline, polished, marked
with circular contusions varying from 4 to 5 mm. in diameter.
Anterior canal abruptly upturned, flanked on each side by a
broadly-triangular, slightly concave, thickened extension of the
base. Posterior canal short, with very wide flanges, the left one
more extended than the right. Base nearly flat, much thickened ;
outer lip excessively inflected, rounded, its inner margin set with
nearly equal and somewhat slender rounded ridges ; inner lp
with a broad convex area steeply sloping inwards, the anterior-
third furnished with about seven ridges narrower than the inter-
vening sulcations, the rest of the lip edentulous.

Dimensions.—Total length, 100 mm.; width, 64 mm.; height,
50 mm.; length of back, 66 mm.

Localities—EocENE; in a well-sinking at Belmont, near
Geelong, one example, collected and presented by Mr. Mulder,
to whom the species is dedicated ; Bellarine Peninsula (Hall and
Pritchard).

A ffinity.—This species comes near to C. platypyga, McCoy,
but the back is not pyriform, the anterior canal much reflected,
and the shape of the base and details of the aperture are
different ; otherwise it might be regarded as a senile form of that
species.

SUBGENUS CypraepiA, Swainson, 1840.

Dorsal surface with revolving threads or tessellated ornament.
Distinguished from Cypreovula, Gray, 1824, by the absence of a
posterior apertural notch. One living species, C. cancellata, is
known, and there are five in the European Eocene.

Cypredia clathrata, are.

(Trans. ‘Hoy! Secs: Aust yor. XT) 1892. spls ix; fig.
without description. )

Shell oval-pyriform ; anterior canal produced and somewhat
dilated at the end. The surface is ornamented by revolving
slender threads, alternately large and small, which are crossed by
transverse threads equal in strength to the iongitudinal second-
aries ; the intersections of the two sets of threads produce rect-
angular interspaces, which are very finely reticulate-striate.
There are about ten primary revolving threads in about the
middle-third of the dorsal surface, equal to 8 mm. of the axial!
length.

Damen sions —Length, 27 mm.; width, 18 mm.

Locality. Eocene ay Blanche Point, Aldinga Bay. This
species resembles C. elegans, Defr., but the pits between the
primary threads are oblong, not square ; the interstitial ornament
is finely reticulate ; and the canal is more produced and dilated.

FAMILY SCALARIIDA.

Crossea semiornata, spec. nor. Pl. x., fig. 10.

Shell depressedly conoidal, of four whorls; the first two
convex.

The penultimate whorl is quadrate in section, ornamented
with an elevated rounded carina at the shoulder, a similar one
mid-way to the anterior suture, and a threadlet margining each
suture, which is sub-canaliculate ; the whole surface crossed by
stout equidistant riblets, which are approximately axial on the
anterior-half of the whorls, and produce rectangular pits between
the revolving cinguli, on the posterior-half the riblets are oblique.
The body-whorl is convex, interrupted in the posterior-third by a
slight keel continuous with the posterior cinguli of the penult-
imate whorl; the ornament of the penultimate is continued on to
the body-whorl, but gradually fades away at about a-half turn,
the rest of the surface being polished and obscurely striated
coincident with the outer lip.

Dimensions.—Length and width, 2 mm. (vix).

Locality.—Eocene; Bird-rock Bluff, Spring Creek, near Geelong
(two exs.).

In my synopsis of the species (living and fossil) of this genus,
C. semiornata will belong to section 2 of ‘“ group IIT.” from the
other members of which it is distinguishable by its fenestrated
ornament and smooth body-whorl.

Sealaria (Acrilla) leptalea, spec. nov. Pl. x., fig.
Shell thin, very slender, imperforated ; ordinary w ee Se
convex, slightly angulated post-medially ; nuclear whorls two and

318

a-half, smooth and polished, the anterior one angulated posteriorly,
the next is slightly inflated ending in a bulbiform tip.

The posterior spire-whorls are distantly costated, the others
are ornamented with curved lamelliform cost, separated by
little wider intervals.

Base of body-whorl flatly-rounded, smooth, angulated at the
periphery ; the peripheral keel crenulated ; aperture oval, the
major diameter axial.

Dimensions.—Length, 4 ; breadth, °5.
Locality.—Eocene ; Bullin Merri, near Camperdown (one ex.).

The nearest ally of this new species is S. crebrelamellata, from
which it differs by its more slender shape, less crowded lamelle,
and the absence of spiral ornament on the base as well as on the
whorls ; the apex is also different, and the whorls are not so flat.

FAMILY NATICIDA.
GENUS NATICA.
SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

Umbilicus with a funiculus, without posterior callosity (NATICA,
S.S.).
Shell thin, whorls slightly tabulated, funicular expansion

thinly everted. ile Hamiltonensis.
Shell solid, whorls regularly convex, funicular expansion
stout. 2. sub Noe.

Umbilicus more or less filled with a funicular callosity confluent
with the columella-border (NEVERITA).
Umbilicus filled with a callosity; shell hemispheeric.

3. gibbosa.
Umbilicus almost concealed by posterior callosity; shell
oblong-oval. 4, vixumbilicata.

Umbilicus distinctly funiculate.
Shell narrow-oval, spire produced.
Length more than 2 x width, an antesutural band.

D. balteatella.
Length less than 2 x width, no sutural band.
6. subvarians.
Shell broadly oval, spire very short; body-whorl
medially depressed. (f varians.
Shell globose-conic, whorls ventricose ; spire elevated.
8. Wintlez.

Umbilicus not distinctly funiculate.
Shell globose, spire prominent. 9. Mooraboolensis.

Shell hemispheric, spire almost concealed.
10. substolida.

319

Umbilicus simple, open; shell globulose (Naticrina).
Surface sculptured.
Surface grooved ; shell solid. Ite arata.
Or nament of spiral wavy threads; shell thin.
12: limata.
Surface smooth, or nearly so.
Suture canaliculate, umbilicus small, not margined.

13. polita.
Suture impressed; umbilicus wide, margined ; body-
whorl inflated. 14. perspectiva.
Suture linear ; umbilicus small, not margined.
15, Aldingensis.
Umbilicus simple, very large; shell depressed, auriform
(SIGARETOPSIS). 16. subinfundibulum,

1. Natica Hamiltonensis, 7'ute. Pl. x., fig. 6.

N. Wintlei, var. Hamiltonensis, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Lin.
Soc., N.S.W., vol. IIT., p. 229, tab. 21, fig. 8, 1878.

Shell globulose, fragile ; spire short; whorls four and a-half,
of very re apid i increase, “smooth or faintly wrinkled around suture
apical whorl flat, the others rotund, more abruptly sloping to the
posterior suture ; suture linear.

Aperture broadly oval, slightly oblique, outer and basal mar-
gins acute ; columella slightly arched, thin, joined to the outer
lip by a ‘thin callus; umbilicus narrow, with a not very
prominent funiculus, which is defined in front by a narrow
groove, but the niainibenee is broader and deep behind it.

Dimensions of a large specimen :—Length, 20; width, 19:
vertical height of aperture, 15; radius of aperture, 11; width of
umbilicus, 2.

Localities. —Eocenr—Muddy Creek (very common) !; Morn-
erent !; Bird-rock Bluff (rare)!; Cheltenham !; Gellibrand

tiver !; Fyansford!; Turritella-beds, Aldinga Cliffs and Ade-
laide-bore ! ; River Murray Cliffs! Miocene—Kalima, Gipps-
land Lakes (rare) !

Remarks.—Tenison-Woods was acquainted with only im-
mature examples (about 4 mm. diameter) of this species, which
he referred under a varietal name to his WV. Wintlez. In the
adult stage, such as I have illustrated, the differences indicated
between it and WV. WVintlei are more accentuated. WV. Hamilton-
ensis is a fragile shell, with a shorter spire and more convex
whorls, whilst the absence of a callus on the posterior part of
the columella is a very conspicuous feature.

Among living species with which I have compared it, it makes
the nearest approach to NV. Zealandica, Q. & G., but differs by
more inflated spire-whorls and slender funiculus.

320

2. Natica subNoe, spec. nov. PI. vi., fig. 1.

Shell solid, smooth, shining, hemispheric ; whorls four and a-
half, transversely finely-lined ; suture concealed.

Aperture obliquely lunate, outer lip acute ; columella nearly
vertical ; umbilicus wide, a funiculus in the anterior-third,
narrow but elevated, terminating in a moderately large oval
callosity, confluent in front with the columella, but separated
above by a notch, beyond which the columella spreads slightly to
join the outer lip.

Shelly opercula occur in association with this species at
Spring Creek, which are very similar to those of such species of
Natica (s.s.) as WV. millepunctata.

Dimensions.—Length, 11; breadth, 10; length of columella,
&; width of aperture, 5; width of umbilicus, 2°55.

Localities. — EocENE; Bird-rock Bluff!; Muddy Creek ! ;
Birregurra (Mulder) / ; Table Cape !; Camperdown !.

A ffinities.—This new species has a considerable resemblance to
N. Noe, D’Orb., N. hemipleres, Cossmann, and other allied species
of the Parisian Eocene. From both it differs by concealment of
the suture. In shape it is more like V. hemipleres, but its apical
whorls are flatter. From .V. Voe@ it is distinguished by narrower
shape, more oblique aperture, and stouter funicular dilatation
more anteriorly situated.

3. Natiea gibbosa, Hutton. Pl. vi., fig. 4.
Trans. N. Zealand Inst., vol. XVIIL, p. 334,

feeference.
1886.

‘Shell large, solid, smooth, gibbous, the spire almost buried ;
the body-whorl gibbous posteriorly. Aperture semicircular, the
columella callus very large, filling the posterior portion of the
aperture, and eventually covering the whole umbilical region.”

Dimensions.—Length, 39; breadth, 37; diameter and radius
of aperture, 34, 16:5.

Locality not actually known, but reported “a well-sinking in
the Murray Desert ;’ the age is doubtfully Miocene.

Professor Hutton records the species from the Pareora system
of New Zealand, and one occurrence from that of Wanganui.

4. Natiea vixumbilicata, Venison-Woods. Pl. x., fig. 9.

Reference.—Proc. Roy. Soc., Tasmania, for 1876, p. 111
(1877).

Synonym.—.N. ovata, Tenison-Woods, op. cit., for 1875, p. 17,
1876, non Hutton.

Shell pyriformly oval, solid, smooth, shining. Whorls three
and a-half, suture thinly covered ; spire obtuse of two and a-half,
rapidly increasing, slightly convex whorls ; the apical-half whorl
globose, its tip immersed. Last whorl very large, interruptedly

321

moderately convex (being slightly less convex medially) ; surface
marked with slightly sinuous growth-lines (passing into some-
what wrinkled threads at the suture and at the umbilical margin)
and interstitial fine strize, and by inconspicuous revolving threads
and towards the suture by fine strie. Aperture semi-lunar,
oblique ; outer lip thin, slightly sinuated (projecting slightly
forward in an alignment with the inner edge of the callus ;
columellar callus narrowly and flatly spreading, filling the narrow
umbilicus except a conspicuous groove leading into it from the
front.

Dimensions.—Length, 19; breadth, 14; diameter of aperture,
12-5 ; radius of aperture, 7:5.

Locality. Eocene ; “ Crassatella-beds” at Table Cape, Tas-
mania !

Remarks.—In 1876 Tenison-Woods recorded a not uncommon
Natica in the Table Cape beds as .V. ovata, Hutton. I fail to
tind any such species among the various collections examined
from that locality, and conclude that the subsequently described
species, iV. via-uwmbilicata, was mistaken for it. Johnston
(‘*Geol. Tasmania,” 1888), however, retains both names.

AV. vix-umbilicata is very much lke JV. ovata, Hutton. Com-
pared with specimens of the latter from the Pareora River
(Hutton’s figure of this species, “Pliocene Moll. of New
Zealand,” in Macleay Memorial Volume, 1893, tab. 7, fig. 40,
very imperfectly represents the shell obtained from the lower
horizon), the present species is of much smaller size, slightly
narrower, of fewer whorls, apex immersed, callosity not so ex-
tensive, and by the presence of an umbilical chink.

Among recent species, it has analogy with .V. conica, but has
not the elongate spire of that shell ; but more so with V. mam-
milla, from which it differs by regularly convex body-whorl,
proportionately wider.

5. Natiea balteatella, spec. nov. Pl. vi, fig. 7.

Shell solid, narrow-oval-conic ; whorls five, moderately convex,
suture concealed by a thin adpressed extension from anterior
whorl. Surface smooth, shining; ornamented by growth-lines
(which are abruptly bent and develop into wrinkles on the ante-
sutural band), coincident strie and distant spiral strive; a
broadish band in front of the suture is conspicuously wavy-
striated spirally, the spiral strize being interrupted by the sharply-
angled growth-folds, and by coincident striz.

Aperture oval, outer lip acute ; columella emitting a funicular
ridge into the umbilicus, posterior callosity moderate.

Dimensions.—Length, 18:5; width, 7°5; diameter and radius
of aperture, 8:5, 6°5 ; width of umbilicus, 2.

a2

Localities.—MiocenrE, Hallett’s: Cove (very rare). Older
Pliocene, Dry Creek-bore (very common).

This species has much resemblance to a young WV. conica, but
by its umbilicus is more akin to J. subvarians ; the sculptured
band in front of the umbilicus is a prominent distinctive feature.

6. Natiea subvarians, spec. nov. Pl. vi., figs. 8, 10.

I apply this name toa shell, related to J. varians, but not
connected with it by intermediate grades, from which it is dis-
tinguished by it elongate-oval outline and produced spire. From
the recent JW. conica, it is separable by its regularly-convex
whorls, more open umbilicus with distinct funiculus. Fig. 6
represents a short spired variety.

Dimensions.—Length, 24; width, 17; length of aperture, 13.

Localities. — Eocrenrt, Cheltenham (very rare)!; MI0cENE,
Jemmy’s Point and Cunningham, Gippsland!; Hallett’s Cove,
and Aldinga Bay !.

7. Natiea varians, spec nov. Pl. vi., figs. 2, 9. ;

Shell solid, globulose-oval to pyriform-conic ; spire very short,
obtuse ; whorls five, of rapid increase, suture concealed; last
whorl very large and ventricose, usually, at least in the Muddy
Creek specimens, slightly depressed on the back. Surface smooth
and shining, ornamented with growth-lines and close reticulate
strie, the spiral strie somewhat wavy. Umbilicus of moderate
size, funiculus narrow, terminating on the columella in a
moderate-sized callosity ; columella thick, largely and thickly
spreading posteriorly and over the hinder part of the umbilicus ;
the posterior callosity separated from the funicular callosity by a
notch.

Dimensions.—(a) fig. 3. Length, 40; width, 32; length of
aperrure, 31:5; width, 17. (0) tig. 4. Length, 41:5; width,
36; length of aperture, 36 ; width, 18:5.

Actual dimensions fail to convey the variability in shape pre-
sented by this species ; but I have figured two somewhat extreme
forms.

Localities.Miocene (a common fossil) ; Jemmy’s Point and
Cunningham, Gippsland!; Muddy Creek !.

Remarks.—N. varians has resemblance to WV. Powisiana,
N. effusa, N. intermereta, N. wnimaculata, and some other
Mamme of the North Pacific shores ; the variation in shape and
length of spire would permit of attachment to several of the
above, but viewed in its composite character it appears to be dis-
tinguished by the fine reticulated ornament.

8. Natiea Wintlei, Venison- Woods.
Proc. Roy. Soc., Tasmania for 1875, t. 1, fig. 3, 1876.
Shell shining, stout, ventricosely subglobulose, umbilicated.

323

Whorls five and a-half to six, suture linear; spire obtuse,
elongate; whorls rounded, slightly flatted posteriorly ; one
and a-half apical whorls depressed. Surface with fine growth-
lines and coincident striv ; taintly and distantly spirally-lined,
especially on the base; spirally striate on the depressed area in
front of the suture. Aperture lunately-oval slightly oblique ;
outer lp acute not sinuate, basal lip incrassated. Umbilicus
with a funicular rib ; columella, posterior to the funicle, slightly
dilated and confluent with the funicular termination, otherwise
the umbilicus is narrow.

Dimensions of a moderately large specimen :—Length, 25-5 ;
breadth, 21; vertical height of aperture, 18; radius of aperture,
10; diameter of umbilicus, 3. The proportion of the height to
the breadth varies between 100 to 80 and 100 to 82; but a few
examples from Table Cape have the relative values 100 and 84.

Localities.—Kocene ; Crassatella-beds, Table Cape (common) ! ;
basal beds of the Bird Rock-bluff, Spring Creek (abundant and
large) !.

9. Natica Mooraboolensis, spec. nov. PI. vi., fig. 5.

Shell globose, solid, smooth ; whorls five ; apex small, pointed ;
penultimate whorl flatly convex in posterior two-thirds, some-
what precipitously arching to the anterior suture, which is con-
cealed ; last whorl very ventricose, slantingly flattened behind.
Aperture semilunate ; columella stout, largely expanded behind
the umbilicus, which is of moderate width, apparently simple and
shallow.

Dimensions.—Length, 28; breadth, 27°55 width of umbilicus, 5.

Locality.— Eocene subcrystalline limestone on the Moorabool-
river, near Geelong (one example by Mr. G. Sweet).

This species is related to WV. substolida, but has a more
elevated spire, with the whorls flatly sloping behind. Among
living shells it most nearly resembles V. plumbea, but is more
globose, whorls flattened behind, shorter spire, and larger
umbilicus.

10. Natiea substolida, spec. nov. Pl. vi., fig. 3.

Shell solid, oval-globulose, subsphzrical; spire conoid, very
short, apex obtuse; whorls four narrow, thinly overlapping at
the suture ; body-whorl very large and convex. Surface smooth
and shining, faintly lined and striated spirally, more conspicu-
ously so on the base, crossed by slightly sigmoid incised lines and
obscure threads, which at the suture give rise to a narrow
wrinkled-band.

Aperture oblique, regularly semilunate; outer lip acute,
shghtly insinuated posteriorly ; umbilicus simple; columella
thick, largely expanding above the umbilicus to form a thick
depressed callosity.

W

o24

Dimensions.—Length, 23 ; breadth, 21; diameter of aperture,
19; radius of aperture, 12.

Localities Eocene: A common shell at Muddy Creek and
River Murray Cliffs! ; Cheltenham!; Camperdown!. Mu10cENE:
Kalima, Gippsland Lakes! (rare and small).

Remarks.—This species is closely allied to .V. repanda, Desh.,
but is distinguished by more convex body-whorl, more oblique
aperture, and more obtuse and smaller spire. V. swbstolida con-
nects the section .Vaticina, through .V. swhinfundibulum, with
Sigaretopsis.

The specimens from the Murray-river Cliffs are smaller and
have the umbilicus more concealed by the columella-callosity
than those from Muddy Creek.

11. Natiea arata, spec. nov. Pl. x., fig. 8.

Shell solid, globulose, subspheerical ; spire excessively short,
apex obtuse; whorls four and a-half, separated by a linear im-
pressed suture ; apical whorls two and a-half, smooth, flatly con-
vex ; the succeeding half turn with about twelve equi-distant
transverse sulcations producing a crenulate margin at the
posterior suture ; the surface of the remainder of the whorls
linear-suleate spirally ; at first the interspaces are slightly ele-
vated, about equal in width to the sulci and slightly granulated
by radial threads ; finally, on the body-whorl the interspaces are
flat and broad, about 1 mm. wide on the medial part, and -5 or
less at the base and near the suture ; obscurely lined transversely
and inconspicuously wrinkled at the suture. Aperture regularly
semilunate ; outer lip bevelled to a thin edge ; columella straight,
nearly vertical, rather thick, callously thinly expanding beyond
the umbilicus to join with the outer lip; umbilicus wide, deep,
and simple.

Dimensions.—Length and width, 18 ; diameter and radius of
aperture, 15 and 9°5; width of umbilicus, 3.

Locality.—Eocene calciferous sandstone, River Murray Cliffs
(rare) !; Muddy Creek (one ex. !);

12. Natica limata, spec. nov. Pl. x., fig. 4.

Shell thin, fragile, globose ; spire short, broadly conic, obtuse ;
apical whorls two and a-half, shining, smooth, depressedly convex ;
the other whorls (two and a-half) regularly and moderately con-
vex, of moderate increase, separated by a narrow, deeply-im-
pressed suture.

Ornament of crowded, raised, wavy threads, sometimes linear
at other times several times broader and flat, interrupted by
transverse incised lines and striz ; wrinkled at the suture, but
only prominently so on the early spire-whorls.

325

Aperture regularly semilunate, nearly erect; outer lip thin;
columella-margin thin, thinly and freely everted posteriorly,
joined by a callous film to the outer ip. Umbilicus wide, simple,
the ornament of the body-whorl entering the cavity.

Dimensions.—Length, 18:5; width, 18 ; diameter and radius
ot aperture, 14 and 9; width of umbilicus, 3.

Localities. —Eocene: Muddy Creek (rare)!; River Murray
Clifis (very rare)!; Mornington! ; and Spring Creek (very rare)!.

13. Natica polita, Tenison- Woods.

Proc. Roy. Soc Pasm.,. tor 1875, p. 23, t.'1,,f. 4/(1846) -(ig:
not good).

Shell shining, moderately stout, ventricosely sub-globulose,
umbilicated. Whorls four and a-half, separated usually by a
profundly canaliculate suture. Aperture semilunate, slightly
oblique ; outer lip obtuse, not at all arched. Surface smooth or
transversely finely striate, and faintly spirally lined.

Dimensions.—The shell varies in the height of the spire, and
much in size; an averaged sized specimen measures, long. 8-75,
lat. 7°5 to 7:25, umbilicus 1. Some extremely low-spired forms,
with which is invariably associated an ill-defined channelled suture
and wider umbilicus (about 2 mm.), give the following measures:
——long. 8:5, lat. 9°50 (River Murray); 13:5 by 13-5 (Table Cape);
this variety which I will name inflata approaches in shape to
V. Hamultonensis.

Localities. —Forma typica, Eocene: Table Cape!; Muddy
Creek, also as derived in the upper beds (Miocene)!; Morning-
ton!; Cheltenham!; Gellibrand River!; Belmont!;- River
Murray Cliffs ! ; Shelford !. Mrocexe: J emmy’s Point (a single
dwarf ex.!), Forma inflata , Table Cape!; River Murray Cliffs! ;
Fyansford! ; Bird-rock Bluff (chiefly intermediate between forma
typica and var. inflata) /; Bellarine Peninsula !.

Remarks. —Tenison- Woods (Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. for 1877,
p. 32, 1878) records JW. polita, also, as a recent shell on the
Tasmanian Coast. Johnston (id. for 1884, p. 221, 1885)
adduces the following distinctions for the separation of the living
analogue under the name of WV. Beddomei :—

“In the living form the spire is more depressed, and the
whorls increase more rapidly in size. In the fossil form the
nucleus is invariably smaller than in the living representative,
and the number of whorls in mature specimens is four and
half. In the living mature form the number of whorls is
invariably three and a-half. The aperture in both does not
present any marked differenve, if we except the fact that, in the
fossil state, the inner margin is almost vertical. In the living
form, the same feature is more decidedly angled relative to a

326

central line drawn through the nucleus. If anything the fossil
shell is larger and more solid, although it must be stated, that, 1f
an immature fossil shell be selected for comparison with only the
same number of whorls developed as in the mature living form,
the latter seems to be the broader of the two.”

14. Natiea perspectiva, spec. nor. PL. x., tig. 7

Shell thin, globular, spire short, conic, somewhat obtuse ;
whorls four and a-half, narrow, ventricose, slightly depressed in
front of the suture; suture linear impressed. Surface smooth,
shining, ornamented with strizw of growth; obsoletely wavy-
striated spirally, more conspicuous on base of body-whorl. Aper-
ture regularly semilunate, erect; outer lip thin; columella-margin
thin, thinly and freely everted’ posteriorly, jomed by a callous
film to the outer lip. Umbilicus broad, profund, simple, detined
by an obtuse keel confluent with the basal angle of the aperture
which is there thickened ; the columella-wall of the umbilicus is
somewhat concave, vertically and transversely lined.

Dimensions.—Length, 17; width, 16:5; base and radius of
aperture, 12°5 and 8; width on umbilicus, 4.

Localities. —EocrEnrE : Muddy Creek (common)! ; Mornington! ;
Gellibrand River!; Camperdown!; Cheltenham!. MIocENE :
Gippsland (one ex. !).
mit 7. perspectiva is related to NV. /imata, but it has
more convex whorls, body-whorl much larger, larger umbilicus
defined by a keel; from J. polita it is separable by its globose
form, narrow suture, and wide umbilicus. Among exotic species
it has a near ally in WV. semilunata, Lea, of the Alabama-Eocene
from which it differs chiefly in its impressed suture.

15. Natiea Aldingensis, spec. nov. Pl. x., fig. 5.

Shell moderately solid, somewhat intermediate in shape be-
tween WV. limata and NV. perspectiva, but with a shorter spire, and
though the suture is open yet it is not distinetly channelled as in
those species ; the umbilicus is like that of /imata, but is much
narrower.

Surface ornamented with striz and lines of growth, the latter
raised into slight wrinkles at the suture, and obsolete spiral
lines and strie.

From NV. semilunata it is distinguished by its more ventricose
spire-whorls and small umbilicus.

Dimensions.—Length, 19; width, 18; diameter and radius of
aperture 19 and 9°5 ; width of umbilicus, 2-5.

Localities..-Eocent : Aldinga Cliffs (common); and Adelaide-
bore.

a

- -

327

16. Natiea subinfundibulum, spec. nov. Pl. x., fig. 11; pl. vi., fig. 6.

Shell usually rather thin, depressed, auriform; spire very
short, obtuse; whorls three, suture concealed. Surface with
crowded, curved, transverse lines, which coalesce at the suture in
slight folds. Spiral lines distant and faint, two or three less
indistinct at the suture. Aperture obliquely lunate, outer and
basal margins acute ; columella nearly vertical, the posterior-half
somewhat thickened, slightly reflected, and joined to the outer
lip. Umbilicus very large and perspective ; columella-wall of
the umbilicus slightly concave, or with an ill-defined medial
ridge, distantly spirally-lined and axially closely-striate. The
edge of the umbilical depression either slopes gradually inwards
or is abruptly defined.

Dimensions.—Length and width, 13; height, 8; basal length
of aperture, 12; width of umbilicus, 4°5.

Localities. _EocrEnE: Muddy Creek!; Mornington! Gellibrand
River!; Fyansford!; Cheltenham!; Murray-river Cliffs !.
MiocENE: Muddy Creek!; Gippsland !.

A ffinities.—This third species of the section Sigaretopsis, estab-
lished by Cossmann (Soc. Roy. Malac. Belgique, vol. X XIIT., p.
168, 1888) differs, by comparison of actual specimens, from
V. infundibulum, Wat., by narrower and more convex body-
whorl, and by more obtuse spire. Deshayes’ figures of .V. Woodz
represent a more globulose shell, with a much-less open umbilicus.

I would place in this section Vatica wmbilicata, Quoy and
Gaimard, recent on the coast of Southern Australia, which is
referred to Mamilla by Tryon. Our fossil species is more com-
pressed and vaulted, and has a much wider umbilicus.

Varieties. —V AR. CRASSA is distinguished simply by its thick
test and usually larger size, attaining to 20 mm. in length and
width. It occurs at Muddy Creek in the lower and upper beds ;
sometimes as a derived fossil, though rarely in sitw, in the latter ;
also at Cheltenham, where the largest specimens occur. Var.
RHYSA, In which the spiral ornament consists of close-set wavy
threads. A single example from the River Murray Chifs. But
some specimens of var. crassa from Muddy Creek exhibit this
ornamentation in a less conspicuous way, graduating to the typical
form in which it is obsolete.

GENUS AMPULLINA.

SECTION EUSPIRA.

Ampullina effusa, spec. nov. Pl. x., figs. 2, 2a.
Shell acuminately globose, elongate; test thin and fragile ;
whorls eight and Seale convex, slightly flattened in front of
suture ; suture simple, linearly impressed ; spire elongate,

328

regularly conical, whorls of slow increase, apex erect with the
tip immersed. Surface ornamented by crowded spiral stri,
broken up into narrow (‘5-"75 mm.) transverse bands by slightly
curved incised lines.

Last whorl! globulose, large, a little higher than the length of
the spire. Aperture somewhat oblique, semilunate ; outer and
basal margins eftusively dilated; outer lip shghtly ascending,
thin ; columel’a thinly everted ; umbilicus simple, rather narrow,
partly concealed by the everted columella border.

Dimensions.—Length, 35 ; width, 24; height of aperture, 21 ;
width of aperture, 13, width of umbilicus, 2 (via).

Locality.—Eocene: Glauconitic clayey sands, Adelaide-bore
(many examples).

Remarks.—This interesting species is certainly congeneric with
Natica acuminata, Lamk., and V. Levesquez, D’Orb., transferred
by Cossmann to the section Huspira of the genus Ampullina. It
agrees with them in the elevated and canaliculate spire, but is
readily distinguished by its regular spire (not subulate), effusively
dilated aperture, and elegant sculpture ; from A. acuminata, it is
further removed by being umbilicated, but resembles A. Levesqaei
in its simple umbilicus.

GENUS SIGARETUS.
Sigaretus microstira, spec. nov. Pl. vii., tig. 10.

Shell depressed, narrow oblong-oval ; spire short, not at all
prominent ; suture concealed ; columella slightly thickened and
narrowly reflected, forming an open umbilical fissure. The
ornamentation consists of conspicuous undulations and coincident
strie, and of very slender and distant spiral threads and
coincident striz ; the spiral ornament is hardly visible by the
unaided eye, and is confined to the median and posterior portions
of the body-whorl ; the spiral threads are closer together (the
interspaces only two or three times wider) and are more prom-
inent posteriorly, which are there conspicuously reticulated by
the transverse striz.

Dimensions.—Length, 18 ; breadth, 13 ; height, 7.

Locality.—Kocrent: Bird-rock Bluff (two examples).

A ffinities.—This new species has a resemblance in outline and
elevation of spire to S. Cuviertanus, Recluz. The umbilical
fissure is open, not covered by a reflection of the columella, as is
usual among living congeners, in this particular S. microstiru is
related to C. clathratus and some other species in the Eocene
of Europe, from all of which it differs by its depressed and
elongate shape.

Heligmope, en. nov.
Etymology—/eligmos, a sinuosity ; ope, an aperture.

329

Shell oval-globulose, thin, not pearly, imperforate ; aperture
large, oblique; columella thin, truncated anteriorly ; basal margin
of aperture insinuated.

The genus may be described as an imperforate Hunaticina, or
a Sigaretus, with a sinuated front margin, and stands in relation
to it as Protoma does to Turritella. The non-perlaceous test
removes it from the neighbourhood of Stomate//a.

Heligmope Dennanti, spec. nov. PL. vii., figs. 5-50.

Shell rather thin, oval, convex [or somewhat depressed-orbicu-
lar]; spire moderately prominent [or depressed]. Whorls four
and a-half, suture more or less concealed by the adpressed retlec-
tion from the anterior whorl. Ornament of slightly elevated,
rounded, spiral ribs, about ten on body-whorl [sometimes the
spiral ribs are almost obsolete], narrower than the flatly concave
furrows, crossed by close-set lamelliform striz, which become
wider apart and more distinctly lamellar with the decreasing
revolution of the spire.

Aperture oblique, oblong-oval [or semicircular]; outer lip
acute, crenulated by the spiral ribs; columella cylindric, thinly
reflected posteriorly and adherent over the umbilical area; the
lamelle of the back intersect the sinus-band.

The words included in parentheses in the foregoing diagnosis
refer to the majority of the specimens obtained trom Hallett’s
Cove, and thus markedly differ from the figured specimens which
I select as types and with which all the Muddy Creek specimens
agree ; though from the former locality I have a fairly typical
specimen, otherwise [ should have been disposed to regard the
depressed form as a distinct species.

Dimensions.—Length, 32; width, 27-5; height and width of
aperture, 25 and 16.

Localities. —Miocene: Muddy Creek, Victoria, and Hallett’s
Cove, St. Vincent Gulf

This species was first brought to my notice by Mr. J. Dennant,
who kindly forwarded me the figured examples, after whom it is
named.

FAMILY HIPPONYCID.
Genus Hipponyx.
Hipponyx antiquatus, Lin.
H. foliacea, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Astrolabe, vol. ITT.,
p. 439, pl. 72, figs. 41-45.
A Capulus-like shell with concentric laminations and _ radial
threads.

Habitat.—EocENe and Miocene: Muddy Creek! Recent :
Australia, Polynesia, ce.

330

Hipponyx australis, Lamarck.

H. australis, Quoy and Gaimard, op. cit., p. 434, pl. 72, figs.
25-34.

Differs from H. antiquatus by its broadish flat radiating ribs
ribs separated by narrow interstices.

Habitat.—M1ocENeE: Hallett’s Cove, St. Vincent Gulf !; and
Muddy Creek! Nerwer PuiioceNE: Limestone Creek, Dartmoor
(J. Dennant /). Recent: Australia, New Zealand, &e.

FAMILY CALYPTRAIDZ.
GENUS CREPIDULA.
SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

Apex terminal. l. wnguiformis.
Apex submarginal. 2. dubitabilis.
Apex posterior, but distant, hooked. 3. Hainsworth.

1. Crepidula unguiformis, Lamarck.

Id., Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 1.

Forma typica.—Upper surface flat or concave.

Habitat.—Miocene, Gippsland !. Fossil specimens have been
compared with living examples from east coast of N. America
and from Southern Australia. [Also Pliocene, Wanganui, W&c.,
New Zealand. Recent, almost cosmopolitan. |

Forma convexa.—(Syn. C. immersa, Angas). Upper surface
convex.

Habitat.—Eecene: Muddy Creek!; Cheltenham!; Table
Cape !. Recent: South Australia, &e.

Forma inflata.—(Syn. C. monoxyla, Lesson). Upper surface
very convex ; resembles C. fornicata without radial ridges.

Habitat.—Eocene: Muddy Creek !. Miocene: Muddy Creek
(specimens faintly ridged) !. Newer Phocene: Limestone Creek
(J. Dennant /). Recent: New Zealand, and also in Pliocene
strata at Wanganui, Petane, &c.

2. Crepidula dubitabilis, spec. nov. PI. ix., fig. 5.

Shell like C. monoxyla, but the small spiral apex is narrowly
separated from the margin. It, however, varies from convexedly
depressed to moderately inflated.

Dimensions of a medium specimen :—Length, 25 ; width, 16;
height, 8.

Localities. — EocENE: River Murray Cliffs!; Mornington !.
Miocene: Gippsland lakes !

3. Crepidula Hainsworthi, /ohzston.
Ref.-—Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania for 1884, p. 333, figs. a-c,
1885; id., Geol. Tasmania, t. 32, f. 13, 1888.
Basal outline oval, narrowly and abruptly arched laterally,

Ww
rN)
fund

and gently rounded longitudinally ; surface with fine growth-
lines ; beak hooked, posterior, projecting beyond the posterior
margin.
Dimensions.—Length, 14; breadth, 8 ; height, 5-5 mm.
Locality..—_EocrENnE: Table Cape (J. M. Johnston).

GENUS CALYTRAEA.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.
Axis imperforate (CALYPTRAEA, s.8.).
Shell depressed, apex subcentral.
Concentrically corrugated, interruptedly convex.

us corrugata.
Concentrically lamellose-striate, regularly convex.
2. placuna.

Spire elevated, apex lateral or subcentral.
Whorls ventricose, posteriorly flattened. 3. sawbtabulata.
Whorls regularly convex.
Spire narrow-conic ; finely lamellate-striate concentrically ;

spirally-lned. 4, undulata.
Spire broad-conic ; concentrically lamellose.
Dy CYASSA.
Axis umbilicate (CALyprropsis) depressedly convex, apex very
excentric.

Body-whorl ventricose ; base subcircular.
Concentrically lined, radially lined and striated.
6. arachnoideus.
Body-whorl Hatly sloping posteriorly.
Base subcircular, slender radial and concentric threads.

if turbinata.
Base oval, radially costated, finely lamellose, striated con-
centrically, body-whorl much depressed. 8. umbilicata.

1. Calyptraea corrugata, spec. nov. PI. vii., tig. 9.

Shell depressed, orbicular in basal outline, sub-pellucid ; body-
whorl more or less ventricose around the suture, surface irregu-
larly concentrically ridged ; edge of septum slightly arched.

Similar to C. pellucida, Reeve, with specimens of which I have
compared it; but differs by interruptedly-convex whorls and
strong growth-folds.

Dimensions.—Basal diameters, 12 and 11; height, 3-5.

Localities. —Miocene : Muddy Creek and at Nor’-west Bend,
River Murray.

2. Calyptraea placuna, spec. nov. PI. vii., fig. 4.

Shell depressed, thin, fragile, orbicular in basal outline ; body-
whorl regularly convex, anterior surface slenderly ]amellate con-
centrically, becoming posteriorly striate.

332

Dimensions.— Basal diameters, 15 and 16; height, 4°25.
Localities. —Eocene : Aldinga Clitts and Adelaide-bore.

3. Calyptraea subtabulata, spec. nov. PI. vii., fig. 1.

Syn.—Trochita calyptraeformis, R. M. Johnston, Proc. Roy. Soc.,
Tasmania for 1876, p. 86 (1877) ; id., “ Geol. Tasm.,” t. 295i ee

Shell moderately stout, orbicular in basal outline, spire elevated,
subcentral ; apex minute, slightly exsert ; body-whorl conspicu-
ously flattened in front of suture, surface with subimbricating
growth-folds and spiral coarse strie; septum with a nearly
straight edge.

The shell varies much in height, and the higher the spire the
more tabulated are the whorls, the figured specimen represents
the most commonly-occurring form.

Dimensions.— Basal diameters, 29°5 and 26°5 ; height, 12.

Locality.— Eocene: Table Cape, Tasmania, PR. MW. Johnston, Ke. !

This abundant fossil at Table Cape was referred by Johnston
to the living Australian shell, Z’rochus calyptraeformis, Lamarck
(=Calyptraea tomentosa, Quoy and G.), to which, however, it has
only a distant resemblance.

Pileopsis navicelloides, R. M. Johnston, Poc. Roy. Soc.,
Tasmania, for 1879, p. 39 (1880), is probably a Calyptraea, and
possibly a very young state of C. subtabulata. The original
diagnosis reads as follows :—Shell minute, depressed, subrotund ;
nucleus scarcely lax, exserted, of about one and a half smooth
turns, submarginal ; disk with rough uneven surface, concentric-

ally irregularly striate; aperture ovate, closed at posterior

margin by a spiral concave shelf, terminating on either side by a
downward reflexed curve in the muscular impressions, which are
well-defined. Dia. mag., 3:5; min., 3; alt., 1. Table Cape
(one specimen).

4. Calyptraea undulata, spec. nov. PI. vii., fig. 3.

Shell thin, orbicular in basal outline; spire elevated, subcen-
tral, of rather rapidly increasing, steep-sloping whorls; apex

minute, oblique, circinately-coiled ; body-whorl regularly convex ;

surface concentrically ridged and coincidently striated, faintly
spirally-lned ; septum ek a nearly straight edge.

Dimensions.—Major and minor diameters, 16-5 5. and) Way

height, 8.
Localities.—Eocene: Muddy Creek; River Murray Cliffs.
Differs from C. swbtabulata by regular convex whorls and more
excentric spire.

5. Calyptraea erassa, spec. nov. PI. vii., figs. 2, 7.
Shell rather stout, orbicular in basal outline; spire elevated,

subcentral of rapidly increasing, moderately convex whorls ;

a ee

apex small, oblique, circinately coiled; body-whorl regularly
flatly convex, concentrically lamellose-ridged; septum with a_
concave edge.

Dimensions.—Diameters, 27 and 25; height, 11.

Localities.—Miocene : Gippsland Lakes (common)! ; Hallett’s
Cove !.

Differs from C. undulata, by its less excentric apex and less
ventricose whorls.

SUBGENUS CALyptTrROPIS, 7'ate.

Ref.—Proc. Roy. Soc., N.S. Wales, vol. XX VIT., p..181, 1893.
‘Shell like Calptraea, but muniilicated: and ie a ealanene
insinuosity at the umbilical border.

6. Calyptropsis arachnoideus, spec. nov. PI. vii., fig. 9.

Shell thin, orbicular in basal outline ; spire depressed, apex
submarginal, of rapidly increasing, ventricose whorls; surface
ornamented with acute raised concentric threads and distant
similar spiral threads ; the interspaces with close, raised striz ;
septum slightly ecurved medially, slightly concave, faintly radiately
ridged.

Dimensions. —Diameters, 12°5 and 10°5; height, 4:25.

Localities.— Kocene : Aldinga Cliffs and Adelaide- bore (very
rare.

7. Calyptropsis turbinata, 7’en.- Woods.

Trochita turbinata, Ten.-Woods, Proc. Lin. Soc., N.S. Wales,
vol; di1 5. p30) pl. 21, fie. 15) 1879.

Shell thin, suborbicular in. basal outline, turbinately depressed ;
whorls two and a-half, rapidly increasing, somewhat flattened
posteriorly, apex exsert; surface slightly corrugated concentrically,
and coincidently finely lined ; spirally distantly lined, faintly
ridged on posterior area of body-whorl ; septum deeply sunk,
radiately sulcate ; umbilicus narrow.

Dimensions.— Diameters, 11 and 10; height, 4:5.

Localities.—Kocene : Muddy Creek (Zenison- Woods /) ; Bird-
rock Bluff, near Geelong !.

8. Calyptropsis umbilicata, Johnston.

Crepidula umbilicata, R. M. Johnston, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas-
mania for 1884, p. 232 (two figs.), 1885; id., “ Geol. Tasmania,
t. 32, fig. 10, 1888.

Shell rather thin, oval in basal outline ; bocdy-whorl depressed,
flatly convex, more rapidly sloping from the periphery to the
margins ; apex posterior, oblique, submarginal, slightly elevated ;
whorls two and a-half of very rapid increase ; surface somewhat
rugose with afew distant spiral ridges crossed by lamelle of

304

growth, and coincident fine strie. Septum flat or slightly
concave, its margin uearly straight ; umbilicus moderately wide
profund.

Dimensions.—Diameters, 17 and 13 ; height, 5.

Locality.—Table Cape (AR. M. Johnston /).

GENus CAPULUS.
Syn.—Pileopsis, Lamk.

SPECIES EXCLUDED.
Pileopsis navicelloides, Johnston, is transferred to Calyptraea,

1. Capulus cirecinatus, spec. nov. PI. vii., fig. 8.

Shell cornucopia-shaped with a spiral recurved - slightly
excentric apex, base roundly oval, sides slightly compressed;
whorls two and a-half, the anterior one detached ; surface with
fine radial threads crossed by slender folds and fine threads which
are arched medially.

Dimensions.— Diameters, 2°5 and 2 ; height, 3°25.

Locality.— Eocene : Adelaide-bore (one ex.).

2. Capulus Danieli, Crosse.

Syn.—C subrufus, Sowerby, non Lamk.

The fossils, which I refer to the living species of this name,
have been compared with specimens of a species usually known
in Southern Australian waters as Capulus subrufus, Sowb., the
larger forms of which have received Crosse’s name, as the result
of comparison of authenticated examples from New Caledonia.

Tyron places the species in the genus /Hipponyx, but as no
shelly base is formed, I retain it in Capulus.

The shell has somewhat compressed sides, an irregular orbic-
ular base, but it is variable in these particulars, as largely
dependent on the outline of the surface of attachment ; the apex
is posterior usually turned to the left, and either prolonged or
subspirally hooked.

The fossil specimens exhibit equal variation of shape and form
of apex, as do the recent ones, but seem to be devoid of fine
radial ridges, and thus present the usual aspect of beach-shells.

Localities—Eocene: Muddy Creek!. Miocene: Aldinga
Cliffs and Muddy Creek !.

FAMILY TURRITELLID.

GENUS TURRITELLA.

From the great variability in form and sculpture of the
majority of our fossil-species of this genus, one is tempted to
conclude that no satisfactory position can be taken up anywhere

3oBo

between the extremes regarding the whole genus as an enormous
protean species, or describing nearly every colony as a separate
species. Here characters can be seen varying in all directions,
and in almost all degrees, though some variations seem to be
fixed, whilst others remain indefinite. This is very perplexing
in the definition of species, though to the student of evolution
this ditticulty will be full of interest.

Specimens presenting a sinus in the outer lip are too rare (and
so far only observed in two species) to use this feature in the
arrangement of the species, but the form of curvature, which
the incremental lines present, may prove of importance ; the
exigencies of publication have, however, prevented me_ testing
fully the classiticatory value of this character.

The internal septation, which is exhibited by two of our
species (7. septifraga, in which it is invariable and frequent, and
T. tristira, observed in one instance), is a feature hitherto unre-
corded in the genus.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

Whorls smooth, or not distinctly lirate, subimbricating.
Shell very elongate, posterior whorls medially carinate.
1. septifraga.
Shell under 15 mm., anterior whorls ridged posteriorly.
2. pagodula.
Whorls carinate and lirate.
Keels granulose.
Keels three, median granulose. 3. Aldingae.
Keels three, anterior and median granulose.
4. Warburton.
5)

Keels three, middle one granulose. Sturtii.

Keels four to five, all granulose. 6. gemmulata.
Keels not granulose.

Keels three, equal. ie trostira.

Keel one, very prominent. 8. conspicabilis.

Keels two, whorls imbricate. Os acricula.

Whorls lirate.
Lire numerous, squamose, whorls medially concave.

’ 10. Murrayana.
Lire under 20, more or less unequal, whorls flat or imbricate ;
shell slender. 3e acricula.

Lire five or less, whorls flat or slightly convex.
LI. platyspira.
SPECIES EXCLUDED.
Turritella transenna, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Lin. Soc., vol. IIT.,

p. 234, an Eocene-fossil at Muddy Creek, is transferred to
Mathilda.

336

1. Turritella septifraga, spec. nov. Pl. viii., fig. 5.

Shell narrowly lanceolate-turreted ; whorls 18, apex unknown
anterior whorls concave, sloping to the sharp angulation at (and
somewhat imbricating over) the anterior suture ; posterior whorls
flat or very slightly concave, slightly keeled in the anterior-
fourth, suture linear.

Surface ornamented with deeply sinuous, crowded, fine striz
of growth ; the anterior keel of the anterior whorls two to three
lined, faintly and distantly lined on the concave area.

Aperture subquadrangular, outer lip with a broad, moderately-
deep sinus (that is judging from growth-lines).

The interior is septated at every two or three whorls through-
out the posterior-half of the length of the shell; and the facility
with which the shell breaks at these junctions has suggested the
specific name.

Dimensions. —Length (incomplete), 100; width, 17.

Locality.—Eocene: Bird-rock Blutt, Geelong !.

The absence of conspicuous spiral ornament removes this
species from somewhat similar congeners, such as 7. Caumingia,
Reeve, 7. imbricataria, Lk., &e.

2. Turritella pagodula, spec. nov. Pl. viii., fig. 10.

Shell small, acuminately turreted; whorls thirteen (incl.
embryo), with a prominent roundly-angled ridge over the anterior
suture, with or without a less conspicuous ridge at the posterior
suture; apical whorls two, very small, inflated ; posterior spire-whorls
keeled over the suture. Surface smooth, shining, closely insinu-
ate-striate transversely and faintly spirally-lined in the concave
area between the anterior and posterior ridges. Periphery of
body-whorl subtended by a subordinate keel ; base with about
ten concentric threads crossed by radial striz. Aperture sub-
quadrangular ; outer lip with a semicircular insinuation above
the anterior keel.

Dimensions.—Length, 12°5 ; width, 4°25.

Locality.—Miocene: Gippsland Lakes (not uncommon !).

This species has some affinity with the recent 7’. exoleta, Linn.,
but its small size and obsolete posterior ridge distinguish it; also
with 7. granulifera, Tenison-Woods, which is, however, conspicu-
ously different by its granulated keels; and more so with
T. terebellata, Tate, m.s., Newer Pliocene, Limestone Creek,
W. Victoria, which has the anterior keel nodulose.

3. Turritella Aldingse, 7Jate. PI. viii., fig. 1.
Reference.—Trans. Roy. Soc. 8. Aust., vol. V., p. 45, 1882.
Shell acutely pryamidal, a little more than three times as long

as broad, whorls about twenty in a length of 33 mm., sub-

quadrate or flattish with three prominent ribs, moderately
impressed suture, the medial ones usually granulose. Base
flattened, ornamented with many unequal-sized spiral threads,
which are crossed by very fine radial striz. Aperture subquad-
rate, margins united by a somewhat thick callus, which extends
over much of the base; columella arched, regularly curving to
the rounded basal lip; outer lip somewhat flatly compressed,
deeply and broadly sinuated.

The ornament on the whorls varies much in different speci-
mens, as well as in different parts of the same shell. The
medium prominent rib is generally granulose ; the posterior rib
is bisulcated, or not infrequently replaced by two or three strong
threads ; the interspaces between the ribs and adjacent to the
sutures are ornamented with a few spiral threads crossed by
curved lines of growth. On the anterior whorls of large
examples there are about eight unequalled-sized spiral ribs—the
posterior rib on the earlier whorls has developed into three
prominent ribs, and one or more of the intermediate threads have
become conspicuous, whilst the granulations of the medium rib
have disappeared.

The posterior six whorls or so have occasionally all the ribs
granulose, thus resembling 7’. Sturtii ; but at this early stage
7’. Aldinge does not possess intermediate ribs.

Dimensions.— Length, 36 ; breadth, 10°5; depth and width of
sinus, 3.

Localities.—Eccene: Argillaceous limestone and _ associated
clays at Blanche Point, Aldinga Bay (very abundant), and Ade-
laide-bore !; also in the “ Turritella limestone” about Ardrossan,
Yorke Peninsula (J. G. O. Tepper /).

In outline, general shape of whorls, and deep sinus, this fossil
species has an analogue in 7. runcinata, Watson, ‘ Challenger”
Gasteropoda, p. 475, t. 30, fig. 3; compared with actual speci-
mens of which, the fossil is conspicuously distinguished by curved
columella (not straight in the axis, and effusively dilated at the
front), and tricarinate whorls.

4. Turritella Warburtoni, 7ex.-Woods. Pl. viii., fig. 2.

Shell small, narrowly pyramidal; whorls 15, in a length of
9°5 mm. ; apex of two and a-half smooth turns, the tip subglobu-
lose, the next turn narrow and convex ; ordinary whorls concave,
separated by a narrow deeply impressed suture, roundly elevated
at the posterior suture, more angulated and elevated at the
anterior suture; posterior to which and near to is a more acute
but less stout keel ; the two anterior ribs more or less granulose ;
each of the interspaces between the keels with two or three fine
threads of varying size. Growth-lines hardly discernible, slightly

Boo

arched. Base flat, separated from peripheral keel by a deep
groove ; ornamented with about eight spirai ridges.

Aperture quadrate ; columella thinly reflected.

Dimensions.—Length, 14; breadth,

Locality. —Eocene: Table Cape (Zen.- Wvods, common !).

Has a resemblance to 7. paygodula, Tate, but is a narrower
shell, and differs in the details of the ornamentation ; from
T. granulifera, T.-Wds., to which it bears some resemblance by
its smooth posterior keel and its prominent anterior one.

5. Turritella Sturtii, Venison-Woods. PI. viii., tig. 6.

Shell small, acutely pyramidal; whorls fifteen in a length of
12 mm., apex of three small smooth rounded turns ; ordinary
whorls constricted at the suture, spirally ribbed ; prominent ribs
three, equidistant, of which the median and anterior ones are
granulose, the posterior one often double, each interspace with
about two fine spiral threads ; growth-lines deeply arched. Base
flattened, angulated at the margin, with seven or eight equal-
sized spiral threads, crossed by numerous very fine strie. Aper-
ture subquadrate ; outer-lip thin: columella thinly reflected
behind and over the base.

Dimensions.—Length, 22; breadth, 5°25.

Locality.—Eocene: Abundant in the ‘ Turritella beds,” Table
Cape (Tenison- Woods 1’).

6. Turritella gemmualata, spec. nov. PI. viii., fig. 11.

Shell minute, narrow lanceolate-turreted ; apex of one and
a-half turns, the tip globulose, the next turn convex, narrow ;
whorls nine (excl. embryo), flatly concave, but separated by a
broad, deeply impressed suture; ornamented by beaded ribs,
decreasing in number from front backwards from five or six to
three, the next but one to the anterior suture usually with the
largest granules ; the last three spire-whorls bi- or uni-carinate.
Periphery of body-whorl rounded, base with about five encircling
threads ; aperture rotund, columella thinly reflected.

Dimensions.—Length, 6°5 ; width, 1°75.

Localities.—Eocene: Muddy Creek (not uncommon !); Bird-
rock Blutt, Spring Creek (rare !).

7. Turritella tristira, ate. Pl. viii., fig. 8; Pl. x., fig. 3.
Ref.—Proc. Roy. Soc., Tasmania, for 1884, p. 227 (1885).
Shell acuminately turreted ; apical angle about 15°; whorls

seventeen, anterior and medial whorls slightly convex, suture
linear; apex globulose of one and a half whorls, the tip im-
miemenl the first four or five spire-whorls flatly convex, the next
three or four medially concave. Surface ornamented with three
conspicuous, acute, spiral ribs, the interspaces with closely and

JOO

finely spiral strie and inconspicuous transverse striz ; the sulci
on each side of the central rib are of equal breadth, but the
anterior rib is separated from the suture by a distance less than
that which intervenes between it and central rib, whilst the
posterior rib is separated from its corresponding suture by a
distance greater than the breadth of the medial sulcus. Last
whorl with four keels, truncately angular at the periphery ; base
spirally flatly ribbed and interstriated. Aperture quadrate ;
outer lip imperfect; the strize of growth deeply roundly arched
between the anterior and posterior keels.

Dimensions.—Length, 46 ; breadth, 12.

Locality.—Kocene: Table Cape (f&. M. Johnston, one ex-
ample !); Cheltenham (not uncommon !); Camperdown !; Bel-
mont !;(?) well-sinking, Murray Desert!. Miocene: Gipps-
land Lakes (very abundant !).

This species is distinct from the few living species, which are
conspicuously three-ribbed, by shape, ornament, and the unsym-
metrical position of the revolving keels. 7’. tricincta, Hutton,
Pliocene and Miocene in New Zealand, has three unequal keels
and the whorls more convex.

8. Turritella econspieabilis, spec. nov. Pl. viii., fig. 7.

Shell similar to 7’. tristira, but differs in its ornamentation.
The spire is acuminately attenuated ; the embryonic whorls are
succeeded by two or three convex whorls, then follow three or
four, which are convex posteriorly, but abruptly declining to the
anterior suture ; the anterior keel becomes stronger, and on the
posterior area threads appear, increasing in number with the
revolution of the spire. Anterior whorls have a high rounded
rib, situated in the anterior one-third, separated by a wide sulcus
from the posterior one-half, which is ornamented by six to ten
threads alternately large and small; the anterior-half, including
the keel, is spirally striate.

Locality.— Eocene: Spring Creek!. Miocene: Gippsland Lakes!.

Though associated with 7’. tristira at the latter locality, and not
with it elsewhere, yet as there are no decided intermediate stages,
I have somewhat reluctantly considered it a distinct species. <A
varietal form (pl. ix., fig. 6), if not a distinct species, occurs
abundantly at Spring Creek, which differs by less prominent
keel. It makes some approach to that variety of 7. rwncinata,
in which the front keel is conspicuously elevated, but the whorls
are more quadrate, the keel truncated on the edge; whiist the
spiral stri are fewer and not wavy-interrupted.

9. Turritella aecricula, spec. nov. Pl. viii., fig. 4; pl. ix., figs. 4, 7, 8.
Shell very acutely lanceolate-turreted ; whorls twenty, apex
mammillary of two narrow convex turns, early posterior whorls

x

340

smooth and sharply carinated in the middle, anterior whorls
flatly convex to the sharp or blunt angulation at (and somewhat
imbricating over) the anterior suture, sometimes the anterior
angulation is obsolete. Surface ornamented with spiral threads
(about fifteen or more); of these three to five are sharply
elevated into slender keels, the medial one of which is usually
the most prominent, the interspaces being then finely late ;
rarely are the threads approximately of equal strength. The
transverse ornament consists of medially-arched growth-lines,
close or rather distant, in the latter case producing the appear-
ance of punctures, sometimes the lines of growth are raised into
lamelle. Periphery of body-whorl acutely angulated, base con-
centrically ribbed and radially striated. Aperture subquad-
rangular, slightly oblique, columella nearly straight, thinly re-
flected and spreading behind ; outer lip not seen perfect.

Dimensions.—Length, 38 ; breadth, 6°25

Localities. Eocene: River Murray Cliffs (very abundant 3
Sc. Mornington!; Muddy Creek! ; iE Cheltenham !; Corio Bay !;
Camperdown !; Gellibrand River !; Spring Creek !: Table Cape.
Miocene: Gippsland Lakes! ; Hees Cliffs (imperfectly deter-
minate !).

This species varies in the form of the whorls and the develop-
ment of the lire; a variety occurring at Gellibrand River and
Muddy Creek has slightly, though regularly, convex whorls,
which are finely lirate (pl. ix., fig. 4); a similar form occurs at
Table Cape (pl. iv., fig. 12), but is much stouter, slightly angu-
lated towards the suture, and strongly lirate.

It is separable with difficulty from 7’. acuta, Ten.-Woods, Proc.
Roy. Soc. Tasmania, p. 143, 1876, a recent species in 8. Australia
and Tasmania; they have similar apices, and exhibit the same
variation in the extent of imbrication of the whorls; but
T. acricula is relatively narrower, and has more lire, whilst in
T. acuta the lire never assume the character of keels.

10. Turritella Murrayana, Yate. PI. viii., fig. 3.

Torcula Murrayana, Tate, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., for 1884,
p. 227 (1885).

Shell pyramidally turreted, apical angle about 15°. Whorls
twelve to fourteen, flattish, medially depressed, and acutely
elevated at about the anterior-fourth; suture thread-like or
somewhat grooved ; apical whorls two, very small, globulose ;
first’ spire- -whorls rapidly enlarging 1-3 carinate. Surface orna-
mented by about 24 spiral thr eads, ° with or without smaller inter-
mediary ones, crossed by close-set striz, the latter on the anterior
whorls thinly squamose. Last whorl bluntly truncated on the
periphery; base with spiral threads and transverse striz as on
the upper part of the whorl.

341

Aperture quadrately oval, continuous; outer lip with a deepish
subtriangular median sinus.

The sectional outline of the whorls varies from flat or slightly
concave to somewhat quadrate, and correspondingly in the depth
of the suture; the ante-medial keel is sometimes obsolete, but
the medial depression is always present.

Dimensions.—Length, 60; breadth, 17 ; height of last whorl,
12.

River Murray Cliffs (very abundant !) ;
Muddy Creek!; Corio Bay, near Geelong!; Mornington !;
Gellibrand River !; Belmont! My Table Cape iG R. M. Johnston . As
Miocene : Gippsland Lakes (rare !

T. Murrayana has resemblance to 7’. declivis, Ads. & Reeve,
but has not the backward-slanting whorls of that species, which
is apparently without a conspicuous sinus in the outer lip. It
has also much resemblance to 7’. rosea, Quoy & Gaimard, but in
that the spiral ornament of the posterior whorls develop into
ribs on the anterior whorls.

The Table Cape specimens have usually flattish or slightly
concave whorls with or without the anterior keel, but fall within
the limits of variation exhibited by the Murray examples, though
they are usually broader in proportion—the apical angle being as
much as 18°

11. Turritella platyspira, Venison-Woods. Pl. viii., fig. 9.
fef.—Proc. Lin. Soc. N.S8.W., vol. ITT, p. 234, t. 20, f. 13, 1878.
Shell acutely pyramidal-tur reted, thin, ‘polished ; spire subulate-
attenuated, ending in a nucleus of two very small rotund turns.
Whorls fifteen, the posterior ones flat, the anterior ones slightly
convex ; ornamented by three inconspicuous (sometimes obsolete)
spiral threads, which are equidistant from each other and from
the sutures, the interstices faintly spirally striated; a shallow
sulcus separates the anterior thread from the medial one ; incre-
mental lines deeply flexuous, hardly visible.

Aperture subquadrangular, base finely concentrically lined.
Length, 13 ; width, 3°75.

PI SE Muddy Ceeek (Tenison- Woods /),; River
Murray Cliffs!; Gellibrand River!; Fyansford!; Mornington !.

Tt. platyspira resembles 7’. congelata, Ads. & Reeve, but that
shell seems to be wanting in the deep sigmoidal gr owth-lines,

GENUS MESALIA.
Mesalia stylaeris, spec. nov. PI. ix., fig. 2.

Shell minute, thin, and pyramidally feral with a mucronate
apex ; pullus cylindric of four narrow convex whorls ; spire-
whorls five, convex or subangulated medially, ornamented by

342

about seven narrow flat threads; body-whorl convex to the
rounded or subangulated periphery ; lirate and crossed by slightly
sigmoidal incremental strie ; base flattened or subconvex ; aper-
ture oval ; outer lip thin, medially ecurved ; columella thick,
arched, flattened, and margined at the exterior, callously united
to the outer lip.

Dimensions.—Length, 4; breadth, 2 (vix.).

Locality.—EKocene: ‘Turritella-banks,” Blanche Point, Al-
dinga Cliffs (common !).

This diminutive species of the genus is otherwise distinguished
by its styliform apex.

FAMILY VERMETIDZ.
GENUS THYLACODES.

Shell adherent, irregularly twisted, without lamin or keels
internal, but frequently concamerated.
SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.
Posteriorly compactly coiled, afterwards lengthened.
Whorls embracing forming a broad cone. ie octinotus.
Whorls contiguous forming a cylinder.
Surface lirate and finely costate.
Surface roundly costate.
Posteriorly irregularly and loosely coiled.
Uncoiled portion much extended, densely Sqn ribbed.

cratericulus.

)
ays conohelia.

asper
Uncoiled portion short ; distantly ribbed. 5. rudis.
Shell vermiculate, slender, finely sculptured. 6. Adelaidensis.

1. Thylaeodes actinotus, spec. nov. PI. ix., fig.

Solitary or rarely two together; whorls embracing and
reciprocally adherent except the last turn, which is extended into
a very short erect tube. The aggregate mass is broadly conical ;
ornamented with thin lamellose radial ridge ; the free tubular
portion circular in section.

Dimensions.— Diameters, 5 to 6; height (ex. free tube), 2°5.

Locality.— Eocene : Adelaide-bore !

2. Thylacodes eratericulus, spec. nov. PI. ix., fig. 3.

Solitary or two together, early whorls irregularly coiled,
anterior whorls compacted, irregularly conoid or shortly cylin-
droid, finally obliquely-extended into a long much-narrowed tube.
Whorls ornamented with five or six spiral ridges crossed by
straight threads producing square or oblong fenestrations ; basal
part of tube similarly ornamented gradually becoming obsolete
towards the extremity.

er re ee

343

Dimensions.—Diameters of base, 6°5 and 5:5 ; length of tube,
8; its diameter, 1°5.

Localities.—Eocene: Muddy Creek!; Mornington !; Fyans-
ford !; Gellibrand River !.

3. Thylacodes conohelix, 7ev.-Woods. Pl. ix., fig. 11.

Vermetus conohelix, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm.
fog 16/6, p. 100, 1877.

Solitary, “tube adhering, corrugated, coiled ; lower whorls
laterally depressed into a ridge, and coiled upon each other with
a truncated flattened hollow cone of two whorls, at the apex the
tube becomes free, obliquely erect, flexuous, and cylindrical ;
aperture somewhat thick and orbicular. Height of cone, 3 ;
breadth, 6; length of free end, 5; width of aperture, 1.”

The common form of this shell at Spring Creek, which IT figure,
has a more contracted base, and the anterior whorls forming a
cylinder.

Locdlities. — Table Cape (Ten.-Woods!): Spring Creek
(common !); Moorabool Valley, and Bellarine Peninsula (G. B.
Pritchard !).

4. Thylacodes asper, spec. wov. Pl. ix., fig. 10.

Solitary, early whorls more or less regularly convolute ; finally
horizontally extended, at first attached, but largely free. Free
tube with crowded, slightly elevated longitudinal ribs, narrower
than the sulci, crossed by intricately-disposed lamellar threads,
which produce asperities on the ribs.

Dimensions.— Diameter of the close spiral, 6 ; of free tube, 3:5.

Locality.— Eocene: Gellibrand River !.

5. Thylaecodes rudis, spec. nov. PI. ix., fig. 8.

Usually solitary ; base contortedly coiled, broadly and laterally
attached ; anterior whorls rounded, more loosely coiled and
irregularly bent, free part of tube short, not contracted, circular
in section. The early whorls are concamerated. Surface orna-
mented with longitudinal lire, about eleven on upper and lateral
areas, distantly squamosely elevated.

Dimensions.—Diameter of aggregate mass, about 25; diameter
of tube, 5:5 to 6.

Locality.—Eocene : Table Cape !, Gellibrand River !.

This species is the fossil analogue of Vermetus arenarius, Quoy
and Gaimard, from which it differs by less-compactly-coiled and
abruptly-bent whorls, and fewness of longitudinal lire.

6. Thylacodes Adelaidensis, spec. nov. Pl. ix., fig. 9.
Solitary. Attached portion not known. Free part filiform,
irregularly bent, circular in section; surface ornamented with

344

slender, obtuse threads, about 25 at the widest part (sometimes
obsolete), minutely squamosely elevated at the intercrossing of
regular circumscribing strive.

Dimensions.—Known only by fragments, the greatest diameter
of which is 2-5; diameter at the only partition observed, 1.

Localities.—Eocene: Adelaide-bore and ‘ Turritella-beds,”
Aldinga Cliffs.

This species closely resembles in size and form V. angwillinus,
Desh., of the Parisian Eocene, with actual specimens of which I
have made comparison, but differs from it by more distant
threads.

EPPLANATION TO PLATES VI. TO X.
N.B.—The figures are of the uatural size, except when otherwise stated.
PuaTE VI.

1. Natica sub-Nox, Tate. Spring Creek, 2x.

2. Natica varians, Tate. Muddy Creek.

3. Natica substolida, Tate. Muddy Creek.

4, Natica gibbosa, Hutton. Murray Desert.

5, Natica Mooraboolensis, V'ate. Moorabool River.

6. Natica subinfundibulum, Tate. Muddy Oreek.

7. Natica balteatella, Yate. Pliocene: Dry Creek-bore.
8. Natica subvarians, Tate. Aldinga Cliffs.
9, Natica varians, Tate. Muddy Creek.
0. Natica subyarians, Tate. Gippsland.

Puate VII.

hy
i
9

SO TS OV G9 NO as

Calyptraea subtabulata, Vate. Table Cape.
Calyptraea crassa, 7'ate. Gippsland.

Calyptraea undulata, Tate. Muddy Creek.
Calyptraea placuna, Tate. Adelaide-bore.
Heligmope Dennanti, Yate. Muddy Creek.
Calyptraea corrugata, Tate. Muddy Creek.

A young individual variation of C. crassa.
Capulus circinatus, J’ate. Adelaide-bore.

. Calyptropsis arachnoideus, Tate. Adelaide-bore.
. Sigaretus microstira, Z’ate. Spring Creek.

Puate VIII.

—_

a
B

HB OOMUIAMNE WHE

. Turritella Aldingz, Vate. Adelaide-bore.

. Turritella Warburtoni, T'en.- Woods. Table Cape.
Turritella Murrayana, J'ate. River Murray Cliffs.
. Turritella acricula, Tate. River Murray Cliffs.

. Turritella septifraga, Tate. Spring Creek.

. Turritella Sturtii, Ven.- Woods. Table Cape.

. Turritella conspicabilis, Tate. Gippsland.

. Turritella tristira, Vate, var. Gippsland.

. Turritella platyspira, 7’en.- Woods. Muddy Creek.
. Turritella pagodula, Tate. Gippsland.

. Turritella gemmulata, Tate. Muddy Creek.

—

345

Puate IX.
Fig.
. Thylacodes actinotus, Tate. Adelaide-bore.
Mesalia stylacris, Tate. Aldinga.
Thylacodes cratericulus, 7'ate. Mornington.
Turritella acricula, Tate, var. Gellibrand River.
Crepidula dubitabilis, Z’ate. Gippsland.
Turritella conspicabilis, ate, var. Spring Creek.
Turritella acricula, Tate, var. Gippsland.
Thylacodes rudis, Tate. Table Cape.
Thylacodes Adelaidensis, Jate. Adelaide-bore.
Thylacodes asper, V’ate. Gellibrand River.
. Thylacodes conohelix, V'enison- Woods. Spring Creek.

—
SOD TANS? SE ROO DO ry

—
—

12. Turritella acricula, V’ate, var. Table Cape.
PLATES X.
Fig.
1. Scalaria leptalea, Tate. Camperdown. Enlarged 5x., and magnified

apex.

2. Euspira effusa. Tate. Adelaide-bore. Dorsal aspect and magnified
. portion of surface ; 2a. Aperture of another specimen.
3. Turritella tristira, Tate. Table Cape. Nat. size and magnified por-

tion of surface.

4. Natica limata, Tate. Muddy Creek. Nat. size and portion of surface
enlarged.

5. Natica Aldingensis, Tate. Adelaide-bore. (The carination is due to
fracture in life.)

6. Natica Hamiltonensis, Vate. Muddy Creek.

7. Natica perspectiva, Tate. Muddy Creek. Enlarged 1°5x.

8. Natica arata, Tate. River Murray Cliffs.

9. Natica vixumbilicata, Ven.- Woods Table Cape.

0. Crossea semiornata, Tate. Spring Creek. Nat. size and portion of
penultimate whorl enlarged. |

1]. Natica subinfundibulum, Tate. Muddy Creek. (Figures not cor-
rectly drawn.)

346

NOTES ON THE GOVERNMENT BORINGS AT
TARKANINNA AND MIRRABUCKINNA, WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE FORAMINIFERA
OBSERVED THEREIN.

By Watrer Howcain, F.G.S.
[Read October 17, 1893.]

IT have been indebted to Mr. J. W. Jones, Conservator of
Water, for samples of the two bores which have yielded the
results detailed below. In nearly every instance the quantity of
material available for treatment has been exceedingly small, the
samples not averaging, in the case of Tarkaninna, more than
about a quarter of an ounce in weight when washed. The present
list of occurrences cannot, therefore, be regarded as in any sense
an exhaustive record of the foraminiferal fauna of the beds in
question ; but in our present limited knowledge of the fossils
that pertain to the extensive formations of Cretaceous age in
Central Australia they are worthy of record.

MIRRABUCKINNA.

This bore is situated about 20 miles north of the head of Lake
Torrens, and 43 miles in a straight line south-west of Hergott.
Six samples in all were examined from this boring, the depths
being 40 ft, 50 ft, 95 ft., 100 ft, 128 ft., and 153 ft. respect-
ively. The marine remains, so far as the present investigations
have been carried, are limited to the first 50 ft. of the section,
and belong to the Foraminifera, small fish remains, and traces of
mollusea.

FORAMINIFERA.

Reophax fusiformis, ]V/7//. (common).

Reophax scorpiurus, Jfontf. (common).

Haplophragmium agglutinans, d’Orb. (rare).

Haplophragmium canariense, d@’Orb. (common).

Planispirina celata, Costa (mod. common).

MOLLUSCA.
Fragments of a small Lingula not uncommon at 40 ft. and

50 ft.
PISCES.

Small fish remains are plentiful in the 50 ft. sample. These

Oe a

347

consist of a small but very pretty lanceolate tooth, a very sharp
spine probably belonging to the dorsal fin, vertebre, scale, and a
variety of small bones.

; Fora.

In the two uppermost horizons examined (viz., 40 and 50 ft.)
very minute seed vessels are common, associated with vegetable
tissue, and a few pellets of hydrated oxide of iron. The seed
vessels are crushed flat, but show pitted surfaces, and in some
<ases tripartite divisional lines.

The material from this bore was for the most part a loamy
sand, somewhat dense in the dry state, but readily softened by
a few hours’ soaking in water. The residuum left from the
washings was either a very fine sand, that passes freely through
a sieve 75 threads to the inch, or minute crystals; the material
being reduced in the process from rather less than a tourth to a
third of the original weight. The 100-ft. sample is a dark shale,
that required a little hand pressure to reduce. At 128 ft. a
fine-grained conglomerate occurs, the embedded fragments con-
sisting of a soft greenish slate (chloritic), more or less rounded,
the matrix being the finer portions of the same slates reduced to
a paste by trituration. The sample next the bed rock (153 ft.)
is a somewhat curious bed—an argillaceous sand, thickly studded
with small crystals of gypsum of a white or brownish colour,
which constitute nearly one-fourth of the mass. Some of the
samples from this boring carry a considerable quantity of drift
wood and thin streaks of lignite, especially at 95 ft. Below the
50 ft. horizon no marine remains were observed, and the clays
partake of a gypseous character. A paucity of fossils is
characteristic of the gypseous beds of this formation, and may
account for the absence of calcareous organisms in the lower
parts of the section.

TARKANINNA.

This boring was put down on the Clayton, about 30 miles
north-east of Hergott. It is by far the deepest bore which, up
to the present time, has been made in the Cretaceous beds of the
lakes district. Twenty samples were examined from the core of
this section, ranging from near the surface down to 1,226 feet.
The material was found to be fairly fossiliferous throughout, and
would no doubt yield many more forms if examined in larger
quantities. In many cases the material when washed was so
limited that it could have been all held in a lady’s thimble.

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HdOd VNNINVYUVIE AHL JO VYdHtININVYOd

349

As in the case of the borings at Hergott and Mirrabuckinna
the Tarkaninna section, although of much greater thickness,
preserves a wonderful sameness of character throughout its
entire depth, both in its lithological character and paleontological
remains. The same similarity is observed when the respective
borings are compared with each other, a majority of the species
occurring in common over the geological area in question. The
respective borings have evidently passed through beds of con-
temporaneous age, and which must have been deposited under
remarkably uniform conditions. This deposit, although between
1,200 and 1,300 feet thick at Tarkaninna, must have had a slow
rate of deposition to admit of the presence of Foraminifera
living upon the sea bottom. On the other hand, the comparative
rarity of marine organisms in this formation, and the remarkable
preponderance of the arenaceous types of Foraminifera over
those with hyaline tests, seem to point to the presence of muddy
water, and a relatively rapid accumulation of sediment on the
sea-floor.

The Microzoa observed, other than Foraminifera were, a few
entomostraca, fragments of a small Lingula, traces of echino-
derms, one or two small fish bones, vegetable tissues, and
cylindrical pyritous casts.

er)
Cr
S

ABSTRACE.OF..PROCGCKEDINGS

OF THE

MRoval Societv of South Australia,

For 1892-93.

OrDINARY MEETING, NOVEMBER 3, 1892.

Prof. R. Tare, F.G.8., F.L.8. (President), in the chair.

ALTERATION OF Rvuutes.—The following alteration of rules
was carried, namely :—

Rule 36, to read “at a meeting,
month of October.”

Rule 37, to omit the words ‘a Secretary,” and insert the words
‘““‘two Secretaries.”

Rule 48, instead of ‘‘ Secretary ” to read ‘two Secretaries.”

Rule 49, instead of “Secretary” to read “ Secretaries,” and
instead of “Honorary Secretary ” to read ‘‘ Honorary Secretaries.”

Execrion.—W. C. Grasby was elected the additional Hon.
Secretary.

Exuisits.—W. Howcuin, F.G.S., exhibited the lower jaw of
a fossil wombat, obtained from the bed of Lyndoch Creek. The
fossil had been subjected to much attrition, and the teeth were
exposed in their alveoli. The specimen belonged to an adult,
but of a smaller species than any now existing. J. G. O. TEPPER,
F.L.S., showed some ixias from Lyndoch, which were perfectly
white.

Paprrs.-— A Forgotten Relic of Australian Exploration,” by
E. C. Striruinc, M.D., CO.M.G., &. “Two-New Fungi for
South Australia,” described by Prof. Lupwic, in the Zeitschrift
siir Planzenkrankheiten (1892), and communicated by J. G. O.
TEPPER, F.L.S.

>)

and not “next before the

OrpDINARY MeEerine, DECEMBER 6, 1892.

Prof. Tart, F.G.S., F.L.S. (President), in the chair.

Battor.—P. H. Priesritrey was elected a Fellow.

Exuisits.—J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S., exhibited the fruits of
Posidonia australis. Prof. Tarr, F.G.S., showed specimens of

351

Convolvulus sepium in flower, gathered near the Frome Bridge,
Adelaide. Also a specimen of the so-called las-limestone, from
the cement works at Brighton. He pointed out that it had no
petrological relationship with the true Lias limestone of Europe,
the latter being argillaceous limestone, whilst the Brighton
sample is siliceous. He expressed the opinion that the specimen
exhibited did not in itself contain the constituents for forming
a good cement. OswaLp Lower, F.Ent.S., laid on the table
specimens of the male and female butterfly Vetnopulpus imperialis.

Papers.—Papers relating to the Elder Exploring Expedition
were contributed by Vicror StreicH ; Baron F. v. MUELLER
and Prof. Tats, F.G.S.; and Dr. Srirtinc and A. Zrerz (the
Assistant Director of the Museum).

OrpINARY MEETING, FEBRUARY 7, 1893.

Maurice Hoxrze, F.L.S8. (Vice-President), in the chair.

Recoenition OF Merir.—The Chairman referred to the
honor conferred upon Prof. Tare, F.G.S. (their President), in
being awarded the Clark Memorial Medal, by the Royal Society
New South Wales, in recognition of his services as a worker in
the domains of science; especially for his numerous and
invaluable contributions to the geology and paleontology of
Great Britain and South Australia.

Exuipits.—Mavurice Hoturze, F.L.S., laid on the table a
painting by Miss Tepper of the Victoria Regia, at present in
bloom in the Botanic Gardens of Adelaide. J. G. O. TEppEr,
F.LS., exhibited a specimen of the family //eterogamide, hitherto
unknown in South Australia, and collected at Fowler’s Bay by
Prof. Tarr, F.G.8. The species was new, and had been named
by Mr. Tepper Ataxigamia Tater.

OswaLD Lower, F.Ent.8., showed specimens of the genus
Ogyris of Westwood (am. Lycenide.) Of the nine species
known seven were exhibited, tive of these being native to South
Australia.

BatLtot.—Rosert Brumuirr, M.R.C.S., Eng., and Vicror
STREICH were elected Fellows.

Papers.—“‘ The Flora of Roebuck Bay, W.A.” by J. G. O.
Teprer, F.L.8. “A few words about Pearly” by A. F. Catvert,
“List of Rhopalocera,” by OswaLp Lower, F. Ent.S.

ORDINARY Meertinc, Marcu 7, 1893.

Maurick Horrze, F.L.S8. (Vice-President), in the chair.
Exnisits.—OswaLp Lower, F.Ent.S., forwarded a specimen
of South African Moth, Leto Venus, one of the most resplendent

392

of the Hepialide. J. G.O.TrppeEr, F.L.N., exhibited Pomaderris
vaciniifolia, new for South Australia, and collected on the hill tops
bounding the River Torrens Gorge. Maurice Hourzsz, F.LS.,
showed specimens of maize in which the male flowers had taken
on the characters of the female, and vice versa.

Batiot.—TuHomas J AMES, M.R.C.S., Eng., and W. T. BEDNALL
were elected Fellows.

Papers.—‘ The Blattariz of Australia and Polynesia,” by
J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.8. “The Mirrn-Yong Heaps at Morgan,
South Australia,” by R. Etheridge, jun., F.G.S.

ORDINARY MEETING, APRIL 4, 1893.

Prof. Tarr, F.G.8., F.L.8., (President), in the chair.

Battot.—R. H. Perks, M.D., was elected a Fellow.

Exuisits.—J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S., showed a new parasite
(Thalpochares dubia, Butler) of the black scale, Lecanawm
testudo. Prof. Tats, F.G.S8., exhibited for Mr. Marsh, of Broken
Hill, N.S.W., a new mineral of iodide of copper, which Prof.
Liversidge had named ‘“ Marshite.” Oswatp Lower, F.Ent.S.,
forwarded specimens of Jorpho Sulkowskyi, a Brazilian
butterfly.

Morton.—It was carried ‘that the Council of the Society
make enquiries of the Queensland Government as to whether
Mr. F. M. Bailey, the Government Botanist, is authorised by it
to write a continuation of or supplement to the “ Flora Aus-
traliensis,” of Bentham and Mueller, and that in the event of a
reply being received in the aftirmative, that the Council be
instructed to protest against the assumption of the title for the
proposed work.

Papers.—‘ Description of a New Mineral (Stibiotantalite),”
by G. A. Goypsr, F.C.8. “Description of a New Genus, and
Five Species of Australian Nitidulide and Colydiide,” by
E. Grouvelle. ‘‘ Descriptions of New Australian Coleoptera,”
by Rev. THomas Biacksury, B.A.

OrDINARY Meretinc, May 2, 1893.

Prof. Tarr, F.G.8., F.L.S. (President), in the chair.

Exuipits.—Prof. Tarr, F.G.S., exhibited a collection of
Silurian Fossils, from the MacDonnell ranges, forwarded by
Mr. Thornton, comprising fifteen species. R. W. CHapman, M.A.,
brought under the notice of the meeting a collection of
electrical breath-figures prepared by himself, together with
photographs of the same.

3D9

Paprers.— “ Correlation of Marine Tertiaries of Australia
art L.),” by Prof. Tare, F.G.S. and Joan Dennant, F.G.S,
p yr Ny > ;
“Descriptions of New Lepidoptera,” by Oswatp Lower, F.Ent.S.

ORDINARY MEETING, JUNE 6, 1893.

Prof. Tats, F:G.S., F.L.S. (President), in the chair.

Recoenition oF Merir.—The President drew the attention
of the meeting to the distinctions recently conferred by Her
Majesty the Queen on two of the Fellows of the Society, namely,
Sir Charles Todd, K.C.M.G., and Dr. E. C. Stirling, C.M.G., both
of whom had taken an active part in the Society’s work in the
past. It was carried that the Society record its congratulations.

BatLtotr—Urian DuDLEY was elected a Fellow.

Exuipits.—Mavurice Hotrrze, F.LS., exhibited chipped
tools made by the aborigines of Western Australia from glass
bottles, also specimens of the true ‘“ rose of Jericho” (Asteriscus
pygmea) and the Californian “resurrection plant” (Selaginella
lepidophylla). W. T. Brpnati, showed specimens of rare
exotic shells, and drew particular attention to a cast of Plewro-
tomaria Adansoniana, the original of which was taken off Tobago,
West Indies. Watrer Gitt, F.L.S., laid on the table dates
from six years old palms, growing at Hergott Springs, S.A.

Papers.—“ Poisonous Constituents of Stephania hernandi-
folia,” by Prof. Renniz, D.Sc, and E. F. Turner. ‘“ New
Species of Australian Marine Gastropoda,” by Prof. Tarr, F.G.S.
‘“¢ Additions to the List of S.A. Marine Gastropods,” by Prof.
Tare, F.G.S. “Descriptions of S.A. Brachyscelid Galls,” by
J. G, OF Trepmr, FS.

ORDINARY Megrine, Juty 4, 1893.

Prof. Tare, F.G.8., F.L.8. (President), in the chair.

BALLor.— LAURENCE Birks was elected an Associate.

Exuipirs.—W. Howcnin, F.G.S., exhibited specimens of
igneous and metamorphic rocks from Granite Island, Port
Victor, and The Bluff, Encounter Bay, showing how in parts
the granite appeared to be intrusive and in others bedded.
Also from the same localities, specimens of diorite, the only
other known place for the occurrence of this mineral in South
Australia being Kangaroo Island. J. G. O. Trpprr, F.L.S.,
showed Carteria acacie (Maskell), a brachyscelid, which instead
of forming galls, is covered with thick reddish waxy tests. These
were forwarded from Central Australia by Miss Dickenson.
Also Cylindrococcus amplia (Maskell) as occurring on Casuarina
quadrivalvis at Mt. Lofty. Mr. Maskell had recently placed

3o4

this and another genus in the new sub-family [diococcine. Also
Inglesia foraminifer as infesting Santalum acuminatum, a New
Zealand species of scale-insect, recorded for the first time as
occurring in South Australia. He also reported that Icerya
Purchasi had attacked a species of Cocoloba, a leatless plant of
South Africa.

Papers.—‘ Respecting the Anthropology of the Daly River
(N.T.) Aborigines,” by Rev. Donatp MackILiop, 5.J.

OrpinarRY Meretine, Aucusr 1, 1893.

Prof, Tarn, -E'GiS:, - FES: (President), in’ the chair.

Batitot.—Rev. DonaLp MackiLuop, 8.J., was elected a Cor-
responding Member.

ExuHipits.—M avrice Hourze, F.L.S., laid on the table from the
Adelaide Botanic Gardens, the sheathing spathe of a leat of Kenta
Wendtlandi, a Northern Territory palm, used by the aborigines
for making into vessels, &c., for holding water. This use is
limited to the locality in which the palm is indigenous. Prof
Tate, F.G.S., exhibited a species of Ewomphalus indicative of the
Silurian epoch, obtained far to the east of the MacDonnell
Range. Also a specimen of 7’urbo Jourdani, a large and rare
marine shell, obtained in a sub-fossilised state from the silt of
the Port Creek, at a depth of about 24 feet. J. G. O. TEPPER,
F.L.S., showed a collection of the coleoptera and hymenoptera
from the Elder Exploring Expedition.

Paper.—‘‘ Customs and Superstitions of the Aboriginal Tribes,
Gulf of Carpentaria,” by W. G. Srrerron, 8.M.

ORDINARY MEETING, SEPTEMBER 9, 1893.

Prof. Tate, F.G.8., F.L.S. (President), in the chair.

Batiotr..—W. G. Srrerron, 8.M., was elected a Corresponding
Member.

Exuipits.—J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S., laid on the table a
specimen of Calla .ithiopica with three spathes from one stalk.
Also Crinum jflaccidwm from Wilcannia, River Darling. Also
Acacia pravifolia from Gawler, a new locality. J. J. Hast,
F.G.S., illustrated and described some unrecorded skeletal char-
acters of Coscinocyathus Tatei, 1 coral of the Archwocyathine
family, from the Cambrian limestone, at the Elvina Mine, eleven
miles N.W. of Beltana. J. J. Eckert forwarded analyctical
drawings of Darwinia Schwermanni with a short biographical
sketch of the late Rev. C. W. Schuermann, after whom the plant
had been named by Baron F. von. Mueller in 1851 from speci-
mens collected at Port Lincoln, S.A.

Paprer.— Notes on the Lacustrine Origin of the Mammal-
iferous Deposit at Lake Mulligan, 8.A.,” by Prof. Tats, F.G.S.

ad

BOD

ANNUAL MEETING, OcroBEeR 17, 1893.

Prof. Tarsz, F.G.S., F.L.8. (President), in the chair.

Avpiror.—D. J. Apcock was elected Auditor, for the current
year.

Batior.—MarQuis DE GREGORIO, Palermo, and M. Cossmany,
Paris, were elected Honorary Fellows of the Society.

Reports.—The Annual Report of the Council and Balance-
sheet were read and adopted. The Annual Reports and Balance-
sheets of the Field Naturalists’ Section, the Microscopical
Section, and the Astronomical Section, were accepted.

Exection oF Councin.—The Council for the ensuing year
was elected as follows :—President, Prof. Tate, F.G.S., E.LS. :
Vice-Presidents, Rev. Thomas Black bain: BAe aaah Maurice
Holtze, F.L.S.; Hon. Treasurer, Walter Rutt, C.E.: Hon.
Secretaries, W. ae Cleland, M.B., ana W. C. Grasby ; Members
of Council, Prof. Rennie, Dees EK. C. Stirling, M.D., C.M.G.,
F.R.S., Walter Howchin, F.G.8., Samuel Dixon, J. 8. Lloyd,
and W. B. Poole.

ALTERATION OF RuLEs.—The alterations in rules 36, 37, 48
and 49 made at the November meeting were confirmed.

Exuipits.—W. G. Howcatn, F.G.S., exhibited a fossil sponge
Hyalostelia from the Silurian rocks of the McDonnell Range,
forwarded by Mr. TuHornron, of Temple Downs. The only
other site where it is known to occur in South Australia is in
the Cambrian Rocks at Curramulka. J. G. O. Tepper, F.LS.,
showed a collection of plants from the S.W. of Western
Australia. Grorck Sweet, F.G.S8., forwarded through Prof.
Tate, F.G.S., specimens of the fossil flora of the Leigh Creek
coal-basin, iach contained the following -—Thinnfeldia odonto-
pteroides, and T'. media; Equisetum, two species; T'enio-
pteris, two species; Macroteniopteris Wianamatte: Trichomanites
laxum (?),; and Otozomanites, new species.

Papers.—‘“ Notes and Remarks of 8.A. Rhopalocera,” by J.
G. O. Tepper, F.LS. “New Australian Hetervcera,” by
OswaLp Lower, F.Ent.S. “ Descriptions of New Coleoptera,”
by Rev. Tos. Birackbpury, B.A. ‘“Gastropods of the Older
Tertiaries, Australia” and « New Fossil Gastropods,” by Prof.
Tarn, BGS:

356

ANNUAL REPORT.

The Council has to report that the scientific work of the
' Society has been carried on successfully during the past year. In
addition to papers from local workers, the Society has received
valuable contributions from scientific authorities in Europe, to
whom material had been forwarded for critical determination.
Part [L. of the current year’s transactions was published in July,
and it is anticipated that part II., completing vol. XVII, will
be ready for distribution in December. As has before been
stated, vol. XVI. has been reserved for the scientific results of
the Elder Exploring Expedition, of which parts I. and IT. have
already been published.

During the past year two Corresponding Members have been
elected, viz., the Rev. D. Mackillop, 8.J., and W. G. Stretton,
who have both added to our knowledge of the ethnology of the
Northern Territory of South Australia. There have also been
elected seven Fellows and one Associate. You will also be asked
to ballot as Honorary Fellows the two distinguished scientists,
Marquis de Gregorio and M. Cossmann, whom the Council has
thought proper -to recommend on account of their valuable
services to the Society and their distinguished position in science.

The following Fellows have resigned :—Edwin Ashby, E. C.
Saunders, and W. Russell ; and as an Associate—Mrs. Hodgson,
who was elected in 1884.

The following Fellows have had their names removed by the
Council for non-payment of arrears of subscription :—Thomas
Eyers, A. T. Magarey, M. Salom, J. J. Stuckey, and P. H.
Priestley.

The Council has also the melancholy duty of reporting the
death of two Fellows—Dr. Renner and Dr. Davies Thomas.

In the premature death of Dr. Davies Thomas science lost one
of her most ardent and indefatigable students in a domain which
he had made all his own, namely, the study of the life-history in
Australia of Hydatids. The medical bearing of most of the
subject rendered the Transactions of this Society not the best
suited for the publication of the results of Dr. Davies Thomas’
researches, hence the small reference made to them in its pages.
A monograph, however, is in the press dealing with the whole
subject of his investigations, and containing as well some
posthumous articles of Dr. Davies Thomas, which will form a

397

fitting memorial of one distinguished alike for his ability and
industry.

The membership of the Society consists at the present time of
11 Hon. Fellows, 75 Fellows, 16 Corresponding Members, and 1
Associate.

Three new exchanges with learned Nocieties have been made,
namely, the Stavanger Museum, Norway ; the Annuaire Géolo-
gique, Paris; and the Société des Sciences Naturelles de l’Ouest
de France, Nantes.

It has been noticed with satisfaction that Baron v. Mueller has
decided to publish additional and supplementary volumes to the
classical “ Flora Australiensis.”

Since the last annual meeting it has been decided to have two
Hon. Secretaries instead of one, so that more attention might be
given to the arrangement and care of the many valuable serial
publications which the Society is constantly receiving from all
parts of the world. For this purpose a slight verbal alteration
of some of the rules was rendered necessary, and duly carried
out at a general meeting. The date fixed for the election of an
Auditor was also altered.

The statement of receipts and expenditure shows that the
publication item has been extremely heavy during the past year.

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‘VITVULLSOV HLOAOS AO ALHINOOS IVAOU WHEL HLLM BNQOOQOV NI WeeOsvord.t WAL

309

DONATIONS 1O THE PiIBRARY

For the Year 1892-93.

-
TRANSACTIONS, JOURNALS, AND REPORTS.
Presented by the respective Societies, Editors, and Governments.

ARGENTINE STATES.

Buenos Aires—Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias,
tomes X. and XJ.

AUSTRIA AND GERMANY.

Berlin— Verhandlungen Gesellschaft fir Erdkunde, band XIX.,
WNos.6:t0: 10+ XX.) Nos.-! to 6:

——- Zeitschrift, ditto, band XXVI.; XXVITI., Nos. 2 to 6;
BOX V II., Nos. lvand:- 2:

——- Sitzungsberichte Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der
Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Nos. 26 to 55, 1892.

-_— <Abhandlungen der Ko6niglich Preussischen Meteoro-
logischen Instituts :—Ergebnisse der Niederschlogs
Beobachtungen, im er Jahre 1891. Ergebnisse der
Meteorologischen Beobachtungen, heft I., IT., III.,
1892.

Bonn—Naturhistorischen Vereins der Preussischen-Rheinlande
Westfalens und des Reg :—Bezirks Osnabruch, ver-
handlungen halpte 1, 2, 1892.

Freiburg—Berichte tiber des Verhandlungen des Gesellschaft

fir Beforderung der Natur-Wissenschaften ; pub-
lications from 1855 to 1885 and band I. to VI.
Giessen—Oberheissischen Gesellschaft fur Natur und Heilkunde,
Report 29.
Gottingen—Nachrichten von der K. Gesellschaft der Wissen-
schaften u. der Georg-August Universitat, Nos.
ite ily LSok 7): to: 10, 1893:

Halle—Leopoldina. heft 27, 1891.

- Nova Acta der K. Leop. Carol. Deutchen Akhd. der
Naturforscher, band LV., No.6; LVI., No. 2; LVIL.,
Nor4; LVL. No: 1,

Verhandlungen der K. K. Geologischen Reichenstalt,

Nos. 6 to 18, 1892 ; Nos. 1 to 5, 1893.

Vienna

360

Vienna-—Kaiserliche Akad. der Wissenschaften in Wien, Nos. 19
to: 2/, 18927 Wes. 1 to 19) 1393;
K. K. Gradmessungs-Bureau, Astronomische Arbeiten,
band IV.
Verhandlungen der K. kK. Zoologisch-Botanischen
Gesellschaft in Wien, band XLII., quart. 1 and 2.
Annalen des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hof Museums,
band VIT., Nos. L.to 4; band VIIT., Nos. Vandaz
Wurzburg—Zitzungsberichte der Physikalisch - Medicinischen
Gesellschaft Nos. 1 to 10, 1892.

BELGIUM.
Brussels—Annales Société Royale Malacologique, tome XXVLI.,
1891.
Brazin.

Rio de Janeiro—Annales de | Observatiore Impériale; Le
Climate de Rio de Janeiro; Annuario,
1892.

CANADA.

Halifax— Proceedings Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science,
vol. I., part 1 (second series).
Montreal—Canadian Record of Science, vol. V., Nos. 1 and 3 to 5.
Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada,
Annual Report, 1888-89 ; Maps.
Toronto—Transactions Canadian Institute, vol. II., part 5; vol.
ITl., part 1.

CAPE COLONY.

Cape Town—Transactions of South African Philosophical Society,
vol. VI., parts 1 and 2.

CHILE.
Santiago—Archives de la Société Scientifiqia, tomes II., Nos. 1
to 3.
FRANCE.
Angers—Bulletin de la Société d’ Etudes Scientifiques d’ Angers,
année X X., 1891.
Caen—Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie, vols.
IV. and V., 1890 and 1891.
Havre—Bulletin de la Société Géologique de Normandie, vol.
XT. Mos si-to 6u:
Nantes—Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de I’
Ouest de la France, vol. I., Nos. 1 to 4; vol. IL,
INos: 1 to.3.

361

Paris—Feuilles des Jeunes Naturalistes, series II]I., Nos. 264 to
275.

—— Bulletin Entomologique, pp. 201 to 280, 1892; and 1 to
272, 1893. |

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

Belfast—Report and Proceedings Belfast Natural History and
Philosophical Society, session 1891-92.
Dublin—Transactions Royal Irish Academy, vol. XXX., parts

1 to 4.
Proceedings ditto, vol. LI. (third series), Nos. 3 and 4.
Scientific Proceedings Royal Dublin Society, vol. VIL,
parts 3 and 4.

Transactions ditto, vols. IX. to XITI.
Edinburgh—Royal Physical Society, session 1891-92.
London—Journal Royal Microscopical Society, parts 5 and 6,

1892; and 1 to 4, 1893.

Proceedings Royal Society, Nos. 313 to 325.

——— Catalogue British Museum—Birds, vols. XVI. and
ao TI

Royal Colonial Institute, Proceedings, vol. X XIII.

Entomological Society, Transactions, 1890-91-92.

Chemical Society, Journal, vols. LXIII. and LALY.
— Kew Gardens, Bulletins, 1892.

Leeds—Journal of Conchology, vol. VII., Nos. 1 to 7.
Manchester— Memoirs and Proceedings Manchester Literary and
Philosophical Society, vol. V., No. 2; vol. VL.,
WO. V Ol. « Nos. to 3:
Journal Manchester Geographical Society, vol. VIT.,
Nos. 10: to 12> vel! Vitl Nosy lito.6.

INDIA.

Calcutta—Indian Museum—Economiec Entomology, vol. I1., No.
6; vol. FEL. “Nos. land 2. List :of., Batrachians?

ITALY.

Turin—Bolletino dei Musie di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata
dello R. Universita di Torino, vol. VII., Nos. 127 to
Too vole Vil Nes; 136 to. 250:

Pisa—Atti dello Societa Toscana de Scienze Naturali, vol. VITII.,
pp. 85 to 148 and 175 to 232.

JAPAN.

Tokio—Journal College of Science, Imperial University, vol. V.,
parts 3 and 4; vol. VI., parts 1 and 2.
=. Calendar, 1891-92:

62

Qo

MEXIco.

Mexico—Memoirs de la Sociedad Cientitica (Antonio Alzate),
tomo VI., Nos, 1 to 6 and 9 to 10.

New Soutu WALES.

Sydney—Records of the Australian Museum, vol. IJ., No. 4;
Report of Trustees for 1892.

Monographs Australian Museum; Catalogue XV.,
part 3, Marine Shells of Australia and Tasmania ;
Calalogue XVI., Australian Mammals; Report
of Museum, 1891.

Technological Museum, Technical Education Series,
No.8:

Australian Association Advance. Science, vol. IV.

Department of Mines—Records Geological Survey, vol.
IIL, parts 1 to 3; Memoirs ditto, Paleontology,
No. 5; Echinodermata, Annelida and Crustacea
of the Permo-Carboniferous ; Annual Reports,
1892.

Agricultural Gazette, vol. II., parts 8 to 12; vol. IIL,
parts 10 to 12; vol. IV., parts 1 to 8.

Proceelings Linnean Society, vol. VIL, parts 2 to 4;
vol. VIIL., part 1.

Proceedings Royal Society, N.S.W., vol. XX VI.

Sydney Observatory— Reports

——— Sydney University—Calendar, 1893.

New ZEALAND.

Wellington—Colonial Museum and Laboratory— Annual Report
(twenty-seventh).

————-- Transactions and Proceedings New Zealand Insti-
tute, vol. XX V., 1892; Manual of New Zealand
Coleoptera, parts 5, 6, and 7.

Norway AND SWEDEN.
Bergen—Bergens Museum Aarsberetning, 1891.
Stavanger—_Museum, Aarsberetning, 1891.
Upsala— University Geological Bulletin, vol. I., No. 1.
Stockholm— Geologisha Féreningens, band XIV., hefte 6 and 7.
Entomologisk Tidskrift, hefte 1 to 4, 1893.
Trondjem—NSociété Royale Norwégienne des Sciences, skrifter,
LSor.
(QUEENSLAND.

Brisbane—Bulletin Department of Agriculture, Nos. 20 and 21.
———— Annual Report Queensland Museum, 1891-92.
———-— Reports of Geological and Paleontological Survey.

— Proceedings Royal Society of Queensland, 1892-93.

RUSSIA.

Kiew— Memoirs de la Société des Naturalistes, tome XIJ., parts
1 and 2
Moscow— Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes, Nos.
2 tow; 1892 >and No. 1, 1893:
St. Petersburg— Bulletin du Comité Geologique, vol. XT., Nos. 1
to0:;) vol, Xat..| Nos. land: 2.

SoutH AUSTRALIA.

Adelaide—Report Board of Governors Public Library, Museum,
and Art Gallery, 1891-92.
— Meteorological Obsevations, Adelaide Observatory,
1890 (Sir Charles Todd, M.A., K.C.M.G., F.R.8.).
———- Weather Reports, ditto, 1892-93.
— Government Geologist’s Department Reports.

STRAITS SETTLEMENTS.

Perak—Government Gazette.

SWITZERLAND.

Geneva—Compte Rendu des Séances de la Société de Physique et
(Histoire Naturelle, Memoirs (Centenaire), No.
TX.51892.
Lausanne—Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences
Naturelles,” vol. XXVIIT., 107 to 109; vol.
DOI AT Omto! Jad

TASMANIA.

Hobart—Parhamentary Papers.
— Royal Society of Tasmania—<Abstract of Proceedings,
1892.

EN

UNITED STATES AMERICA.

Baltimore

John Hopkins’ University Studies, series X., Nos.
4 to 11.
——_——_ Circulars ditto, vol. XI., Nos. 101 to 104; vol. XII.,
Nos. 105 to 107.

— —_—— American Chemical Journal, vol. XIV., Nos. 2 to 7.

Boston—Proceedings American Academy Arts and Sciences, vol.
AV ETT, 1890-91.

—— Proceedings Boston Society Natural History, vol.
XXV., parts 3 and 4, 1891-92.

——— Memoirs Boston Society Natural History, vol. IV.,

No. 10, 1892.

d64

Cambridge—Bulletin Museum Comparative Zoology at Harvard
College, vol. XXITI., Nos. 4 to 6; vol. XXTV.,
Nos: 1) t0: 5 3 'vol XVL, \ Nos» J Vanda.
Annual Report Curator, 1891-92.

— Psyche—Journal of Entomology, vol. V1., Nos. 198
to 208.
Cincinnati, Ohio—Journal of Natural History, vol. XV., Nos:
2 to 4.

Grenville, Ohio—Bulletin Scientific Laboratories, Denison Uni-
versity, vol. VIT.
New York—Transactions New York Academy of Sciences, vol.
XK.) Nos: 0,83 vol. X12. Nos. lator:
—., Annals ditto,.vol, Vit., Nos. [to 6.
—__---__—. Journal New York Microscopical Society, vol. V LIF,
No. 4 wol. --X., Nos. 1 ta.
Philadelphia—Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences, parts |
to: 3, LS9z.
Contributions to the University Herbarium, vol. I.
Rochester——Proceedings Rochester Academy of Science, vol. IT.
Salem—Proceedings American Association for the Advancement
of Science, 1891 and 1892.
Sana Francisco—Proceedings Californian Academy of Sciences,
vol. III. ; Evolution of the Colors of North
American Birds.
St. Louis—Missouri Botanical Gardens Report, 1892.
__--—_ Transactions of Academy of Sciences, vol. V., Nos. 3
and 4) yvoly Vii No-* I.
Washington—Bulletin of the U.S. Geological Survey ; Mineral
Resources of the United States, 1889-90.
—______—_ National Academy of Sciences Memoirs, vol. V.
——— Smithsonian Institution—Report, 1890; Annual
Report Bureau Ethnology, 1885-86; Report
U.S. National Museum, 1890; Life Histories
of N.A. Birds; Bibliography Algonquian Lan-
guage ; ditto Athapascan Language ; Dakota-
English Dictionary.
—— US. Department of Agriculture—Reports on Con-
dition of Crops; Report of Secretary, 1893 ;
Reports of Statistician ; Treatment of Lumpy
Jaw; Report Numbers and Values of Farm
Animals; Distribution and Consumption of
Corn and Wheat; Experiments with Sugar
Beet and Sorghum; Agricultural Survey of
Wyoming; Hawks and Owls of United States ;
North American Fauna, No.7; Death Valley
Expedition, part IT.

365

VICTORIA.

Bendigo—School of Mines Annual Report, 1892.

Melbourne— Victorian Naturalist, vol. [X., Nos. 7 to 12; vol.
X., Nos.. l.to 4.

-——-——— Transactions Royal Geographical Society of Aus-
tralasia (Victorian Branch), vol. X.

——_———._ Proceedings Royal Society of Victoria, vol. IV.,
part 2, and vol. V.

MONOGRAPHS AND BOOKS.
Presented by the respective Societies, Museums, Governments, and
Authors.
Thompson, Geo. M., F.L.8.—Notes on Tasmanian Crustacez, with
Descriptions of New Species.
Kew Gardens, Director of—Flora Hongkongensis (Bentham).

366

LIST OF FELLOWS, MEMBERS, &e.

NOVEMBER, 1893.

Those marked (F) were present at the first meeting when the Society was
founded. Those marked (L) are Life Fellows. Those marked with
an asterisk have contributed papers published in the Society’s Trans-
actions.

Any changes in the addresses should be notified to the Secretary.

Date of

Flection. HONORARY FELLOWS.

1857. BarkKELY, Sir Henry, K.C.M.G., K.C.B., F.R.S., Royal Colonial
Institute, London.

1893. Cossmann, M., Rue de Maubeuge, 95, Paris.

1876. Extery, R. L. J., F.B.S., F.R.A.S., Government Astronomer,
Victoria, The Observatory, Melbourne, Victoria.

1890. *ErneripGe, Rospert, Paleontologist to the Geological Survey of
New South Wales, Sydney.

1853. Garran, A., LL.D., Sydney, N.S. W.

1893. GreEGoRrIO, MARQUIS DE, Palermo, Sicily.

1855. Hvxui, H. M., Hobart, Tasmania.

1878. JeERvois, Sir W. F. D., K.C.M.G., C.B., F.R.S., Ex-Governor of
South Australia, London, England.

1855. Lirrue, E.

1879. *MuELLER, Baron F. von, K.C.M.G, F.R.S., M. and Ph.D,
F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F.C.S., C.M.Z.S., &c.,. &c.,’ Government
Botanist, Melbourne, Victoria.

1876. Russevy, H. C., B.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Government Astronomer,
N.S.W., Sydney, New South Wales.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

1881. Bainry, F. M., F.L.8., Colonial Botanist, Brisbane, Queensland.

1881. *CLoup, T. C., F.C.3., Manager Wallaroo Smelting Works, South
Australia.

1888. *Dennant, JoHN, F.G.S., F.C.S., Inspector of Schools, Camberwell,
Melbourne, Victoria.

1880. *FornscHr, Paut, Inspector of Police, Palmerston, Northern Ter-
ritory, Australia.

I881l. GoLpstEIN, J. R. Y., Melbourne, Victoria.

1878. *Hayter, H. H., M.A., C.M.G., F.S.S., Government Statist, Mel-
bourne, Victoria.

1880. *Kempr, Rev. J., Hermannsburg, Charlotte Waters, South Aus-
tralia.

1889. *MacGiniivray, P. H., M.R.C.S., F.L.S8., Bendigo, Victoria.

1893. *McKinnop, Rev. Davip, S.J., Superior Daly River Mission,
_Northern Territory.

1892. *Maipen, J. H., Curator Technological Museum, Sydney, New
South Wales.

1888. *MaskeELL, W. M., Wellington, New Zealand.

1886. Nuicontay, Rev. C. G., Fremantle, Western Australia.

1880. *RicHarps, Mrs. A., Georgetown, South Australia.

1892. *Scuunz, Rev. Louis, Hermannsburg, Charlotte Waters, South
Australia,

1883. *Strruinc, James, F.L.S., Assistant Geological Surveyor, Victoria.

1893. *Srrerron, W. G., Palmerston, Northern Territory.

1887.
1874.
1887.
1893.
1887.
1890.

1884.
1886.

1882.
1885.

1893.
1884.
1891.
1888.

1879.

1876

1871.
1886.
1876.
1882.
1889.
1891.

1880.

1890.
1887.
1861.
1882.
1891.

1885.
1883.
1893.
1891.
1853.

1884.

1856.

367

FELLOWS.
Apcock, D. J., Adelaide, S.A.
Ancas, Hon. J. H., M.L.C., Adelaide, S.A.
Bacot, Joun, Adelaide, S.A.

*BEDNALL, W. T., Adelaide, S.A.
*BLACKBURN, Rev. THomas, B.A., Woodville, S.A.

Boarp, Grecory, Metallurgist Port Pirie Smelting Works, Port
Pirie, S.A.
Borttcer, Orro, Adelaide, S.A.

*Bracc, W. H., M.A., Professor of Mathematics University of

Adelaide, S.A.
Brown, L. G., Adelaide, S.A.

*Brown, H. Y. L., F.G.8., Government Geologist South Australia,

Adelaide.

Brummitt, Ropert, M.R.C.8., Eng., Kooringa.

BussELL, J. W., F.R.M.S., North Adelaide, S.A.

CaLveErt, A. F., Adelaide, S.A.

CHapman, R. W., M.A., B.C.E., Lecturer on Mathematics and
Physics University of Adelaide, S.A.

*CLELAND, W. L., M.B., Ch.M., F.R.M.S., J. P., Assistant Colonial

Surgeon, Resident Medical Officer Parkside Lunatic Asylum,
Lecturer on Materia Medica University of Adelaide, Park-
side, S.A.

. (L) Cooke, E., Commissioner of Audit South Australia, Adelaide.
1880.
1887.
1876.
1893.
1890.

Cox, W. C., Semaphore, S.A.

*DIXON, SAMUEL, Adelaide, S.A.

Dossir, A. W., Adelaide, S.A.
Dupury, U., Broken Hill, N.S. W.

*Kast, J. J., F.G.S., Registrar School of Mines, Adelaide, S.A.

(Corresponding Member, 1884).

ELDER, StR THomas, K.C.M.G., Adelaide, S.A.

Fieminc, Davin, Adelaide, S.A.

FLETCHER, Rev. W. Rosy, M.A., Kent Town, S.A.

Fow Ler, WILLIAM, Kulpara, S.A.

Fraserr, J. C., Adelaide, S.A.

GILL, WaLtTeR, F.L.S., Conservator of Forests South Australia,
Adelaide.

“GOYDER, GEORGE, JUN., F.C.S., Government Analyst South Aus-

tralia, Adelaide.
Gray, Rev. WiniiaM, Tanna, New Hebrides.
Grassy, W. C., Editor Garden and Field, Adelaide, S.A.
Hay, ALEXANDER, Adelaide, S.A.
Henry, ALEXANDER, M.D., Adelaide, S.A.

*“Hoitze, Mavricr, F.L.S., Director Botanic Gordens, Adelaide

(Corresponding Member, 1882), Adelaide, S.A.

*“HOwcHIN, WALTER, F.G.S., Goodwood, S.A.

Hvueues, H. Wuitr, Booyoolie, S.A.

JAMES, THos., M.R.C.S., Eng., Moonta.

JoHNsSON, J., M.D., F.R.C.S., Medical Officer, Mount Gambier
Hospital, Assistant Colonial Surgeon, Mount Gambier, S.A.

(r) Kay, Ropert, General Director and Secretary S.A. Public

Library, Museum, &c., Adelaide, S.A.

Lenpon, A. A., M.D., M.R.C.S8., Lecturer on Forensic Medicine
and on Clinical Medicine University of Adelaide, Hon.
Physician Adelaide Hospital and Children’s Hospital, North
Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A.

Luoypb, J. S., Adelaide, S.A.

1888.
1885.
1874.
1853.
1874.
1882.
1880.

1859.
1884.
1893.

1883.
1886.
1882.
1885.

1891.
1876.
1891.
1886.
1857.
S71:
1882.

1886.
1886.

1893.

368

*LoweER, O. B., Parkside, Unley, S.A.

*Lucas, R. B., Adelaide, S.A.

*Macarey, Hon. 8. J., M.D., M.L.°., Adelaide, S.A.

Mayo, GrEorGE, F.R.C.S., Adelaide, S.A.

Mayo, G. G., C.E., Adelaide, S.A.

*Meyrick, E. T., B.A., Ramsbury, Hungerford, Wilts, England,

Mo.uineux, A., F.L.S., Secretary Central Agricultural Bureau
South Australia, Kent Town, S.A.

(L) Murray, Davin, Adelaide, S.A.

Mvnron, H. S., Brighton, S.A.

Perks, R. H., M.D., F.R.C.S., Eng., Medical Superintendent
Adelaide Hospital, S.A.

PuHILiips, W. H., Adelaide, S.A.

Poor, W. B., Adelaide, S.A.

RoBERTSON, R., F.F.P.S., Adelaide, S.A.

“RENNIE, H. E., M.A., D.Se., F.C.S., Professor of Chemistry

University of Adelaide.
Rogers, R. S., M.D., Adelaide, S.A.
*Rutt, WALTER, C.E., Adelaide, S.A.
SeLway, W. H., Jun., Adelaide, S.A.
Scorr, James L., Hyde Park, S.A.
Smeaton, THomas D., Blakiston, Little Hampton, S.A.
SmitH, RoperRT Barr, Adelaide, S.A.
SmyTHE, J. T., B.A., B.E., Inspector of Schools South Australia,
Glenelg, S.A.

. *STIRLING, Epwarp C., C.M.G., M.A., M.D., F.R.S:; Wola

Lecturer on Physiology University of Adelaide, Hon. Director
S.A. Museum, Hon. Surgeon Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, S.A.

3. *STREICH, Victor, Adelaide, S.A.
76. *Tate, Raupo, F.L.S., F.G.S., Professor of Natural Science

University of Adelaide.

. *Trepper, J. G. O., F.L.S., Entomologist S.A. Museum (Corre-

sponding Member, 1878), Adelaide, S.A.

. *Topp, Sir CHaries, K.C.M.G., M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Govern-

ment Astronomer, Postmaster-General, and Superintendent
of Telegraphs South Australia, S.A.

VARDON, JOSEPH, J.P., Adelaide, S.A.

*Verco, JosEPH C., M.D., F.R.C.S., Lecturer on the Principles
and Practice of Medicine and Therapeutics and on Clinical
Medicine University of Adelaide, Hon. Physician Adelaide
Hospital, Adelaide, S.A.

Watnwricut, EK. H., B.Sc., St. Peter’s College, S.A.

WareE, W. L., Adelaide, S.A.

Way, Epwarp W., M.B., M.R.C.S., Lecturer on Obstetrics and
Diseases Peculiar to Women and Children University of
Adelaide, Hon. Physician Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA.

Way, SAMUEL J., D.C.L., Chief Justice and Lieutenant-Governor
South Australia, Adelaide, S.A.

9. *WHITTELL, Horatio, M.D., M.R.C.S., F-R.M.S., President

Central Board of Health and City Coroner Adelaide,
Adelaide, S.A.
Witson, Jon, F.E.T.S., Goodwood, S.A.

*ZIETZ, A., Assistant Director S.A. Museum, Adelaide, S.A.

ASSOCIATE.

Birks, LAURENCE, Adelaide, S, A.

FIELD NATURALISTS’ SECTION

OF THE

Movai Society of South Australia,

ANNUAL REPORT
For THE YEAR ENDING 30TH SEPTEMBER, 1893.

In presenting their annual report the Committee are pleased
to record the successful completion of the first decade of the
Section’s existence.

Evening Meetings.—During the year nine evening meetings
have been held, at which the average attendance has been greater
than that of the previous year. It was arranged that during
this session the meetings of this Section and those of the Micro-
scopical Section should “be held jointly. Both Sections, therefore,
now meet on the same night, and alternately provide the chief
business for the evening. This union has proved very satis-
factory to both Sections, and renders the meetings of greater
interest, whilst economising time and expense. The annual
conversazione (held in October, 1892) was again a most successful
and interesting gathering, about 130 members and friends being
present, and a “varied programme of a scientific and social char-
acter being provided. Papers for this Section have been con-
tributed by Dr. R. H. Perks, F.R.C.S., Messrs. J. McEwin, A.
F. Calvert, M.E., J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S., and S. Smeaton, B.A.
A considerable number of exhibits in various departments of
natural history have proved not the least attractive feature of
the evening meetings.

Excursions.—The outdoor meetings for the practical study of
natural history continue to be appreciated by the members. In
consequence of the increased interest shown in this direction at
the close of last year (the first excursion after the annual meeting
being attended by over forty persons) a greater number were
arranged during the year just closing, ten excursions having been
held, as against five in the previous year. The chief feature of
these excursions has been that, notwithstanding the great number
held since the inception of the Section, all those of the past year
have covered new ground. The longest excursion was that to

370

Mount Gawler (near Kersbrook), whilst the most successful
scientifically were those to Happy Valley and the scrub between
Gawler and Roseworthy Other interesting outings were those
to Norton’s Summit, Waverley, Marble Hill, and Blackwood.
The Section is indebted to His Excellency the Governor, Messrs.
A. T. Magarey, Wm. Milne, jun., and W. P. Phillips for hos-
pitality, &c., in connection with the excursions.

Protection of owr Native Fauna and Flora.A separate report
from the Committee appointed by the Section for the protection
of our native fauna and flora shows that useful work is being
performed, and that there is still plenty of scope for continued
effort in this direction.

Corresponding Members.—Your Committee desire to express
their thanks to the corresponding members, who still continue to
evince an interest in the Section’s work by sending contributions
either of specimens or observations in natural history. Mrs. A.
F. Richards, Georgetown, and Mr. W. Rumball, Blinman, have
been the most energetic in this way. Your Committee would
remind local correspondents that they are not registered as
“ corresponding members” until they show in a practical way
their desire to be of use to the Section.

Publications. Committee are indebted to the Field
Naturalists’ Club of Victoria and the trustees of the Australian
Museum, Sydney, for kindly supplying the Section with their
publications.

linancial._ The audited statement of accounts is presented
herewith. The amount received from subscriptions has been a
little less than in the previous year, but the expenditure has also
been lower. The grant from the Royal Society has also been less
than that of the pr receding year.

Membership.—The number of new members this year has been
just double that of last year. Twelve persons have been elected
members of the Section, and sixteen names have been removed
from the list on account of resignation and other causes. The
number now on the roll is 93.

J. G. O. Tepper, Chairman.
W. H. Setway, Jun., Hon. Secretary.
Adelaide, 18th September, 1893.

FIFTH ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT OF NATIVE
FAUNA AND FLORA PROTECTION COMMITTEE.

In presenting their fifth annual report the Committee are
pleased to be able to report further progress.
National Park.—The Committee have been glad to notice the

371

advance already made by the Commissioners at Belair. They
trust that at an early date there will be sufficient funds to enable
something definite to be done in connection with the preservation
of native plants and animals.

Game Laws.—Thanks are again due to the Commissioner of
Crown Lands and the police authorities for their assistance in
securing the enforcement of the Game Acts. The Kangaroo
Protection Act has proved of great service, and it is to be trusted
that the prosecutions made thereunder will act as a warning to
hunters. Two districts have been proclaimed under this statute,
the first comprising the whole of Kangaroo Island, and the
second the counties of Kintore, Hopetoun, Way, Dufferin, and
Robinson on the West Coast. The charge of the Amending and
Consolidating Game Bill drafted by the Committee has been
kindly undertaken by the Hon. J. L. Stirling, M.L.C., and it is
to be hoped that the measure, which has been very carefully con-
sidered, will before long become law.

Destruction of Native Llora.—It has been with much regret
that the Committee have noticed the extensive destruction of
native plants and more particularly ferns in our hills. Ferns
are hawked about the city and suburbs to such a degree as to
make it certain that unless prompt action be taken several of
our gullies will shortly be denuded of some highly characteristic
species. It seems to the Committee that this is a matter which
can be to a certain extent dealt with by the various Corporations,
and the City Council has been approached on the subject, with
the result that the officials have been instructed to demand the
production of a licence from hawkers. Other civic bodies will
be written to in due course.

Australasian Association.—The Committee appointed at the
Hobart meeting of this Association to revort on the protection
of native fauna includes Professor Tate, Mr. Dixon, and Mr.

tobin. The reports which will be presented at the Adelaide
gathering, to be held at the end of this month, will be of a
thoroughly comprehensive character, and it is wargeed will awaken
a healthy interest in the question. In conclusion, the Committee
hope that the future will be attended by further advance.

SAMUEL Drxon, Chairman.
A. F. Ropin, Hon. Sec.
Adelaide, 18th September, 1893.

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Koval Society of South Australia.

ANNUAL REPORT.

The Committee regret to still have to report that through the
increasing small number of members it is very difficult to keep
up an interest in the meetings of the Section. It has been found
that the few members who in the past have been ever ready to
contribute papers or introduce subjects for discussion are too
often called upon, and when they have taken much trouble and
time to work up a subject the attendance is so small as to offer
little encouragement for them to continue to do so in the future.

In the early part of the year a suggestion was made by the
Field Naturalists’ Section that the two Sections should amalgam-
ate, and thus secure a larger attendance at the meetings. A
sub-committee was appointed to confer with a similar number
from the other Section, and as a result of their report, although
it was not thought desirable to altogether amalgamate the two
Sections, it was decided to try having joint meetings, each taking
up its own particular branch of investigation every alternate
month The result has been that during the present session the
meetings were much better attended, and it is hoped there has
been mutual benefit from the discussion of the various papers, We.

Three excursions have been made during the year, and were
fairly attended. No new places which would reward the micro-
scopical investigator could be found, but several new forms of
pond-life were discovered.

The number of members after revision of the roll is 17, several
of whom never attend the meetings. The average attendance of
members during the present session has been 7.

The following were the subjects discussed at the meetings :—

1892.

Oct. 4, Demonstration on mounting opaque objects in wax
cells, by Mr. E. J. Bradley.
Nov. 8. Remarks on Australian polyzoa, by Mr. W. B. Poole.

1893.

March 14. Collecting, sectioning, and mounting foraminifera, by
Mr. E. J. Bradley.
May 16. Paper on external anatomy of the blowfly, illustrated
by lantern slides, by Mr. W. B. Poole.
July 21. Paper on the calcareous plates of the Holuthurian,
illustrated by lantern slides, by Mr. J..W. Bussell.
D. Fiemine, Chairman.
J. W. Bussetu, Hon. Sec.

September 19th, 1893,

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ASTROMOMEIG is: SE Cano N

OF THE

Roval Society ot South Australia.

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT.

In presenting their first report the Committee of the Astro-
nomical Section desire to congratulate their fellow-members upon
the successful establishment of the society, which from the satis-
factory nature of the meetings held appears to have fully justified
its formation.

The existence of the society dates from the 5th April, 1892,
when the first general meeting was held at the Observatory, and
the following officers were elected :—C. Todd, Esq., C.M.G.,
M.A., F.R.S., &e., Government Astronomer, President ; Messrs.
W. Holden and W. Russell, Vice-Presidents; Mr. W. E. Chees-
man, Secretary ; Messrs. A. W. Dobbie, C. H. Harris, and Capt.
Lee, members of Committee. { Vote.—The foregoing was inserted
by resolution at the annual meeting, 12th September.—W. E.
CuEEsMAN, Hon. Sec., &c.] A preliminary meeting had been
held during the previous February at which 20 names were given
in for membership.

The inaugural address was delivered by the President at a
well-attended meeting on 14th June, 1892, since which time
various papers have been given at intervals of two months by
the following members :—

Construction of the reflecting telescope, by Mr. Dobbie.

Irradiation as it affects astronomical observations, by Captain
Lee.

What is a comet? by Mr. Cooke.

A visit to the Royal Observatories of Greenwich and the
Cape of Good Hope, by Mr. Sells.

Theory of the tides, by Mr. Kelly.

Photogrammetry, by Mr. Harris.

Abstracts of these have appeared in the daily papers.

At a Committee meeting, held on March 7th this year, the
draft report and balance-sheet were submitted, and held over,
pending a proposed alteration in the date of the annual meeting,

376

rendered necessary by the rules of the Royal Society, which
require reports of Sections to be furnished on or before the 15th
September in each year. This action was confirmed at the next
general meeting, and the date of the annual meeting was fixed
for the second Tuesday in September.

A “systematic scrutiny of the sky, for new and temporary
stars,” has been instituted, and our members may now feel that
they are colaborating with astronomers the world over. <A large
chart embracing part of the Milky Way has been carefully com-
piled by Mr. Sells and subdivided into 33 sections, which have
been allotted to members willing to keep a watch upon a small
portion of the sky represented in the chart supplied to them, and
to report any change or unusual appearance they may notice to
the Government Astronomer.

The objects of the Section as set forth in Rule 2, viz., “The
cultivation of a knowledge of the science of astronomy, and the
encouragement of a popular interest in the same,” are, we believe,
being effectually carried out. The monthly publication of astro-
nomical notes and their regular distribution to all members has
helped very much to sustain public interest in our work.

Adopted at meeting held 12th September, 1893.

CuHarLes Topp, President.
W. E. CHreEsMan, Secretary and Hon. Treasurer.

|

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378

GENERAL INDEX

[The species and genera, the names of which are printed in italics,
are described as new. | :

Aboriginal Tribes of the Gulf of Carpentaria, |

227; of the Daly River, 254.
Acidalia didymosema, 156.
Acrilla leptalea, 317.
Agriophara leptosemela, 174 ; lewcosta, 173.
Alemeonis punctulaticollis, 133.
Amelora idiomorpha, 161.
Ampullina effusa, 327.

| Chorisoneura hygrophoroides,

Anamesia Eastii, 70; Frenchii, 72; Lambit, |
| Clanculus consobrinus, 198 ; euchelioides, 192.
| Cesyra porphyrplaca, 181.

_ Coleoptera, new species and genera of, 130,

70; Lindsayt, 71.

Anaxo sydneyanus, 154.

Anthropology of North Australia, 227, 254.

Aoplocnemis tasmanicus, 301.

Apirocalus cornutus, 297.

Apolita centralis, 48; decorata, 46; humer-
alis, 46; pallida, 46 ; pellucida, 47 ; quad-
ripunctata, 45; vestita, 45.

Ascelis multitudinea, 278.

Ataxigamia Tatet, 123.

Aulicus parvulus, 131.

Australia, Correlation of the Marine Ter-
tiaries of, 203.

Australian Blattarie, 25; Coleoptera, new
genera and species, 130, 141, 294; Hetero-
cera, new species of, 287; Marine Gastro-
poda, 189, 198 ; Lepidoptera, 1, 146.

Balta epilamproides, 40; discalis, 40.

Basalt, Older, of Victoria, 212.

Belenois perimale, 282.

Bittium estuarinum, 190.

Central Australia, Cretaceous foraminifera of,
346

Cerithiopsis marmorata, 190.

Cheloxena F’renchae, 1388.

Cherrus ocularis, 298; ruficornis, 299.

Chlenias genosema, 162 ; melanostrepta, 161 ;
pachymela, 162; (?) rhyncophora, 163.

114; Lofty-

ensis, 115.

141, 294.

Columbella vineta, 190.

-Colydiidz, new species of, 143.

Correlation of the Marine Tertiaries of Aus-
tralia, 203. f

Cossus rhytiphorus, 147 ; (?) polygrappa, 148.

Cotulades montanus, 132.

Crepidula dubitabilis, 330; Hainsworthi, 330;
unguiformis, 330.

Cretaceous foraminifera from Central Aus-
tralia, 346

Crossea semiornata, 317.

Cryptarcha depressa, 142.

Cryptocephalus Chapuisi, 140.

Cryptophaga aglaodes, 171.

Cyprea Mulderi, 31€.

Cypreedia clathrata, 317.

| Daly River, Aboriginal Tribes of, 254.

Blackburn, Rev. T. New genera and species |

of Australian Coleoptera, 130, 294.

Black Scale, new parasite of, 129.

Blattariz of Australia and Polynesia, 25,

Bombyx galactodes, 151; zonospila, 150.

Brachysceles Beyerie, 276; calycina, 275;
glabra, 278; munita, 273; Newmanni, 275 5
ovicoloides, 277; regularis, 273; stromby-
losa, 277; subconica, 274; wrnalis, 274.

Brachyscelid Galls of 8S. Australia, 260.

Bullen Merri, Eocene beds at, 215.

Callidryas pyrauthe, 282.

Calliostoma spinulosum, 195.

Caly ptrea arachnoideus, 333; corrugata, 331 ;
crassa, 332; placuna, 331; subtabulata,
332; turbinata, 333; umbilicata, 333; un-
dulata, 332.

Calytropsis arachnoideus, 333;
333 ; umbilicata, 332. :

Camperdown, Eocene beds at, 215 ; fossiis of,
218.

Capua ammochroa, 167; leucopsila, 167.

Capulus cireinatus, 334 ; Danieli, 3o4.

Carpentaria Gulf, Aboriginal Tribes of, 227.

Casyra Kershawt, 293.

Catoryctis polysticha, 172.

turbinata, |

Danais erippus, petilia, 283.

Darala heimoptera, 150.

Darantasia pachygranuna, 154.

Dasygaster mundoides, 152.

Delias aganippe, Argenthona, harpalyce, 282.

Dennant, J., Marine Tertiaries of Australia,
2038.

Deropeltis erythocephala, 109.

Desiantha pusilla, 305; vittata, 304.

Diastictis chionomera, 159; cremnodes, 161 ;
goniota, 158; heterogyna, 159; amesombra,
160 ; odontias, 158.

Dichelia thermaterrima, 168.

Dichromodes strophiodes, 155.

Dorcalis maculatus, 132.

Drynaplaneta communis, 110; obscuripes,
112; semicincta, 113; semivitta, 113; sex-
guttata, 113; subbifasciata, 112; sub-
marginata, 111.

Ectobia apicifera, 35; livida, 34; lurida, 34;
marcida, 34.

Eleutheroda gallerucoides, 116.

Emplesis majuscula, 311.

Empolis Lea, 311 ; longipes, 310.

Encosmia Adelaide, 307 ; infuscata, 308.

3

Eniopea posticalis, 309; Sydneyensis, 310 ;
tenebricosa, 309.

Eocene fossils, list of, 218; strata at Mitchell
River, 205; at Geelong, 205; at Muddy
Creek, 205; at Spring Creek, 206; at Gelli-
brand River, 210; at Bullen Merri and
Gnotuk Lakes, 215 ; at Warrnambool, 215.

Epacticus nigrostris, ruber, 306.

Hpameebus scutellaris, 312.

Epidesmia brachygramimella, 287 ; phedropa,
287.

Epilampra aspera, 62; atra, 65; dilatata, 62 ;
Fraserensis, 59; gracilis, 57; inquinita,
61; Kerandremii, 62; laticollis, 62: nota-
bilis, 58; obscura, €4; paula, 60; propria,
64; truncata, 61.

Ericmodes australis, 141.

Etheridge, R., jun., ‘‘ Mirrn-yong ” heaps, 21.

Euchetis erypsichroa, 175; sarcoxantha, 176.

Euchelus ampullus, 197; annectans, 196 ;
fenestratus, 195; pumilio, 196; scabrius-
culus, 201; viawmbilicatus, 196.

Euchloris chionoplaca, 288.

Eulechria adelphodes, 178; gypsota,
lithodora, 178; Xanthocephala, 177.

Euproctis pelodes, 150.

Euspira effusa, 327.

Flora of Roebuck Bay, 18.

Foraminifera of the Tarkaninna and Mirra-
buckinna borings, 346.

Galls, brachyscelid, 265; list of, 271.

Gastropoda Marine, new species of, 189.

Geelong District, Eocene beds of, 205.

Gelechia centrosema, 171; lewcocephala, 169 ;
macroplaca, 170; thanatodes, 170; ther-
mochroa, 169.

Gellibrand River, Eocene beds at, 210; list of
fossils from, 218.

Geoscapheus robustus, 68.

Gerynassa Andersoni, 3133 picticornis, 313;
stnuplex, 314.

Glenelg River, Newer Pliocene beds at, 217.

Glyphipteryx halimophila, 183; Lyelliana,
182 ; platydisema, 183.

Gnotuk Lake, Eocene beds at, 215.

Goyder, G. A., on a new mineral, 127.

Grouvelle, E., on some Australian Nitidu-
lide and Colydiide, 141.

Gulf of Carpentaria, Aboriginal Tribes of, 227.

Hednota erypsichroa, 166.

Hednotodes callichroa, 164.

Heligmope Dennanti, 328.

Heliocausta euspilomela, 175; tozona, 174.

Heterocera, new species of, 287.

Heterocrossa mimica, 168.

Heteroderes cairnsensis, 296.

Heteronympha paradelpha, 146.

Hipponyx antiquatus, 329 ; australis, 330.

Howchin, W., notes on the Tarkaninna and
Mirrabuckinna borings, 346,

Talmenus Iilidgei, 8.

lodis rhytiphorus, 156.

Ischnoptera anastomosa, 53; annulata, 51;
australica, 50; circumducta, 51; contraria,
54 ;latirupta, 52; longiuscula, 51; manicata,
53; marginalis, 50; obscura, 54; punctuosa,
55; paralella, 53; patula, 52.

Knephasia medilinea, 100.

Languria Vandepolli, 140.

Lasiosticha microcosma, 166.

Latirofusus nigrofuscus, 198.

Lecanium testudo, new parasite of, 129.

Lepidoptera, Australian, 1, 146, 2.

Leptozosteria prima, 96,

Q-

sab}

ILAeS

Py

‘

9

Lichenaula monosema, 172.

Licymnius bicolor, 133.

Linosticha chrysoloma, 179; dichroa, 179.

Lithocrus consors, 295,

Loboptera cirewmcincita, 87; duodecimsig-
nata, 36; halmaturina, 36; marginifera,
37; platysoma, 38; trivitta, 36; unduli-
vitta, 37.

Lower, O. B., New Australian Lepidoptera,
146, 287; South Australian Rhopalocera, 1.

Lucia lucanus, 284.

Mackillop, Rev. D., aboriginal tribes of the
Daly River, 254.

Macrobathra tsoscelena, 182 ; paracentra, 182.

Menephilus sydneyanus, 132.

Mesalia stylacris, 341.

Microdonaciva incerta, 139.

Miocene strata in Victoria, 216.

Mineral, new (stibio-tantalite), 127.

Mirrabuekinna boring, foraminifera from, 346.

** Mirrn-yong ” heaps, 21.

Mitchell River, Eocene strata at, 295.

Mnesampela dictyodes, 291.

Mordelia cara, 157 ; inuwsitata, 136; macula-
tissima, 1363 sydneyanus, 137.

Mornington, list of Eocene fossils from, 218.

Muddy Creek, Eocene beds at, 205; fossils
from, 218; Miocene beds at, 216.

Murex umbilicatus, 198.

Natica Aldingensis, 326; arata, 324; baltea-
tella, 321; gibbosa, 320; Hamiltonensis,

319; limata, 324; Mooraboolensis, 323;
perspectiva, 326; polita, 325; subinfuidt-

bulum, 327 ; subnoc, 320; substolida, 323 ;

subvarians, 322; varians, 322; vixumbili-

cata, 320; Wintlei, 322.

Naticina, vide Natica.

Naupheeta discoidalis, 117.

Nearcha pseudophaes, 155.

Nephogenes wylochioa, 179.

Neverita, vide Natica.

Niphobolus deceptor, 315.

Nitidulids, new species of, 141.

North Australia, Anthropology of, 227, 254.

North-west Bend, ‘‘ mirrn-yong” heaps at, 21.

Ogyris amaryllis, 285 ; idmo, 284; olane, 286.

Olbiodorus hirsutus, 302.

Older basalt of Victoria, 212.

Oniscosoma castanea, 119; pallida, 120.

Onychodes heliochrysa, 2&8.

Opisthoplatia orientalis, 66.

Orthosia cremnodes, 152; mesombra, 1538.

Pachycera catoryctopsis, 184.

Panesthia australis, 125;
morio, 124; transversa, 125.

Paracephala cyaneipennis, 130.

Paraphoraspis notata, 56.

Periplaneta Americana, 102; apicalis, 105;
Australasie, 103; biquadrata, 105; con-
cinna, 102; convexa, 106; curvigera, 104;
fortipes, 106; glabra, 107; inclusa, 104;
invisa, 107; ligata, 104; obscura, 107;
oculata, 103; orientalis, 101; pallidipalpis,
105; provisionalis, 108; rotundata, 102;
rufa, 101 ; scabriuscula, 108.

Perispheeria fallax, 121; laminata, 121.

Plestorhinus notatus, 303.

Philobota Jde, 180; pentamera, 292; platy-
ptera, 180; porphyryantha, 181.

Phthonerodes (?) leweomerati, {73.

Phyllodromia Australiz, 42; conjuncta, 43;
contigua, 44 ; femorata, 42 ; Germanica, 41;
latipennis, 42; mundicola, 43; spuria, 42;

suffusa, 44; vitrea, 42.

Javanica, 125;

380

Pieris teutonia, 2.

Pileopsis navicelloides, 333.

Platydema victoriensc, 297.

Platyzosteria albomarginata, 86 ; Ardrossan-
ensis, 92; armata, 84; aterrima, Sac
atrata, 85; Avocaénsis, 88; balteata, Ol
brunned, 86 ; castanea, 89; ferruginea, 94 ;
lateralis, 93; Jlatizona, 92; ligata, 93;
inelanaria, 83; Nova-Zealandiz, 90; pec-
toralis, 95; polyzona, 94; pseudatrata, 86;
pscudocastanea, 89; punctata, 85 ; quadri-
fascia, 95; rufofusca, 84; scabra, 88;
scabrella, 88; subaptera, 87; tarsalis, 95 ;
trifasciata, 91; truncata, 90; zonata, 94,

Plectophila placocosma, 292.

Pliocene (Newer) strata in Victoria, 217.

Pogonias euryplaca, 171.

Polynesian Blattariz, 25.

Portland, Miocene beds at, 217.

Portulaca dubia, 16.

Polyzosteria enea, 74; Bagoti, 79; femoralis,
77; figurata, 77 ; invisa, 78; tridicolor, 73;
limbata, 73; maculata, 74; Mitchelli, 78:
nobilis, 81; obscuroviridis, 73 ; oculata, 155

patula, 76; pubescens, 75; reflexa, 80;
subnobilis, 81; subverrucosa, 82.

Pseudolampra ornata, 98; punctata, 97;
Rother, 98.

Procometis (?) orthosema, 173.

Pseudananca ruyicollis, 135.

Pseudopanthera habrocosma, 1538.

Pseudoterpna argyrasp!s, 157.

Pyrameis itea, Kershawi, 283.

Rennie, Prof. E. H., poisonous constituents
of Stephania, 186.

Rhopalocera of South Australia,
notes on, 281.

Biver Murray, ‘‘ mirrn-yong

Roebuck Bay, fiora of, 13.

Sealaria /eptalea, 317.

Scoparia lewcomela, 165.

Sedenia erythura, 165.

Selidosemz spp., 159; zygophora, 289.

Sigaretopsis subinfundibu/um, 327.

Sigaretus microstira, 328.

Silphomorpha rufoguttata, 295.

Sipho mimeticus, 189.

Smyriodes carburia, 164; heterochacs, 163.

Sorcostia anisogonad, 14%.

South Australia, brachyscelid galls of, 265 ;
list of marine Gastropoda of, 198 ; Rhopa-
locera, list of, 1; notes on Rhopalocera of,
281.

Spring Creek, Eocene strata at, 206; fossils
from, 218.

Stathmopoda callichrysa, 184.

Stephania hernandifolia, poisonous constitu-
ents of, 186.

list of, 1;

”

heaps at, 21.

| Stertha aglaodesma, 157.

Stibaroma plagiosema, 291.

Stibiotantalite, a new mineral, 127.

Stigmodera terrce-regine, 295.

Stretton, W G., Aboriginal Tribes Gulf of
Carpentaria, 227.

Symbothinus pwer, 302.

Sympanotus australis, 144.

Tarkaninna boring, foraminifera from, 346.

Tate, Prof. R., New Australian Marine Gas-
tropods, 189; additions to the List of
Marine Gastropoda of $. Australia, 198;
Marine Tertiaries of Australia, 203.

Taxeotis gonosemela, 154,

Temnelytra Harpuri, 39.

Tepper, J. G. O., on a new parasite of the
Black Seale, 129; the Blattariz of Australia,
25; 8. Australian Brachyscelid Galls, 265 ;
Flora of Roebuck Bay, 13; Notes on S.
Australian Rhopalocera, 281.

Termessa Lyeliiana, 148.

Tertiaries of Australia, correlation of, 203.

Thalaina hieroglyphiea, 289.

Thalotia neglecta, 194.

Thalpochares dubia, parasite of Black Scale
129.

Thylacodes actinotus, 342; <Ade/aidensis,
343; asper, 343; conohelix, 343; crateri-
culus, 342; rudis, 343.

Thyrsocera inquinita, 49;
soror, 49.

marginifera, 49;

| Todima fusca, 143; rufula, 144.
| Torcula runcinata, 199.

Torinia foveolata, 191.
Trichosalpingus obscurus, 134.

| Turbo rutidoloma, 192.

Turner, E., Poisonous constituents
Stephania, 186.

Turritella acricula, 339; Aldinge, 3365 con-
spleabilis, 339; gemmudlata, 338: Murray-
ana, 340; pagodula, 336; platyspira, 341 >
septifraga, 336; Sturtii, 338; terebellata,
336; tristira, 338; Warburtoni, 337.

Vermetus conohelix, 343.

Victoria, Eocene strata of, 203; Miocene
strata, 216; Newer Pliocene, 217; Older
hasalt, of, 212.

Vocabulary of aborigines of the Gulf of Car-
pentaria, 250.

Warrnambool, Eocene beds at, 215.

Xanthopheea jiliformis, satelles, 294,

of

| Xenica achantia, 283.
| Xvlopertha canina, 131.

| Xylorycta chionoptera, 173

«

| Zetobora antica, 118.

Zonopetala (?) stenoptera, 177.

Varion & Pritchard, Prater, G vebhanni Street, Aaetuiae:

Vol. XVII Plate I.

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